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Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) from various organs of Biomphalaria glabarata shows the following characteristics under the described experimental conditions: 1. 1. MDH exists as a multiple molecular from possessing a large number of isoenzymes in each organ (from seven in columellar muscle to fourteen in the ovotestis) examined. 2. 2. Each organ MDH possesses a characteristic electrophoretic and gel-isoelectric focusing pattern. 3. 3. Many apparently similar electrophoretic bands were proved to be different by isoelectric focusing. 4. 4. The isoenzymes of each organ MDH behave differentially towards p-hydroxy mercuribenzoate and heat treatment. The MDH of the albumen gland is the most thermolabile of the MDH of all the other organs. 5. 5. Mercaptoethanol does not change the electrophoretic pattern.

This is a hospital based retrospective study, which was done in Pediatric ward of Patan hospital. Study period was one and half year (from Srawan 2063 to 2064 poush).Data were taken from discharge book of Pediatric ward, from the record section of this hospital, and from JE surveillance office, WHO, Kathmandu. All children from 1 month to 14 years ,who were admitted in Pediatric ward with symptoms of Meningitis, Meningoencephalitis and Encephalitis were included in this study and patients more than 14 years of age and symptoms not suggestive of meningitis, meningoencephalitis or encephalitis were excluded from the study. Headache; vomiting and fever were the chief complaints of patients. Two patients died during study period. There were 16 patients with serologically confirmed Japanese encephalitis. Key words: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), arthropod borne disease, Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). doi:10.3126/jnps.v29i1.1595 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.29(1) p.17-21

Not available.Key words: Economics; Social Science; Political economyTribhuvan University Journal Volume XVI, 1993Page: 50-58Uploaded date: 3 October, 2010

Keywords Clinical pelvimetry; nulliporous women adequate pelvis; borderline pelvis; inadequate pelvis; genital tract injuries

Introduction: Although preventive medicine and primary care are priorities in developing countries, they must be supported by appropriate care of sick and extremely sick children in the medical facilities. Lack of resources and absence of skilled physicians and nurses may lead to poor outcomes in critically ill patients. Intensive care of newborns and children is thought to be very expensive with a low cost-benefit ratio. This presentation discusses the critical factors that facilitated the establishment of PICU and NICU in an urban public hospital in Nepal, where a good standard of Level 2 care was already provided. Aims and objectives: A cooperative model of creation and transfer of technology from the West to a resource-poor country was envisaged. PICU and NICU with six beds each were established. Design and setting: The Nick Simons Foundation, USA provided financial support for design, building and furnishing of a new Mother and Child Wing at Patan Hospital. A generous grant of $300,000 again by the Nick Simons Foundation helped equip the units. Donated equipments also included procedures, medication and storage carts. Methodology: A total of 22 volunteers, 21 from USA and one from Netherlands, were recruited to complete the three months of training. An extensive curriculum was prepared. The trainer team had monthly teleconferences and regular communications with the Chief of Paediatric Services and Nursing Director of Patan Hospital via e-mails and telephone. Responsibilities of volunteers and the host hospital were identified. Results: After 3 years of preparation, the project started in June 2009. All day lectures on topics in critical care, mock case scenarios, practical equipment training and simulated procedures led to the graduation of 60 nurses. Twenty five physicians were trained for three months. The expert team worked with the locals in preparing the units, arranging furniture and equipment, stocking carts, making inventory and preparing protocols. A protocol handbook was developed on topics such as mechanical ventilation, sedation, admission/discharge criteria, procedures and management of different disease states. Various charts such as nurse observation charts, notes by residents, procedure hand offs at change of shifts were designed and printed. Infection control practices and methods of sterilizing non disposable articles were identified and protocols written. At the end of three months the units were functioning with trained local manpower and reasonable modern equipment. Conclusion: Developing nations may not have enough resources to establish much needed critical care facilities. Developed countries can help by funding basic infrastructure and providing expertise in order to transfer knowledge and technology. Involvement in planning from the beginning and training at the host site is a preferred model of transfer of technology. Key words: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU); Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU); Patan Hospital DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v31i1.4161 J Nep Paedtr Soc 2010;31(1):49-56

Aim: To study, open myomectomy operation for uterine myoma/s as of present day practices in women of reproductive age attending TU Teaching Hospital. Methods: This is a retrospective study where we reviewed the medical records of myomectomy cases from 2060-2065(2003 April-2009 April). Result: Total 40 cases of myomectomy performed in TU Teaching hospital for myoma size varying from ≥ 10 weeks (5), 12-16 weeks (15), 17-22 weeks (5), 23-28 weeks (5) and unknown (2) in women of reproductive age [ 30-34(16), ≥ 29 (13), 35-39 (9), 40- 44 (1) and ≥ 45 (1)] in 13 (unmarried); nullipara (17); P 1-2 (15) P3-4 (1) for reasons of infertility(12), dysmenorrhea (12), menorrhagia (8), urinary problems( 7) abdominal pain (3). At caesarean, myomectomy has been done in special circumstances for subbersous pedunculated myoma and broad ligament myoma, one each. Solitary myomas were 29 and multiple myomas were 8; a case each of broad ligament and cervical myoma (1), was later removed vaginally. Rests had abdominal procedure and was facilitated by Bonney's hood incision and posterior incision 8 each, anterior 7, fundal 2, using multiple incision technique in 11 along with secondary tunneling incision (3). Uterine cavity was opened in 3 resulting in blood loss up to ≥ 500ml in 2. Degeneration were noticed in 11 [cystic (4), fatty (2), calcification (2) red (2) and myxoid (1)] and none with post operative morbidity. Pregnancies were recorded in 3 cases. Conclusion: Open abdominal myomectomy, for uterine myoma/s has been a recognized procedure for infertile women in the past; but in view of less morbidity as shown by this present study myomectomy can be safely practiced in women desiring uterine preservation besides infertility care. . Key words: Degeneration; dysmenorrhoea; menorrhagia; myomectomy DOI: 10.3126/njog.v4i1.3326 Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology June-July 2009; 4(1): 15-18

Synalbumin-positive (insulin antagonistic) and synalbumin-negative (insulin non-antagonistic) albumins were analysed for their amino acid composition by two dimensional descending paper chromatography. The analysis did not reveal any differences in the qualitative amino acid composition of these albumins.

In this second series on Medical harm and patient safety, I will discuss Medication Errors. It is essential to review some definitions before we discuss medication errors. DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v31i1.4163J Nep Paedtr Soc 2010;31(1):75-79

Anopheles maculates is an important vector of malaria in Southeast Asia. The study of the salivary gland chromosomes of this species show important evolutionary homologies with other members of the subgenus Cellia, including gambiae, subpictus, jxdcherrimus, tessellatus and stephensi. All may be distinguished by means of the distinctive banding patterns of the X-chromosomes. The comparative study of the banding patterns permits an estimate of the kind and degree of cyto- genetic change that has taken place during the evolution of these species. Evidence is presented for interarm exchanges, paracentric inversions and pericentric inversions. Details of the salivary chromosomal banding patterns are often the best means of identification of sibling species or morphologically identical populations, which may or may not differ in vector capacity. The banding patterns in salivary gland chro- mosomes offer one opportunity to study evolutionary changes within a taxon. This method has been widely employed in Drosophila (Stone 1962, Carson & Stalker 1968) and also has been begun in anophe- line mosquitoes (Kitzmiller et al. 1967). Simi- larities in blocks of bands are suggestive of evolu- tionary homologies, and the presence of identical inversions or other aberrations in 2 species is con- sidered substantial proof of common evolutionary origin. This paper presents a detailed description of the salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles maculatus and a proposed chromosome map for the species. It also discusses in some detail the homologies and presumed chromosomal evolutionary changes which exist among maculatus, stephensi, pulcherrimus and subpictus, all members of the subgenus CeZZia of the genus Anopheles. Maculatus, stephensi and pulcherrimus belong to the series NeoceZZia, subfictus is classified in the series P'retophorus. The study of the banding patterns shows con- siderable homologies Iamong all 4 species, and some rather complex chromosomal changes which have evidently occurred during evolution. ANOPHELES MACULATUS

DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v30i3.3930J Nep Paedtr Soc 2010;30(3):177-181

SUMMARYDetails of mitosis and meiosis are presented for four species of the genus Anopheles, subgenus Cellia; tessellatus, maculatus, annularis and subpictus. In each 2n = 6, one pair of dimorphic heterosomes and two pairs of autosomes, the latter differing slightly in arm length ratios. Mitotic stages are remarkably uniform. All species studied have small spermatogonia, filled with chromatin granules, and an eccentrically placed nucleolus. Long threads are evident during prophase; metaphase and anaphase are synchronous and uneventful. During meiosis, no leptotene or zygotene stages have been observed. Pachytene chromosomes are long, thick bivalents studded with dark granules. Sex bivalents are positively heteropycnotic during pachytene only. The nucleolus disappears during late pachytene or diplotene, at which time 1, to 6 (usually maximum of 4) chiasmata are evident; these terminalize during diakinesis. Metaphase and anaphase one appear normal. During meiosis two the two types of secondary gametocytes, ...

Background: Health Services Academy held its 7th Annual Public Health Scientific Conference in December 2016 in Islamabad, Pakistan. The theme was Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Health: Collaborating for Prosperity. Over seven hundred international and national public health specialists attended to share research initiatives, build partnerships and strengthen networks. Post-conference online survey was emailed to all participants to facilitate a more structured feedback and hence evaluation of the two day event. Methods: An online instrument was developed using the “Survey Monkey” template. Total participants (n=757) were invited to complete the online survey which consisted of five sections: Likert scales were utilised to ascertain how “informative” the conference was to the participants. Comment boxes were provided for each section to collect qualitative responses. The quantitative data was collated by Survey Monkey and presented in percentages. Manual thematic analysis was utilised for the qualitative data. Results: The final online surveys emailed was seven hundred and four and of these just over two thirds (67%) were opened and 33% (n=230) were unopened. The latter emails may have been in the “spam” box or not opened. Of the opened surveys (n=474) nearly two hundred were completed and emailed back, a response rate of forty two percent (n=199). The quantitative data revealed that the majority of respondents (75%) found the plenary sessions to be 'very informative 'and approximately half of the respondents considered the scientific sessions to be 'extremely informative' or 'very informative'. With respect to how useful the conference was to the participant's field of public health, almost half (44%) responded 'very useful and over a third (34%) responded 'extremely useful'. The top three themes recommended for the 2017 Conference included Nutrition; Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health and Sustainable Development Goals. Conclusion: The majority of survey respondents agreed that the conference was a success and the theme was useful in their own field of public health. Several themes for the 2017 conference were provided with a focus on nutrition the most popular.

Background: Streptococcus pyogenes or Group A streptococcus (GAS) causes several suppurative and non suppurative infections. In addition to pharyngitis and skin infections, GAS are also the causative agent of post-streptococcal infection syndromes such as acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and post-streptococcal glumerulonephritis (PSG). GAS frequently colonises in the throat of an asymptomatic person. Pharyngeal carriage rates of GAS among healthy school children vary with geographical location and seasons. Objectives: We carried out this preliminary study to determine the throat carriage rate and antimicrobial resistance trend of Streptococcus pyogenes or Group A streptococcus (GAS) among the Nepalese school children. Materials and methods: Four schools situated at different locations of Kathmandu valley were included in the study. Throat swabs from 350 students of age group 5-15 years were collected, immediately transported to the laboratory and were processed for S. pyogenes following standard microbiological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. Results: S. pyogenes was isolated from 10.9% (38/350) of the screened children. The GAS colonisation rate was statistically insignificant (P>0.05) with sex and age sub-groups, although the rate was slightly higher among girls and age sub-group 9-12 years. No significant difference in carrier rate was observed among different schools (P>0.05). All isolates were susceptible to azithromycin. No resistance was detected for penicillin and its derivative antibiotic ampicillin. Highest resistance rate was observed for cotrimoxazole (71.0%) followed by chloramphenicol (7.8%), ciprofl oxacin (5.2%) and erythromycin (5.2%). Conclusion: Antibiotic resistant GAS isolated from asymptomatic Nepalese school children is a public health concern. When screened and appropriately treated with antibiotics, carriers can be prevented from spreading of streptococcal infections in the school environment and the community. Preventing cross infections would ultimately reduce the incidence of life-threatening sequelae which are debilitating and difficult to treat. It is recommended to conduct regular screening and GAS surveillance in schools, and maintain rational use of antibiotics to minimise GAS carriage/infections and resistance. Key words : Streptococcus pyogenes ; Antibiotics Resistance ; Throat carriage; Children; Nepal. DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i4.2760 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.4 Issue 28, 392-396

Key words: Procedural errors; procedural and surgical site infections; protocols and guidelines; verification process; communication failure; teamworkDOI: 10.3126/jnps.v31i2.4646 J Nep Paedtr Soc 2010;31(2):157-159

Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-14 Manuscript received 13 September 1972; accepted 28 December 1972 Interaction of casein with aqueous iodine is fairly rapid and involves physical (reversible) adsorption as well as chemical fixation. The amount physically adsorbed appears to correspond to formation of a monomolecular layer on the surface and can be used to estimate surface area of casein. The amount chemically combined may be due to attachment of iodine to tyrosine and other similar groups. The iodinated products containing upto 32% by weight of iodine can be prepared in this manner. Interaction with iodine solution in benzene or carbon tetrachloride is much slower as it takes as long as 26 days for completion instead of Just about half an hour as observed in the case of solutions in water. The interaction with aqueous bromine involves not only fixation of bromine but also hydrolysis of bromine yielding hydrogen bromide. The oxygen evolved in the process appears to be taken up by sulfhydryl and methionine groups in casein.

Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh. 160014 Manuscript received 13 September 1972; revised 12 February 1973; accepted 7 April 1973 Adsorption of water and methanol vapours on caseins isolated from milk by different methods is a physical and reversible process. There appears to be no evidence for chemisorption of any portion of the adsorbed vapours. The adsorption of these vapours takes place on the hydrophilic portion of the surface constituted by the presence of polar groups and, therefore, measures only the hydrophilic portion of the surface. The rest of the surface, constituted by the hydrophobic residues of the amino acids, escapes measurements. The composite adsorption isotherms of binary liquid solutions of methanol and benzene as well as methanol and carbon tetrachloride are V-shaped indicating strong preference for methanol in each case. The composite isotherms of binary solutions of benzene and \(n\)-heptane, in which both the components are non polar, are typical S-shaped indicating that there is no exclusive preference for any of the components. The extrapolation of the linear section of any one of the isotherms gives intercepts on the ordinates which define the composition of the adsorbed phase in the monolayer from which the total surface of the caseins including hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions, can be evaluated.

Not necesary Key words : Value Addad Tax; Applicability; Nepal Tribhuvan University Journal Vol XXI, No. 2, 1998 Page: 163-164 Uploaded date : 29 April, 2011

DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v30i2.3448J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. May-August, 2010 Vol 30(2) 77-78

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