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Since Lockerbie’s (1939) observations of the first Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in Utah a number of additional observations have been recorded from various western states (Beidleman, 1949; Bent, 1950; Ferrel, 1949; Godfrey, 1949; Grater, 1942; Jones, 1950; Pope, 1948; and Ransom, 1948). The Starling has now become established as a winter resident in several areas in Utah (Woodbury, Cottam, and Sugden, 1949 ; and also notes from the zoology department at the University of Utah sent to us by Dr. Angus M. Woodbury). It is now desirable to describe some of the habits of these birds as winter residents in their newly occupied range, and it is our objective to do this for the Uinta Basin in the northeastern part of Utah. Our study covers a four-year period from December, 1947, through December, 1951. Most of the data were gathered from four areas surrounding Roosevelt, in Duchesne County, Utah. The four areas were: ( 1) the environs of the town of Roosevelt; (2) the Winterton farm, located one mile west of Roosevelt on U. S. Highway 40; (3) the Roosevelt town garbage disposal area, referred to hereafter as “city dump”; and (4) Hancock Cove, located three miles west of Roosevelt. As far as the writers could determine, there is no well established breeding record for the Starling from Utah. However, on July 17, 1951, a Starling, heavily spotted, was observed flying over the ordnance plant near Ogden, Weber County, Utah. Bent ( 1950) lists seven nesting records for Utah, but the source of his information is uncertain. Breiding (1943) and Niedrach (1945) list several nesting records for Colorado. Quaintance (1951) records one nesting record from Oregon. Nesting records from adjacent states indicate that the first nesting Starlings chose sparsely inhabited sections. These nests were located in woodpecker holes and unused farm buildings in rural areas. It is possible that some Starlings may be nesting in the rural sections of Utah and escaping detection.

The present report supplies the details and results of a study of 2,865 patients during a period of 2 years, March 1, 1954, to March 1, 1956. The purpose of the study was to determine the comparative frequency of isolation of Salmonella, Shigella and nine serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli from rectal swab cultures obtained from infants and young children admitted to the Children's Hospital. The technic for the isolation and identification of enteropathogenic E. coli is described. A diagnostic polyvalent E. coli antiserum prepared in our laboratory was very helpful in the preliminary detection of nine serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli. Salmonellae were isolated from 85 patients, Shigellae from 88 and one of the nine serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli from each of 188 patients. Seventeen serotypes of Salmonella were isolated from 85 patients. Salmonella sp. (Type oranienburg) and Sal. typhimurium were isolated most frequently. Shigellae were isolated from a total of 88 patients; Sh. sonnei from 53 and five serotypes of Sh. flexneri from 35 patients. One of the nine serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli was isolated from each of 188 patients. E. coli 055:B5 was detected in cultures from 63 patients and was detected most frequently. E. coli 0111:B4, 0126:B16 and 026:B6 were found next most frequently. Of the 361 patients from whom Salmonella, Shigella or enteropathogenic E. coli were isolated, rectal swab cultures were obtained at the time of admission from 317. Of these, 287 (91%) were positive. The incidence of diarrhea in the three groups was comparable: 95% of the patients from whom Salmonellae were isolated, 98% of patients from whom Shigellae were isolated and 92% of patients harboring enteropathogenic E. coli. Infections due to Salmonella or enteropathogenic E. coli were more frequent in the first year of life and infections due to Shigella occurred more frequently in the second year of life. The majority of patients with diarrhea and with rectal swab cultures negative for Salmonella, Shigella and enteropathogenic E. coli were in the first year of life. The incidence of Salmonella infections did not show any seasonal predominance; the Shigella infections were most frequent in September and October and the enteropathogenic E. coli infections in November and October. The highest incidence of diarrheal infections among patients whose rectal swab cultures were negative for these three groups of bacteria occurred in December and January of each of the 2 years of this study. The incidence of enteropathogenic E. coli infections exceeded those due to Shigella or Salmonella during 15 of the 24 months of this study. Sporadic infections due to these three groups of bacteria occurred throughout the 2-year period. Successive and/or multiple infections with Salmonella, Shigella or enteropathogenic E. coli occurred in 15 paients. Infection with one serotype of enteropathogenic E. coli did not protect seven patients from subsequent infection with another serotype. The convalescent carrier rate was 36.6% for the patients with Salmonella infections, 2.6% for those with Shigella infections and 8.3% for those from whom enteropathogenic E. coli had been isolated. The mortality rate was 1.2% among patients with Salmonella infections and 1.6% among the patients from whom enteropathogenic E. coli had been isolated. None of the patients with Shigella infections died. The large number of patients, 889, with diarrhea and with rectal swab cultures negative for Salmonella, Shigella and enteropathogenic E. coli indicates a need for continued investigation into the etiology of diarrhea in infants and young children.

Summary Six different monovalent vaccines were administered subcutaneously to groups of children 13 to 19 years of age. One monovalent vaccine was administered subcutaneously, intravenously, and intradermally to three groups of children. Intravenous administration of vaccine stimulated not only the best homologous antibody response but also the broadest statistically significant heterologous antibody response. Subcutaneous administration of vaccine stimulated the next best antibody response. Homologous antibody response was always greater than heterologous antibody response. Statistically significant homologous antibody response persisted as long as followed in the sera of children given adequate amounts of vaccine. This was six weeks in the case of one vaccine, ten weeks for another, twenty-four weeks for each of four others, and fifty-two weeks for another. Crossing antibody response was greatest between Shigella flexner I-V, II-W, III-Z, and VII-X. Heterologous antibody response also occurred between Shigella flexner I-V and Shigella fiexneri VI-Boyd 88. There was no statistically significant heterologous antibody response between Shigella sonnei and the strains of Shigella flexneri. There was no heterologous antibody response between Shigella ambigua and the strains of Shigella flexneri. The antigenic and toxic reactions to these vaccines were related directly to the content of bacterial cells or bacterial nitrogen. There is evidence of parallelism between toxicity and antibody response. Shigella vaccine standardized by viable bacterial count to contain ten billion killed bacteria per ml usually stimulated systemic reactions which were too severe. Shigella vaccine standardized to contain 7.5 mg N/100 ml was not sufficiently antigenic. We found the passive mouse protective test more sensitive than the agglutinative test for differentiating greater degrees of immune response. A polyvalent vaccine composed of Shigella fiexneri II-W, III-Z, VI-Boyd 88, Shigella sonnei and Shigella ambigua should stimulate significant antibody response against Shigella flexneri I-V, I I - W , I I I - Z , VI-Boyd 88, VII-X, Shigella sonnei and Shigella ambigua.

During an outbreak of epidemic diarrhea a new serotype of Escherichia coli: E. coli 0127:B8, was isolated from 44 of 145 infants and from 1 nurse among 82 adult personnel in attendance. Among the 44 infants whose rectal swab cultures were positive, 20 were in the first month of life, 16 were 2 to 6 months of age, and 6 were 7 to 12 months of age, a total of 42 being in the first year of life. Severe epidemic diarrhea associated with the presence of E. coli 0127:B8 was characterized by the sudden development of extreme abdominal distention among some of the infants; explosive onset of diarrhea and the presence of a pungent, musty, objectionable odor not noticed around other patients with diarrhea. E. coli 0127: B8 was isolated more frequently while the patients were having diarrhea. Neomycin® was used orally for the specific treatment of patients with diarrhea. The early dosage was small due to our caution in using a new antibiotic. Over the 4 months period of this study the dosage was gradually increased. The average dose was 40 mg./kg./day for the patients with positive cultures and 46 mg./kg./day for those with negative cultures. Of 22 patients with positive cultures, 12 who were treated with Neomycin® alone or in addition to other antibiotics continued to show the presence of E. coli 0127:B8 after Neomycin® therapy had been terminated; however, only 2 of these patients had recurrence of diarrhea, both having had negative cultures while receiving Neomycin®. The administration of Neomycin® to every infant on the 2 wards, regardless of clinical condition, was followed by a decreasing incidence of diarrhea and decreasing detection of E. coli 0127:B8. The dose of Neomycin® was 40 to 50 mg./kg./day. It is our feeling that Neomycin® administered orally was of definite clinical value therapeutically and prophylactically but in the dosage used was inadequate bacteriologically. Four deaths occurred among the 44 infants whose rectal swab cultures were positive for E. coli 0127:B8 and necropsy studies were made on each. A hemorrhagic enteritis was present in 3 infants and in the fourth infant the cause of death was a congenital heart condition. Death of 1 patient with negative rectal swab cultures may very likely be attributed to severe diarrhea. Sera from patients and personnel failed to show the presence of agglutinins for E. coli 0127:B8. in vitro sensitivity tests showed that the order of decreasing bactericidal effectiveness of 5 antibiotics for E. coli 027:B8 was polymyxin, Neomycin®, chloramphenicol, Achromycin®, and Terramycin®. All strains were resistant to dihydrostreptomycin and sodium sulfadiazine. Only the last strains isolated from 2 patients showed increased resistance to Neomycin®, four-and sixteenfold when compared with the first strains isolated from the same patients.

Summary Mouse protective tests were conducted with serums taken from 633 officers and men aboard five cruisers before inoculation with Shigella flexneri III vaccines and from different groups at eight postinoculation intervals; a control group that received placebos only was included. Statistical evaluations of the data were made to obtain evidence concerning the efficacy of the vaccines employed. Statistically significant antibody responses were observed in serums from two groups of men who had received primary subcutaneous inoculations of S. flexneri III vaccine; fold increases were 9.2 and 10.5. Little or no enhancement in protective power of serums was obtained by oral administration of S. flexneri III vaccine. The peak of protective antibody production following parenteral inoculations was reached approximately three weeks after the last injection in the initial course of vaccine. Evidence was obtained that indicated the persistence of a statistically significant amount of circulating antibody for approximately six months. Previous epidemiologic experiences of men with S. flexneri III apparently influenced their antibody response to artificial parenteral stimulation with vaccine. Preinoculation antibody levels differed significantly depending upon whether individuals had been present and ill, present but not ill, or not present in an epidemic. Those who had reported clinical symptoms possessed the highest titers and serums from men with no prior contact showed the lowest antibody content. Protective antibody levels after inoculation were, however, of a similar order in the three groups. It appeared, therefore, that there was a point beyond which antibody formation could not be increased by the stimulus applied regardless of the initial antibody level. A single subcutaneous booster dose of S. flexneri III vaccine administered to a group of men six months after the initial inoculations increased only slightly the mouse protective power of the serums. This lack of further antibody response following the recall dose was probably due to the persistence of antibody levels that could not be elevated markedly by the additional antigen injected. It appeared that the parenterally administered S. flexneri III vaccine induced the production of protective antibody in susceptible individuals to a degree comparable with that found in men who had experienced a natural infection. Records suggest that persons who have convalesced from the disease rarely suffer second attacks due to the same Shigella type.

SummaryBacteriostatic and bactericidal concentrations of 6 sulfonamides in vitro after 2, 4 and 7 days for a resistant strain of Shigella paradysenteriae Flexner and 2 resistant strains of Shigella sonnei show that: The 3 resistant strains were not resistant to sulfapyrazine; the Sonnei (Ch) strain was in addition, not resistant to sulfacetamide; the Sonnei (Ma) strain was also not resistant to sulfacetamide according to the bactericidal concentrations, but as judged by the bacteriostatic concentrations was more resistant to sulfacetamide than was its parent strain; these 3 strains were quite resistant to the other sulfonamides.

Hope for the future in the prevention of pneumococcus pneumonia probably depends on the production of a suitable antigen, and definite knowledge concerning the best method for its administration. Much work with this idea in view already has been done. That pneumococci could be recovered from the deepest parts of the lungs of mice as long as 18 hours after they had been sprayed with a pneumococcus culture was demonstrated by Wherry and Butterfield.1 It was also noticed that although a virulent culture of pneumococcus was used, none of 29 mice which were permitted to live following the inhalations became infected. Stillman 2 obtained similar results and in addition chilled his mice

Summary Colostrum-deprived pigs failed to produce antibody to diphtheria toxoid inoculated intraperitoneally at 3 weeks of age, and responded only slightly to tetanus toxoid administered in the same manner. The immunologic deficiency of colostrum-deprived pigs was overcome by the following procedures, listed in order of decreasing efficiency: a) by suckling of colostrum, b) by administration of diluted hyperimmune serum of swine and horse origin, c) of immune swine serum, d) and of normal serum from older, colostrum-deprived pigs. Removal of specific antibodies from the hyperimmune swine serum resulted in loss of the antibody-stimulating activity of the serum. The results are consistent with the natural selection hypothesis of antibody formation proposed by Jerne.

Summary Studies are reported on the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effectsof sodium sulfathiazole and sulfaguanidine in vitro on twelve strains of Shigella paradysenteriae Flexner, seven strains of Shigella paradysenteriae Sonne, and fifteen strains of a miscellaneous group of intestinal bacteria, most of them pathogenic. These studies differ from preceding studies in that the observations were made over a period of twenty-one days rather than one or two days, as is the usual custom, and each strain was studied in a series of at least nineteen different concentrations of the drugs instead of one, two, or three concentrations as is usual. Sulfaguanidine was bactericidal for only two of the thirty-four differentstrains tested, and these were both strains of Shigella paradysenteriae Flexner. Sodium sulfathiazole was bactericidal for all strains tested exceptone strain of Esch. coli which survived in media containing 2,000 mg. per cent of the drug. For the Flexner strains, sodium sulfathiazole was bactericidal for all in concentrations between 10 and 200 mg. per cent inclusive. For the Sonne strains, sodium sulfathiazole was bactericidal for all inconcentrations between 250 and 400 mg. per cent inclusive. For the miscellaneous group, sodium sulfathiazole was least bactericidal for strains of Esch. coli, E. typhosa, S. paratyphi , and two of the S. morgani . The bactericidal concentrations for these varied between 250 and more than 2,000 mg. per cent. For one strain of S. morgani , two of Shigella alkalescens , and two of Proteus, the bactericidal levels were between 60 and 120 mg. per cent, which are comparable to those observed for the Flexner cultures.

Summary Oblique illumination was used for the microscopic study of colonies in surface cultures of mouse virulent parent strains of Shigella flexneri 2a and 2b. This method affords a means of detecting differences in colonial characteristics not seen by the conventional method of illumination. The appearance of the colonies was characterized by certain colors and color combinations, degrees of translucency or opacity, degrees of granularity, brilliance of reflective granules and smoothness or irregularity of the surfaces and edges. Shigellae highly virulent for mice were obtained from translucent colonies in which soft red-gold or gold-green colors predominated and whose surfaces appeared cross-hatched and irregular. Shigellae of low virulence for mice were obtained from opaque colonies whose colors were dull shades of pink-blue or gray and whose surfaces were smooth and edges slightly lobulated or entire. The virulent parent strain was usually composed of three or four different colony forms and the virulent translucent colony forms predominated. The translucent red-gold and gold-green colony forms did not vary from their parent forms in agglutination reactions while the opaque blue-pink colony forms had lost their specific or type antigen. Vaccines of the virulent translucent colony forms were highly immunogenic. Parent strains of Shigella flexneri 2a and 2b and the translucent colony forms isolated from each stimulated a high degree of homologous immunity in mice and a lower degree of heterologous immunity. [Vaccines of the non-virulent opaque colony variant were not immunogenic.] Parent strains of Shigella flexneri 2a and 2b, and translucent colony forms isolated from each, stimulated the production in rabbits of antisera of high agglutinin titers and high passive protection for mice while opaque colony variants stimulated production of antisera of low agglutinin titers and no passive protection for mice. A high degree of cross agglutination and cross passive protection between Shigella flexneri 2a and 2b was demonstrated. Reciprocal agglutinin absorption studies with the virulent translucent red-gold and gold-green colony forms of Shigella flexneri 2a and their antisera showed that these two colony forms were identical. Similar colony forms of Shigella flexneri 2b were also found to be identical. Reciprocal agglutinin absorption studies with virulent translucent gold-green and nonvirulent opaque blue-pink colony variants of Shigella flexneri 2a indicated that these colony forms were not identical. Similar results were obtained with the same forms of colonies from Shigella flexneri 2b and their absorbed antisera. Reciprocal agglutinin absorption studies with virulent translucent gold-green colony forms of both Shigella flexneri 2a and 2b indicated that these two were related but not identical, consistent with the antigenic formulae of these two sub-types. Similar studies with the nonvirulent opaque colony variants of Shigella flexneri 2a and 2b showed that they were identical. Correlations have been made between colony texture and color, serological findings, acriflavine reactions, mouse virulence and immunogenicity of colony forms isolated from parent strains of Shigella flexneri 2a and 2b. The microscopic method of studying colony forms comprising parent strains of Shigella flexneri 2a and 2b makes it possible to select parent strains in which virulent immunogenic translucent colony forms predominate or to isolate these colony forms for the preparation of highly immunogenic vaccines.

Summary Mice given by gavage daily doses of 1.2 billion Shigella sonnei as vaccine developed a maximal degree of systemic immunity within 12 days which enabled them to withstand intraäbdominal challenge with more than 59,415 LD50 doses of homologous Shigella. Sera from mice vaccinated in the same way but not challenged showed a small increase in passive mouse protective power and no increase in agglutinative titers. Sera from mice which were vaccinated in the same way and which survived intraäbdominal challenge infection showed high mouse protective antibody content and increased agglutinative titers. Mice given by gavage daily doses of 10 billion Shigella sonnei as vaccine developed a maximal degree of systemic immunity within 9 days which enabled them to withstand intraäbdominal challenge with 61,666 LD50 doses of homologous Shigella.