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The opening chapter of the thesis comprises a discussion on the name of the popular speech of India, the development of which has been traced in the following pages. Different names have been applied to the language from time to time both by Indians and foreigners. Tracing back the history of all these names and referring to the original sources for authority I have come to the conclusion that Hindustani is the most appropriate name for the language. Conflicting theories had been advanced on the origin of Hindustani. With the help of the latest investigation I have elucidated the fact that Hindustani by origin is a dialect of the language which had been spoken in Delhi and Meerut for centuries, before the settlement of the Muslims in Delhi. The development of Hindustani from the earliest time to 1700 in its birth-place, i.e., the Panjab, has been discussed in Chapter III, from the scanty sources available, with special reference to Khwaja Masud, Amir Khusrau, Fariduddin Ganj Shakar, Sheikh Usman, Sheikh Junaid, Vali Ram and Abdi. Translations and adaptations from Persian language and literature into Hindustani from the earliest time to 1700 form the subject of discussion in Chapter IV. In this connection I have discovered and studied some manuscipts , which have never been referred to before and have described others which have not been described. The lives of Hindustani authors have been compiled from original sources. Their works , which are mostly in the form of unpublished MSS. , have been discussed in chronological order to give an idea of the development of the literature and language. Persian phrases, idioms, etc., which have helped the development of old Hindustani and most of which are now obsolete have been also included. Characteristics of old Hindustani , which are a special feature of the old language have been discussed in Chapter V to point out the essential differences of the old and modern Hindustani. Copious examples in chronological order from the works discussed in the foregoing chapter have been collected for illustration. The development of language and marked changes in the language affected in different times have been discuseed in the last chapter. Dates with possible accuracy are assigned. A concise grammar of the old langauge is appended to further elucidate the marked development of the language.

Under the Constitution of 1962 the Pakistan election law has assumed importance. This thesis gives a full account of the law of elections. The provisions, as contained in the Electoral College Act, the National and Provincial Assemblies (Elections)Act and the Presidential Election Act have been clearly stated, carefully examined and discussed in the light of decided cases. Chapter one deals with the system of elections the President and members of the Legislatures are indirectly elected by an Electoral College, elected by adult franchise. Chapter two deals with the delimitation of constituencies and electoral units. Chapter three deals with suffrage, the law relating to the qualifications and disqualifications of voters and the electoral rolls. Chapter four is devoted to the candidate in it are examined the qualifications and disqualifications for membership of the Electoral College and the Assemblies, and a statement of the law governing nominations. Chapter five describes the electoral process from notification of the poll to the declaration of the result. Chapter six deals exclusively with the election to the office of the President. Chapter seven deals with election offences examining their efficacy to ensure free and impartial elections. In chapter eight are discussed post election disputes, the law applicable to election petitions and the role of election tribunals. Chapter nine deals with the jurisdiction of superior courts in election matters.

The theme of the project was the development of a scheme to re-establish synchronism automatically in the contingency of a synchronous machine falling out-of-step while in operation. To establish the necessary criteria on which the proposed scheme for resynchronisation could be based, machine behaviour during asynchronous operation and the process of resynchronisation has been studied in detail. Rotors in common use are of two different types; laminated and solid. The two types produce different damping effects and both have been studied. All the studies have been performed on a general-purpose analogue computer. To study the two types of rotor, mathematical models have been developed. Each of these models is suitable for cylindrical or salient-pole construction. Results obtained on the analogue computer have been verified by comparison with results obtained on both actual large alternators and laboratory micro-machines. Auxiliary equipment can play a significant part during asynchronous operation and in the process of resynchronisation. The effects of various auxiliary equipment, different machine parameters and system conditions on out of-synchronous operation and resynchronisation, have been studied. Investigations have been made into the process of pulling--into-step from the state of steady asynchronous operation using an entirely different approach and the process is explained in simple physical terms. Based on the results obtained from various studies, a transistor relay, for the automatic resynchronisation of synchronous machines, using static relaying techniques is proposed. This relay has been constructed and its effectiveness has been demonstrated on a micro-machine. The proposed scheme for automatic resynchronisation is particularly adaptable to the controls of the future and is suited to 'on line' computer control.

Spindle-assembly design for machine tools, and other applications in which stiffness is of paramount importance, requires accurate knowledge of the stiffness of the associated bearings. Calculations of the stiffness of rolling bearings are normally made assuming zero clearance and 'infinitely rigid' races. The resulting discrepancy between a calculated value of stiffness and that which is likely to obtain for the assembled bearing in practice is normally resolved by a correction factor, whose value can cover a wide range, and about which comparatively little is known. In_this investigation the effect of clearance or interference, and the use of a range of compliant shafts and housings has been examined. The work is in two sections, the first being concerned with calculations and results for rigid races, in which the effect of clearance and interference is of primary interest. Nomograms for radial roller and ball bearings are presented, to enable the bearing deflection to be found quickly and easily. The second section concerns the investigation of various types of fully-flexible bearing assembly, using a finite-element computer program which has been developed to evaluate the deflections, rolling element load distributions, stresses, and deflected shapes of races. Computed results show good correlation with experimental results on an Araldite model using a modified frozen-stress technique. Using the finite-element analysis, the effects on bearing performance of boss, wall thickness of shaft, local stiffening members, and the existence of other bores or openings in the supporting wall of the housing, were evaluated for a range of values of radial clearance or interference, radial load and rotational speed. A further point of investigation concerned the feasibility of artificially modifying the roller load distribution, by using slightly non-circular outer races, to obtain both improved life and rigidity for a given bearing configuration. The work shows that the 'rigid race' assumption can lead to unrepresentative values of calculated bearing stiffness. The results of computation indicate and provide means of achieving improved design of an overall bearing assembly.

Virgin males of Triboliam castaneum, T. confusum and Sitophilus granarius were irradiated with sterilizing doses of gamma radiation and their mating competitiveness studied. The effects of radiation on the reproductive potential for the two species of Tribolium were determined. The reproductive organs and mating behaviour in castaneum have been described. The effects of radiation on mating speed, propensity, frequencies and transfer of sperms and accessory secretions, the latter by labelling the testis with P32, were investigated. The results of histological studies of spermatogenesis were related to the competition and mating studies. The effect of a period of celibacy on mating competitiveness, ability and frequencies of irradiated males was also investigated. To compare the effects of radiation sterilisation with those of chemo-sterilisation, adults of T. castaneum were sterilized with tepa and their mating competitiveness and reproductive potential determined; the effects of storage of tepa treated sperms in normal females and the effect of delayed matings of treated males on the resultant frequency of dominant lethal mutations were also studied. The mating competitiveness of radio and chemo-sterilized males of T. castaneum has boon investigated in experiments with varying ratios of sterile males to normal males. Sperm competition was studied by alternate matings of sterile and normal males with females and by pairing the males with different females at different times after treatment in radio and chemo-sterilized males of T. castaneum. Some aspects of the general behaviour of T. castanaum were also studied. These aspects include feeding activity, depletion rates, attraction towards flour, dispersal behaviour, reactions in humidity gradients and responses to the odour of the opposite sex. Finally, the results of the present studies have been compared with those of previous workers' and their implications have boon discussed.

The thesis is presented in two parts with one appendix. Part I was prompted by a report that the starch isolated from the seeds of Phalaris Canariensis possessed hypotensive activity. A review of the literature on Phalaris species is presented and the isolation of the starch and its extracts is described. No hypotansive activity of the starch or its extracts was found. Chemical examination of aqueous extracts of the starch showed the presence of choline, glucose, maltose, azelaic acid and aminoacids. Ion exchange and paper chromatography were used to identify serine, alpha-alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, proline, aspartic acid, valine and aminobutyric acid. The light petroleum soluble matter of the powdered seeds was examined and a mixture of sterols was isolated. beta-sitosterol was identified in the mixture by conversion of the sterols to the methyl ethers and examination of the ethers by gas chromatography; two other components in the mixture were not identified. It is also shown that the "beta-sitosterol" isolated from Aristolochia reticulata consisted of two components one of which is - sitosterol. The fatty acids in the extract were identified as myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids, and glycerol was also isolated. Part II has as its main theme the attempted synthesis of aristolochic acid. A review of the degradation work carried out on aristolochic acids is given followed by an account of the pharmacological activity of extracts and compounds isolated from Aristolochia species. After a report on the synthesis of derivatives of aristolochic acid, in which the benzoate of 8-methoxy-3,4-methylendioxy-10-nitro-l-phenanthroic lactam was obtained as the only new product, a route to aristolochic acid is proposed. This was based on the Pschorr Synthesis, as one of the required intermediates, 2-nitro-methoxybenzaldehyde was known. The attempted preparation of the other intermediate, 6-carboxy-3.4-methylenedioxyphenyl-nitromethane, is discussed and the structure for a new compound obtained during this work is suggested. The lack of success in this stage turned attention to the synthesis of 3.4-methylenedioxyphenylnitromethane and the corresponding 6-bromo-compound and both compounds were obtained by two routes. One of these involved the use of metal nitrites and the conditions used and reactions taking place are considered in some detail. The condensation of the nitro-compound with benzaldehyde and substituted benzaldehydes was investigated and the following compounds were prepared. alpha-nitro-6-bromo-3.4-methylenedioxy-2'-nitro-6'-methoxystilbene. alpha-nitro-3.4-methylenedioxy-2'-nitro-6'-methoxystilbene. alpha-nitro-6-bromo-3.4-methylenedioxy-6'-methoxystilbene alpha-nitro-6-bromo-3.4-methylenedioxy-2'-nitrostilbene. alpha-nitro-3.4-methylenedioxy-2'-nitrostilbene. Side reactions occuring during the condensation are discussed and tentative structures advanced for two of the products. Attempted condensation of acetylaminobenzaldehyde with the substituted phenylnitromethanes met with no success. Selective reduction of alpha-nitro-6-bromo-3.4-methylenedioxy-2'-nitrostilbene and alpha-nitro-3.4-methylenedioxy-2'-nitrostilbene by ammonium sulphide caused the elimination of one nitro-group from each compound and evidence is presented to show that the products were 6-bromo-3.4-methylenedioxy-2'- nitrostilbene and 3.4-methylenedioxy-2'-nitrostilbene respectively. The reduction of the nitro-compounds was also attempted by a variety of reducing agents, but no satisfactory product was isolated. In order to avoid selective reduction of a nitro-group irradiation of alpha-nitro-6-bromo-3.4-methylenedioxy-6'-methoxystilbene and 6-bromo-3.4-methylenedioxy-2'-nitrostilbene was attempted on the micro-scale, but ultraviolet absorption evidence indicated that the phenanthrene nucleus was not formed. Part II concludes with an assessment of the results obtained and a scheme for further work is proposed. The appendix presents the results of an examination % of extracts of small quantities of the roots and rhizomes of goldieana and of the aerial parts of A. indica. No aristolochic acid was isolated from the extracts.

Early work of the 19th Century suggests that removal of flowers can delay senescence in annuals, an explanation of this phenomenon was not offered until Moliach published his results in 1928. He suggested that the fruit acts, as a sink for plant food reserves, from alternatives explanation wag given by Leopold et al. (1959) who showed that removal of flowers from male spinach plants and defruiting of complete fruits in bean can also delay senescence in them. Lockhart & Gottschall (1961) substantiated Leopold's work in peas. Wareing & Seth (1967), by applying hormones as a substitute for developing fruit, demonstrated a mobilization of nutrients to the site of hormone application. Two hypotheses exist to explain senescence of annuals and possibly in herbaceous biennials. (i) Imbalance in nutrient distribution in whole plant resulting in death of apical meristenis. (ii) Autonomous hormonal control. In the most extreme case this could be a specific senescence hormone. My work with peas has been designed to confirm the second hypothesis and can be divided into, three main headings. (i) Protein studies. (ii) Homone studies. (iii) Surgical experiments. Protein studies In explant studies a frequent correlation is made between proteins and the organ senescence. It was therefore attempted to study protein changes in relation to whole plant senescence, and at the same time try to find an objective method for measuring senescence in plants. Isoelectric focusing of proteins on acrylamide gels was carried out for separating proteins in this and a new staining technique was developed. It reduced the working time from days to hours and was then published. The results of these studies showed that changes appearing in leaf proteins were independent of flower or fruit development. It was easy to correlate aging in leaves with changes appearing in their proteins, but no correlations between leaf protein at any stage were possible with the aging of whole plant. (ii) Hormone studies Quantitative studies of endogenous GAs, ABA and cytokinins were started with a view to correlating their levels with plant senescence. Standard procedure of methanol extraction was followed to extract these, hormones. A new method was, however, developed for the initial group separation of GAs and ABA on alkylated sephadex. This column chromatography gave a very good initial purification of the group along with separation of inhibitors. Final purification and separation of individual GAs, ABA and also cytokinins were carried out on TLC, and the amounts were quantified on the basis of their biological activities. Results from these studies showed that flower and fruit development had very little effect on endogenous levels of leaf hormones as compared with their deflorated control. The maturity of fruits however brings distinct changes in leaf hormones. Studies on unknown inhibitors were left over, due to shortage of time. (iii) Surgical experiments Both, of the nutrient and hormonal explanations to plant senescence were offered from the observations obtained in different kinds of surgical experiments. This kind of experimentation, therefore appeared to be another interesting way for further investigations. Initially the effects of removing flowers, fruits, leaves and apices were studied both individually and in combinations. Later all experiments were conducted to separate the effects of fruit maturity from fruit filling. In these experiments initial observations wore taken in an experiment where branching was induced in the plants and then different numbers of pods were allowed to develop at different sites while continuously deflorating rest of the plant. Other experiments were then carried out using grafts. With this grafting technique it was possible to study the effects of fruit development and fruit maturity independently of each other. The main observation in these experiments was the growth of the younger part of the graft was affected by fruit when compared with corresponding defruited controls. Results obtained from these experiments were very conclusive and for the first time distinct effects of fruit maturity independent of fruit filling were demonstrated. Besides many interesting observations it was clearly shown that fruit development is a nutritional phenomenon but does not exhaust the plant for further growth, and fruit ripening produces a distinct dramatic stimulus that results in senescence of the meristematic region and so cancels any possibilities of further growth. It was then possible to demonstrate complete development of fruits consecutively for the three times on the same rook stock.