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When the helical trajectories of two charged particles moving away from a common point in a magnetic field are reconstructed from measurements on the tracks, the reconstructed tracks are perturbed by measurement and other errors and do not, in general, intersect. A method is given for adjusting the reconstructed tracks in a least squares manner so that they do intersect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents updates on issues related to science as of January 1970. Position of U.S. President Richard Nixon on chemical and biological weapons; Status of the use of insecticide dichlorodiphenytrichloroethane in the U.S. as of the period; Magnetic field of the moon at the landing site of the Apollo 12 astronauts.

The article suggests that artificial creation of visible clouds of plasmas in space can lead to understanding comet tails, magnetic fields and magnetosphere. Barium atoms released by rockets at high altitudes and ionized by solar radiation creates the clouds of plasma. This research can be used in the maintenance of the ionospheric electric-current system and studies of space travel, high temperature technology and production of electricity from nuclear fusion.

The article focuses on research endeavors in superconducting magnets. In Brookhaven National Laboratory, superconducting magnets were tested for use in the fields of high-energy physics. The lack of resistance to an electric current at temperatures near absolute zero is one of its important property. Some of the basic properties of the superconducting magnet are outlined.

The article discusses the reversals of the earth's magnetic field. Some volcanic rocks are magnetized opposite to that of the present magnetic field of the earth. The earth's field has reversed nine times in the past 3.6 million years. When molten volcanic rocks cool and solidify, the magnetic minerals in them are magnetized in the earth's magnetic field. The magnetic field of the earth is the field of an axial magnetic dipole.

The article presents a discussion of magnetic fields on the sun. It states that solar activity is naturally an expression of changing magnetic fields in the sun's atmosphere. It mentions that recent information and observations materialize a comprehensive theory that demonstrates the magnetic cycle which occurs usually in eleven years.

The article discusses ultrastrong magnetic fields which are defined as fields above 10 million gauss and can be produced by clever use of explosives. The author believes that such fields can provide new insights into the structure of matter. Magnetic fields have the property of transmitting forces with the velocity of light. The only method currently available for creating these fields employs explosive charges arranged in a ring so as to produce an implosion and compress a preexisting magnetic field.

The article focuses on the efforts of astronomers to determine the magnetic field of the galaxy as well as the polarization of incoming radiation radio telescopes. W. A. Hiltner of the Yerkes and McDonald observatories and John S. Hall of the U.S. Naval Observatory presented the first evidence of a galactic magnetic field in 1949. Hiltner and Hall contended that the light from a number of stars exhibits a high degree of linear polarization. Several scientific research were undertaken by prominent scientific minds regarding the various aspects of the galactic magnetic field. Significantly, radio astronomy has been a method used in directly measuring a magnetic field. The author describes the methods and strategies in determining the galactic magnetic field.

The article describes the generation of continuous fields which exhibit 500,000 times the strength of the earth's magnetic field at the National Magnet Laboratory. The Gauss Solenoid Magnet at the laboratory is capable of generating the most intense continuous magnetic fields attainable. The outermost section is hollow and the magnet contains three tons of copper and has an outside diameter of 36 inches.

The article describes a method by which an amateur scientist can identify subatomic particles from their tracks in photographs. To identify the particles involved in a nuclear interaction, one scientist used certain information in addition to that provided by the photograph of the interaction. One must know the kind of particle that initiates the interaction, its kinetic energy and the strength of the magnetic field in which it moves and its reaction with the target particle.

The article focuses on the earth's magnetic field. The direct measurements of the earth's field by means of artificial satellites and rocket probes have convinced many geophysicists that the earth's magnetic field must be drastically revised. Far from being free of external influences, the geomagnetic field is continuously buffeted by a wind of electrically charged particles emanating from the sun, distorted by electric currents circulating in the radiation belts and maybe modified still further by interplanetary magnetic field.

The article discusses the changes in electronic structure of atoms in a solid matter when applied with high pressure. The occurrence may be detected by probing the electric and magnetic fields of the atoms The magnetism of an atom comes from the orbital momentum of the electrons and from the spin angular momentum. An experiment was conducted on ferromagnetic iron at high pressure, which made possible the forming of a clearer image of the distribution of electric charge and magnetic spin in solids.

The article provides information on experimental discoveries of magnetothermoelectricity. The author emphasized that when an electric current pass through semimetals with a magnetic field it is possible to build highly-effective and solid-state refrigerators. The flow of heat and electricity in certain crystalline solids were being described.

The article describes some experiments involving plasma waves in solids and how they resemble similar waves in gas plasma. In these experiments, the plasma consists of the carriers of electricity to be found in any metal or other solid conductor. To follow the experiments, the factors that influence the propagation of a wave in a plasma that contains a large magnetic field must be considered.

The article focuses on the fermi surface of metals. It notes that it is not a real surface but a picture of how the electrons in a metal behave. These pictures explain such properties of metals as luster, ductility and the conduction of electricity and heat. Fermi surface is the sphere that represents the boundary between occupied and unoccupied velocities for the electrons in a gas. The velocities of electrons in the electron gas are represented by points in the velocity space bounded by the Fermi surface.

The article reports on the result of the study on galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic effects. In 1887, German physicist Albert von Ettingshausen produced the temperature difference as an effect galvanomagnetic. The magnitude of the effect varies directly with the current and field strength. It also reverses with the reversal of the current or the field. In the course of thermomagnetic, both physicists Ettinghausen and Walther Nernst failed to find transverse temperature difference. However, physicists Augusto Righi in Italy and Sylvestre Anatole Leduc in France have almost discovered that a magnetic field does produce a temperature difference across the with of a metal strip.

The article discusses a study that measured the earth's magnetic field over a broad reach of the ocean by using a magnetometer, which is towed behind a ship. In 1956, the Pioneer ship performed a survey in a plotted route along different ocean strips. A magnetic lineation was observed throughout the area. A break in the lineated structure signify to geologists that they have arrived at a fault. Occurrences of magnetic anomalies are observed. Undersea striations resulted from the same stresses that was believed to give rise to mountains on the west coast of the Americas.

The article discusses the magnetism of the sun. In the absence of a magnetic field every kind of atom emits light at a number of distinct wavelengths. The wavelengths can be separated by the spectroscope into a series of lines characteristics of the element that is emitting or absorbing the light. Quantum theory explains the Zeeman effect in terms of the behavior of atoms in magnetic fields.

The article reports on the discovery of giant belts of charged particles trapped in the earth's outer magnetic field through the measurements of atmospheric density. Evidence from rocket flights had shown that at high altitudes, the atmosphere over the auroral zones was actually warmer than the upper atmosphere at Temperate and Equatorial latitudes. Correlation of the features of the outer radiation belt with those of auroral displays has created a new light on the origin of the aurora.

The article examines the forces affecting the varied patterns of tails of comets. The appearance of comet tails vary greatly from comet to comet and the tail of an individual comet may change from time to time. The acceleration of matter in the tail of Type I comet requires a repulsive force of the order of 200 times. The presence of a magnetic field was found in the curious helical structures in tails of Type I comet.

The article provides information on magnetic resonance, a phenomenon of absorption of certain frequencies of radio and microwave radiation by atoms placed in a magnetic field. Magnetic resonance was conceived when Edward Purcell of Harvard University and Felix Bloch of Stanford University conduct an experiment aimed to get a better understanding of the magnetism of particles in an atom. They found that atomic nuclei and electrons which spin on their axes can be tipped over by magnetic fields.

The article provides information about the dynamo theory regarding the earth's magnetism. The strongest argument for the dynamo theory is the nature of the earth's magnetic field. The dynamo theory represents an overwhelming evidence that the core of the earth is in motion. Geophysicists have known that the magnetic field is irregular and constantly changing.

The article focuses on the production of strong magnetic fields to control particles moving in emulsions and deflect charged particles. A high electrical power can generate a strong magnetic fields with both mechanical and heating effects, but the fields places strains on the coil. The strong magnitude of the field dominates the motions of the charged particles within the atoms.

The article focuses on the explosion of the Crab Nebula, a gigantic electron synchrotron body of gas. According to the classical laws of electromagnetism, the synchrotron light is due to the acceleration or bending of the electron from a uniform straight path. The continuous light observed in the Crab Nebula has been generated by the action of a magnetic field in the Nebula upon high speed electrons. Electrons of high velocities in a magnetic field radiate continuous light and those of slightly lower energies radiate at radio wavelengths.

The article discusses on the characteristics of earth's magnetism. The study on the magnetic field of the earth was first organized by William Gilbert, an English physician. Gilbert found out that the interior of the earth was made of a magnetic material. Other studies said that the earth's field is composed of constant lines of magnetic force, and that the main field is modified by other lines of force produced by different mechanism within the earth. The author also presents several charts that explain the flow of earth's magnetism.

The article discusses on the characteristics and formation of aurora. Astronomers and physicist believe that the aurora is induced by streams of charged particles that come to the earth from the sun. These particles funneled toward the geomagnetic poles and captured by the earth's magnetic field. When they drag into the earth's atmosphere, the protons in the stream unite with electrons to form hydrogen atoms, and this union radiates light which cause to the occurrence of aurora.

The article discusses on the proposition of Balfour Stewart, a Scottish physicist and meteorologist, regarding the existing of electricity being conducted in a layer of air somewhere in the upper atmosphere. The movement of this air in the earth's magnetic field would generate electric currents, which in turn would create small magnetic fields accounting for the daily variations in magnetic measurements.

The article offers some of the most important findings described by Hugh Odishaw during the International Geophysical Year (I.G.Y.). Odishaw's estimates of the scientists, engineers and technicians involved in I.G.Y. are offered. His findings focused on topics such as the magnetic fields associated with sunspots, cosmic-ray cycle, and the ozone layer.

The article focuses on the reported mysterious aspects of the moon which were observed within the mission of Apollo 16. It says that Apollo 16 mission, manned by astronauts John Young, Charles Duke, and Tom Mattingly, was considered best in taking photographs of the moon particularly using its Lunar Rover. However, it notes that the astronauts have encountered several uncertainties such as the difference in the strength of magnetic fields and radioactive rocks between the lowlands and highlands.

The article focuses on a research related to lodestone, a mineral oxide of iron and its ability to attract iron, conducted by doctor Stanley H. Autler of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratories. As stated, the small electromagnet made of alloy that's superconductive at cryogenic temperatures will develop a strong magnetic field from a small power and sustains its magnetism even after the current has been turned off.

The article reports on magnetohydrodynamic power generation (MHD), a new system of power generation being developed by General Electric Co. Power is extracted by the system directly from the motion of ionized gas through a magnetic field. Its advantages include a regular flow of power and a very high ratio of efficiency. General Electric is confident that it can produce devices that can convert 40 percent to 50 percent of thermal energy into electricity with the system.