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Analyzes the political stages reached by Latin American countries as of December 1961. Impact of the old style caudillo regimes in Haiti, Paraguay and Nicaragua; Observations on the conservative regimes of Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras; State of the liberal regimes of Argentina, Brazil and Colombia; Description of the post-revolutionary regimes of Mexico and Uruguay.

The article offers information on the aftermath of the earthquake in Managua, Nicaragua in December 1972. It states that the city had been virtually destroyed after the less than two-hour seismic shocks two days before the Christmas day. It reveals that at least 20,000 people were injured and more or less 6,000 died and were drawn to mass graves or buried under the falling debris that killed them. Meanwhile, it mentions that some 20 countries including Cuba, had joined in the relief effort.

The article focuses on the political and social conditions of various parts of the world. Under the treaty between the U.S. and Nicaragua, the U.S. does not acquire, as was stated, a tract three miles wide on each side of the canal, in full sovereignty. A strip two miles and a half wide altogether, the center line being the center of the canal, is appropriated to the uses of the canal, but it is to be jointly owned by the two Powers, and is to be under Nicaraguan jurisdiction in time of peace. A national convention of swine-breeders and pork-packers has been called to meet at Washington city on January 14, to consider the restrictions imposed by Germany and France on the importation of pork from America.

This article presents information regarding the publication of several books. The next issue of the "Library of Aboriginal American Literature," published by D.G. Brinton, Philadelphia, will be "The Comedy of Gueguence," a play written and acted by the natives of Nicaragua. The "Temple Edition " of "The Essays of Elia," which G.P. Putnam's Sons issue for the holidays, compares well with its predecessors, of which the number is already so great. The volume is solidly manufactured, and, with its broad margins, is nearly square in shape.

This article focuses on political development during the year 1923. The Fifth International Conference of the American States will meet next month in Santiago, Chile, under very different circumstances from the last pan-American conference, held at Buenos Aires in. 1910. Since 1910 much has happened. The United States occupied Nicaragua in 1912, and has maintained marines there ever since. The Americans seized control of Haiti in 1915, and substituted a government by gobs for native government in Santo Domingo in 1916.

This article presents official documents bearing upon the early stages of the U.S. intervention in Nicaragua are taken from the Annual Report of the secretary of the Navy for 1913 and from "Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States," published by the U.S. Government, for years 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, and 1913. Two dispatches from Thomas C. Moffat, United States Consul at Bluefields, Nicaragua, to Philander C. Knox, United States Secretary of State, predict and confirm the proclamation of Estrada revolution.

Focuses on political and economic issues in the U.S. Response of the country to President Herbert Hoover's suggestion that Governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt consult with him on the immediate problem of the war debts has divided along partisan lines; Report by Federal Reserve Banks that in the Election Day week there was a sudden increase of $35,000,000 in the currency in circulation; Pronouncement by Democrat Nicholas Murray Butler that the Republican party has long been on the slide, and will vanish as did the Federalists and Whigs; Reopening of the Geneva Conference on Limitation of Armament; Vote by the people of Nicaragua in a new regime; Series of proposals made by the organizations of the unemployed, to the officials in charge of relief administration; Possibility that the award of the Nobel Prize for Literature to writer John Galsworthy will be generally approved; Effects of the full texts of the Ottawa agreement; Contention by some of the leading economists that there would difficulty in collecting the war debts of the Allies; Indication by the statistical presentation of the wheat prices; Response of the real-estate business to the $1,500,000,000 loan by Reconstruction Finance Corp.; Announcement by Governor Jim Rolph of California, of his intention of pardoning all the prisoners in the state who are being punished for violation of the California prohibition-enforcement law; Lesson to the nation through the conflict between troops and citizens in Switzerland.

Encouraged by recent military coups in Latin American countries, the genial and porcine Nicaraguan dictator and Minister of War, General Anastasio Tacho Somoza, staged his own adventure early in December 1949. Maurice Berubaum, U.S. chargè d'affaires in Managua, Nicaragua was instructed to protest to Somoza. Blandly Samoza said he had never heard of such a thing, insisted that democratic Nicaragua would never violate a neighbor's sovereignty. In the region Somaza and his invaders are cut off from reinforcements and supplies and are being isolated in small groups.

Presents letters to the editor. Appraisal of the Cultural Congress for Peace held in Poland; Political conditions in Nicaragua.

The article presents information about various social and political developments around the world. Leonardo Arguello has been reported an easy winner in Nicaragua's first Presidential election since 1936 as returns filtered in last week. Pope Pius XII has indicated his displeasure with Sartre's brand of Existentialism," and the Vatican's Academy of the Catholic Religion and of the Philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas that "will conduct a public examination" of Existentialism, at Rome, during Easter week. The Jewish Agency has naturally and rightly rejected the British demand that it call upon the Jewish community for "cooperation against terrorists," and as a direct consequence of Palestine's foreign secretary Ernest Bevin's appalling blunder that Palestine is on the verge of disaster.

The article discusses several topics as moral responsibility of the winning country after the war, protective system for domestic products in the U.S. and the Clayton-Bulwer dispute. After the war against Spain, a moral responsibility is being imposed on the U.S. that attacking or winning nation should help the attacked country to overcome the problems arising after the war and should also help the people in getting a good governance. The article also discusses the issue of taxation to protect the farmer's interest form the consequences of free trade. Another topic discussed in the article is Clayton-Bulwer treaty which provides that neither the U.S. nor Great Britain shall ever obtain exclusive control over Nicaragua Canal.

The article focuses on political and social issues of the U.S. It presents the information that the voyage of the battleship Oregon around Cape Horn has revived the demand in certain quarters for the Nicaragua Canal. Two months time has been occupied in the passage, whereas the voyage could have been made in two, or at the most three weeks, if there had been a canal across the isthmus of sufficient size to admit her. The occasion seems to call for a glance at the canal project as it stands to day. It states that the engrossment of the public mind with the war has permitted a recent decision of the Supreme Court of the U.S., involving the constitutionality of the suffrage provisions in the new Constitution of Mississippi, to pass almost unnoticed.

The article focuses on New York University Oriental Commerce and Politics department director Jeremiah Whipple Jenks' description of political and business conditions in Nicaragua of interest to the U.S. in 1927. Topics discussed include the efforts of Liberal Party head Juan Bautista Sacasa to depose Conservative Party head and Nicaraguan President Adolfo Diaz, the political revolution's effect on industry, and investments of foreign capital. Nicaragua's topography is also described.

For at least the twentieth time in three years, the long entrenched President Luis Somoza family regime was under armed attack by its enemies. Within forty-eight hours, this rebellion like the others was crushed but with considerably more bloodshed than the others; and with more violence than the Somoza government acknowledged. For their part, the Somozas seldom missed an opportunity to exploit the seeming partnership with Washington. During any period of tension in Nicaragua, the Somoza controlled newspapers break out in a rash of photos and stories picturing U.S. Embassy people at all sorts of social and civic events in company with the Somozas.

A biography of Gregor MacGregor, a Scottish soldier and adventurer who served as a general under Venezuelan military and political leader Simon Bolivar, is presented. It focuses on MacGregor's claim to have been the Prince of Poyais, an imaginary place on the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua. The author comments on MacGregor's schemes to secure investment and send colonists there and reflects on his later trial and imprisonment and his last years in France and Venezuela.

This article presents information on political conditions in the U.S. during 1913. Only one U.S. Senator seems to be flatly opposed to the treaty making the U.S. the protector of Nicaragua. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson will doubtless resent the inferences which many are drawing from their approval of the Nicaraguan protectorate. It appears to be true that strong representations have been made to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson concerning the desirability of according full recognition to the government in Mexico.

The article focuses on various issues related to international relations. U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson is probably not far wrong when he declares that the United States' relations with Mexico are now critical. If they were not, his indiscreet talking would have made them so. His course since returning to the United States has been more ill judged than one would have supposed that even the most incompetent or reckless diplomat could have shown himself capable of. That he talked to the reporters at all about his delicate mission was a huge blunder. One of the provisions of the pending treaty with Nicaragua has been tacitly assumed to be of enormous value to the U.S. It is the cession to the U.S. of the exclusive right to construct an interoceanic canal through Nicaraguan territory. Ever since Secretary Philander C. Knox first had this embodied in the original treaty, it has been taken for granted that it was a fine stroke both of business and diplomacy. The U.S. Secretary William Jennings Bryan's statesman like foresight has been supposed to be demonstrated by his retaining the provision in the new treaty.

The article offers information on the billion dollars projects planned by the Panama Canal engineers. The engineers have planned the project to increase the capacity of canals for bigger ships and protection from enemy attacks and the projects includes the completion of third set of locks, reduce the height of the present canal to sea level and build a second canal in Nicaragua. It further mentions that the U.S. Army has disapproved the construction of a second canal in Nicaragua.

This article presents information related to socio-politics. Promotion of common interests in transportation and commerce, and preservation of good relations between all countries concerned by adherence to the principle of arbitration are the burden of a Secretary's instructions to U.S. delegates to the Pan-American Conference. In making particular mention of Nicaragua, he is formally justified by the fact that there has been a discontinuance of diplomatic relations between the U.S. and that country, but the Secretary's real object is to present grounds on which recent U.S. policy toward Nicaragua has been based.

Reflects on the death of U.S. football coach Knute Rockne. Depiction of the milieu of chaos that is rocking the social conditions in the U.S. Destruction caused by an earthquake in the city of Managua, Nicaragua causing the deaths of perhaps two thousand persons and destroying property valued at from thirty to sixty million dollars; Account of the funeral which was at the request of relatives and university officials was made simple as possible; Summary of various reports on Rockne that flooded the environment after his death.

The article focuses on the construction of the Nicaraguan Canal by the U.S. When U.S. President Herbert Hoover visited Corinto, enthusiastic accounts of the Nicaraguan engineering project have been published by the press. The construction has been advocated by proponents upon economic and strategic grounds. Meanwhile, the strategic argument could be very useful in justifying the construction of naval bases in Haiti and Santo Domingo, and the annexation of all foreign territory in the Caribbean.

Focuses on key controversies pertaining to the U.S. foreign policy for Nicaragua in 1928. Reasons for American interference to internal affairs in Nicaragua; Proposals for the modification of foreign policy to Nicaragua; Controversies over the appointment of diplomat, Dwight Whitney Morrow to resolve disputes in the region; History of American influence and military occupation in the region since 1912; Indications of world politics and foreign relations.

Reports on developments pertaining to world politics. Continued casualties in the war between American Marines and Nicaraguans; Anti-war treaty between France and the United States; Increase in the number of rich Americans; Expiration of William McAndrew's contract as superintendent of schools in Chicago, Illinois; Allegations of graft against Borough President Maurice E. Connolly in New York; Objective of the international conference "A World-Conference to Demonstrate the Existence of a True Spiritual Science and Its Practical Applications".

The author reflects on the issues about the foreign policy implemented by the U.S. for Nicaragua, discussed during the speech of President Calvin Coolidge in New York City on April 25, 1927. Coolidge has declared that the U.S. has the responsibility to supply weapons and ammunition to the Nicaraguan government to prevent insurgents from taking power through military coup. The author notes that the U.S. occupation was a failure resulting to the denouncement over the policy and practice.

Focuses on the issue of U.S. intervention in Nicaragua. Commitment of the U.S. government to keeping president Adolfo Diaz in his office; Canal rights of the U.S. in the country; Investigation into Nicaraguan afairs.

Focuses on the damage done by U.S. State Secretary Frank B. Kellogg on the relationship of the country with Nicaragua and Mexico. Views of Secretary Kellogg on Bolshevism; Concerns over the rise of imperialism in the country; Population of oppressed people struggling for freedom; Factors causing the war of various industrialized nations.

The article presents information related to the United States politics and government. By the Nicaraguan treaty now before the Senate, the United States Government undertakes to set aside, without formal notice or discussion, the Clayton-Bulwer treaty with England, to take possession of a strip of territory six miles wide across the Isthmus of Panama, and build a ship canal through it, and to do all tins under a treaty with Nicaragua which the Government of that country has, under its constitution, no power to make. The "Sun" seems to be a good deal puzzled as to the meaning of the "Bourbon," as now used, especially by Independents. It has been under the impression that it applied only to old Southerners.

Apologists have recently declared that what Japan is doing in Manchuria, China is no different from what the U.S. has done in Central America. To a certain extent the statement is true. The Kellogg-Stimson intervention in Nicaragua in 1927, resulting in a futile campaign against Augusto Cesar Sandino which is still being doggedly carried on, in many respects resembles the Japanese campaign against the Chinese. Although Japan is becoming more and more aggressive toward China, the U.S. is attempting to withdraw from Central America, and is resisting new opportunities for intervention. Whether this new policy will be fully carried out depends upon forthcoming events in Nicaragua and Salvador.

Presents several letters to the editor. Withdrawal of the U.S. marines from Nicaragua; False act of securing credit by borrowers; Relationship between freedom and democracy in Russia.

Neither the U.S. which rams its will down the throats of Nicaragua and Haiti, nor England, which-holds Egypt, India, and Cyprus by main force, nor yet France, which half destroyed the beautiful city of Damascus in order to "pacify" Syria, has any moral right of protest when Japan proceeds to make Manchuria a second Korea. Nor has the League of Nations, for the League completes and confirms the Versailles treaty with all its vivisection of Germany and its colony-snatching. This phase of the Manchurian situation has received little or no attention in the press. Yet the diplomats keep it ever in mind.

The article focuses on the responsibility of the U.S. in the six small nations of Central America, including Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. It is stated that the six nations have in common varying degrees of poverty and trade dependence on the U.S. The U.S. aims at building democracy in these nations through better farming, health, sanitation, and education.

The author says that the Nicaraguan adventure began in 1909. The first step was an effort to remove Nicaraguan President from power, through a revolution financed by the leader Adolfo Diaz. Before the launching of this revolution, Diaz was a bookkeeper on a salary of about $1,000 a year, in the employ of an American mining company owned in Pittsburgh. Diaz "loaned" the revolution $600,000 gold, the origin of which he was never able to explain. Immediately, there arrived in Nicaragua one Thomas C. Dawson. A meeting with the revolutionary chiefs was held on board an American warship, and a bargain entered into, known as the Dawson Pact.

The article presents information on political developments relating to Europe, Soviet Union and U.S. Luxurious, over-staffed and overpaid Allied commissions leading gay lives in Central Europe all of which has to be paid for by the Central Powers before they begin to pay reparations-have gone far to discourage efforts to execute the reparations clauses of the treaties. Twenty marines, privates and non-commissioned officers were found guilty by court martial of engaging in a fight at Managua, Nicaragua.

The ratification by Guatemala of the pact for the formation of the Federation of Central America constitutes the third acceptance of the agreement, and thus the number necessary to make it binding, Honduras and Salvador having previously voted for the union. If Costa Rica and Nicaragua join later, as is hoped, the new nation will have more than 5,000,000 inhabitants. It is a happy sign of increasing friendship and solidarity in a region that has been too long torn with jealousy and dissension.