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The National Park Service with management responsibility for more than 2,000 miles of coast, much of which is highly dynamic morphologically and ecologically, is confronted with reassessment of management policy and strategy. A conceptual model of and the necessity for a management strategy based upon the natural episodic and progressive forces which change the coastal landscape is presented.

We attempt to introduce the general insect ecologist to the uses and advantages of system simulation in the study of insect population dynamics and pest management. The systems simulation approach is defined, and the methodology outlined in terms of objectives, system definition, and model formulation, validation, manipulation and adaptation. Simulation procedures are described using examples from bark-beetle (Scolytidae) population dynamics. A simple simulation model of bark beetle dispersal and host colonization is used to illustrate elementary simulation methods, and the incorporation of a management strategy, in the form of traps baited with aggregating pheromones, illustrates the potential of gaming in solving management problems.

What things, other than snow, attract skiers to ski areas? Various combinations of facilities, management practices, and a resort's distance from metropolitan centers are significantly related to total visitor-days per ski area at each of 26 ski resorts in northern New England and New York State. One visitor-day is one skier visiting an area during one day. During a ski season of relatively poor snow accumulation (1964-65), total visitor-days per ski area were closely related to a resort's advertising program. The following winter, when snow was abundant, the total was related to a resort's length of intermediate trails, average driving time from metropolitan centers, percent of trails rolled and packed, and number of instructors employed. A verage annual total visitor-days per ski area for both years were related to a resort's average total advertising budget, driving time from metropolitan centers, and average percent of the advertising budget used for broad coverage advertising (magazines, radio, and television). How well the models developed in this study predict future use at ski resorts still needs to be tested in independent studies. Nonetheless, as descriptive devices that explain 71 to 89 % of the variation in ski-area use, the models suggest relationships between management strategy and use patterns that may be helpful in planning and developing ski areas.

The new and rapidly changing environment of development administrators includes (1) the emergence of a world society of interdependent nations, (2) a rapid and confusing technological and scientific revolution, (3) the expansion of “service societies” in industrialized countries, (4) new major alternatives for war, neocolonialism, despotism and materialism, and (5) development problems of ascending complexity and difficulty.

Epidural Haematoma (EDH) develops in 1-3% of all major head injuries and most common in the young. This crosssectional descriptive study was done to find out the management strategy and outcome of EDH in relation to clot volume. This study was performed from December'2006 to November'2007, by purposively selecting 77 cases of EDH from the Department of Neurosurgery, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka. The study showed that highest number of patients was in most active period of life, with male predominance (Male: Female =7.5:1). Causes of EDH were mostly due to assault (37.7%), followed by RTA (32.5%) and fall from height (29.8%). The study showed Patient having EDH Volume (EDHV) > 30ml will have 8.55 times more chance of having unfavorable outcome than patient having EDHV < 30 ml. Patient having EDHV > 30 ml will have 187.83 times more chance of requiring surgical intervention than those having EDHV 30 ml has adverse effect on mortality and morbidity. Key words: EDH; EDHV; Burr hole; GOS; GCS. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v6i2.9208 FMCJ 2011; 6(2): 89-91

Efficient memory management is important for optimizing computer usage. Intuition, simulation, experience, and analysis have contributed to the design of space management algorithms. Analytical models require accurate and concise descriptions of the system's environment. The referencing pattern, describing the sequence of memory addresses, is the environment for memory management problems. One referencing model assigns probabilities to positions in an LRU stack of memory pages. “Local” behavior is easily described using this model. However, the distinctly different behavior among instruction and data references is lost. In this paper we generalize the LRU stack model to an arbitrary number of memory spaces which are selected by the transitions of a Markov chain. The additional detail affects the behavior of the models for a working set management strategy.

The Labour Relations Act 1987 removed legal restrictions on the subject matter of bargaining. This article reports the results of a survey of employer opinion on current union involvement in plant decision making and on future bargaining scope. Little current union involvement is reported in either operational decisions or more basic management strategy decisions. Some limited employer support is found for the notion that bargaining scope should expand with decentralization of the bargaining structure.

Industrial relations research on management strategy has tended to ignore the influence of individual labour laws enforced by specialist industrial tribunals. This paper looks at the effect of a particular specialist tribunal, which enforces anti-discrimination laws, on managerial strategy in public sector organisations. It argues that the formulation and implementation of management policies are influenced by exposure to the activities of specialist tribunals, indicating the partial origins of managerial strategy in fear, and its gradual accretive nature.

What things, other than snow, attract skiers to ski areas? Various combinations of facilities, management practices, and a resort's distance from metropolitan centers are significantly related to total visitor-days per ski area at each of 26 ski resorts in northern New England and New York State. One visitor-day is one skier visiting an area during one day. During a ski season of relatively poor snow accumulation (1964-65), total visitor-days per ski area were closely related to a resort's advertising program. The following winter, when snow was abundant, the total was related to a resort's length of intermediate trails, average driving time from metropolitan centers, percent of trails rolled and packed, and number of instructors employed. A verage annual total visitor-days per ski area for both years were related to a resort's average total advertising budget, driving time from metropolitan centers, and average percent of the advertising budget used for broad coverage advertising (magazines, radio, and television). How well the models developed in this study predict future use at ski resorts still needs to be tested in independent studies. Nonetheless, as descriptive devices that explain 71 to 89 % of the variation in ski-area use, the models suggest relationships between management strategy and use patterns that may be helpful in planning and developing ski areas.