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The nature of secondary multiplication in the Digenea, especially in the molluscan host is reviewed. The concepts of alternation of generations and polyembryony are examined and discarded as unhelpful. In the absence of both meiosis and recognizable ovaries in miracidia, sporocysts and rediae, there are no criteria for distinguishing diploid ameiotic ‘eggs’ from other diploid cells, and thus no clear distinction is possible between ameiotic parthenogenesis and budding from a single cell. Comparison with other groups, especially the coelenterates, suggests budding and metamorphosis of larval stages as the explanation of digenean life histories. Functional equivalents of the digenean larval stages are indicated in other groups. The germinal lineage possibly preserves a line of totipotential cells, which by avoiding differentiation retain an unrestricted range of phenotypic responses. By dividing as infrequently as possible, consistent with the production of an adequate number of germinal cells, the lineage is, to a degree, preserved from the creation and incorporation of molecular errors, and thus the subsequent life history stages are protected from the incorporation of ‘senescence’ acquired at an earlier stage in the life history. Restriction of sexuality to the fluke stage usually promotes outbreeding between genetically diverse adults, each with the proven capacity to complete successfully all life history phases.

L. Meschi — Evolution ofland holding structures in Rwanda: the case of a Hutu lineage. The study of the evolution of the land estate of a Hutu lineage from 1850 on explains the reasons behind the economic individualism of Rwandese peasants., Law Robin. Évolution des structures foncières au Rwanda : le cas d'un lignage hutu. In: Cahiers d'études africaines, vol. 14, n°53, 1974. Le problème de la domination étatique au rwanda. histoire et économie. pp. 39-51.

J. Rwabukumba & V. Mudandagizi - Historical forms of personal dependency in the Rwanda kingdom. At the beginning of the 19th century the network of personal dependency between the mwami and the Tutsi lineages was based upon the 'armies' and the ritual functions. It is only at the end of Yuhi Gahindiro's reign (ca. 1830) that other types of personal dependency, especially ubuhake, were established, as shown by the traditional record of a lineage of Tutsi diviners., Rwabukumba Joseph, Mudandagizi Vincent. Les formes historiques de la dépendance personnelle dans l'État rwandais. In: Cahiers d'études africaines, vol. 14, n°53, 1974. Le problème de la domination étatique au rwanda. histoire et économie. pp. 6-25.

Opening ParagraphWhen a Bedouin kills another in Cyrenaica, one of a number of consequences ensues. According to the Bedouin, the particular consequence is determined by the genealogical positions of the persons or groups concerned. In the first part of this article an analysis of the disturbances in social relationships precipitated by homicide is made, using a lineage model as a framework. In this part of the discussion the arrangement of the information corresponds closely to the view the Bedouin give of their relationships. Additional information is then presented to show that this lineage model neither covers several important areas of social relationships nor enables an accurate prediction of events to be made. This raises the issue: can the comprehensive power of the model be increased by complicating it, or does complexity destroy its utility? The argument advanced is that the lineage model is not a sociological one, but that it is a frame of reference used by a particular people to give them a common-sense kind of understanding of their social relationships. For sociological purposes this means that the lineage model, with its supporting theoretical presuppositions, must perforce be abandoned. In the latter part of this article some of the implications of adopting this position are discussed.

There is considerable evidence to show that cultural environment influences an organization's functioning. (1; 3; 6; 11). However, the social setting in which an organization was established and developed may be different, for two reasons, from the social setting in which the organizations may find itself. An organization may change its form to accommodate to a changing social setting over [7] or it may have to accommodate to foreign social settings as in the case of international organizations. In this latter instance, an organization usually enters new social settings by locating a branch in a foreign location. The lineage or socio-cultural background of the branch office is manifest in the home office organization, and the branch office has to accommodate to its socio-cultural heritage as well as to socio-cultural factors operating in its present environment. This study was undertaken, in part, to determine the effect of locating an organization in either a familiar or dissimilar socio-cultural environ...

A model for the generation of lineage structures in melt-grown crystals based on the phenomenon of impurity particle pushing and trapping at the moving solid–liquid interface is presented. The analysis is developed quantitatively only for the case of striations in tin but is expected to apply to all single-phase materials. Fresh experimental observations of striations in tin crystals and previous experimental results are shown to be consistent with the model. New observations on the appearance of ‘striations’ in lamellar Sn–Zn eutectic crystals are presented and discussed in relation to striation geometry in single phase crystals.

1) 1頭の雌犬に発生した伝搬性外陰部腫瘍の細胞学的研究, 特に染色体研究を行い, 正常細胞の染色体と比較した。2) 腫瘍の表面にたまつている分泌液中に遊離している腫瘍細胞に於いて染色体を観察した。観察した146箇の細胞のうち, 染色体数60の細胞が32%で最高値を占め, 分析し得た殆んどすべての核板で, 14箇の特徴的なV及びJ形染色体が認められた。シロネズミにおける既往の研究結果に照し, かゝる染色体構成を有する細胞がこの腫瘍の種族細胞 (stemcells) と推定される。3) 組織培養による雄犬の正常肺組織の細胞では78箇の染色体が観察された。そのうち1箇はV形染色体 (X染色体)で, 他はすべて棒状か, それに非常に近い形態を有する染色体であつた。腫瘍細胞と正常細胞との間には, 染色体構成に上記の如き顕著な差違が認められた。4) 渡辺 (1956) が長崎に於いて同様な犬の外陰部腫瘍に於いて染色体を観察しているが, 著者のみた結果と比較し, 染色体数においても形態においても著しい相違が発見された。同様な腫瘍が染色体構成を全く異にする種族細胞によつて構成されていることは, シロネズミにおいて発見されている同様な現象を強く支持するもので, 種族細胞の説を裏付ける結果である。

THE analysis of genetic mosaics has allowed inferences to be made about several otherwise elusive aspects of development including cell determination, division rates, lineage and deployment and the sizes of pools of precursor cells destined to form particular organs and tissues. The most significant results have been achieved using insect mosaics arising in early development from spontaneous or induced genetic modification of one cell1, 2. Extensive genetic mosaicism may also occur in mammals either arising spontaneously during development as a result of random × chromosome inactivation in female embryos3 or by the experimental combination of embryos of different genotype to form chimaeras4–6. Human or mouse mosaics carrying enzymic, chromosomal or pigmentation markers have been used in several investigations into cell lineage and the size of precursor pools of cells. Use of these markers often, however, involves analysis long after the critical developmental events have taken place and so the results are likely to be distorted by differential proliferation, migration and death of cells. Furthermore. many of the available markers have only a limited tissue distribution and, with the exception of those involving pigmentation, differentiation of photoreceptors and isoenzymes of β-glucuronidase7–9, only yield estimates of the ratio of cells in mosaic tissues and provide no information about their spatial arrangement. Therefore some of the conclusions drawn from analyses of mammalian mosaics have been based on assumptions of questionable validity10–13.

A description is given of structural imperfections such as twinning, lineage sutures and optical streaks, in Alpine quartz crystals.

It cannot have escaped the observation of every person interested in the life of Sir Thomas More, that his biographers, though one of them married his daughter, and another was his great-grandson, are almost entirely silent as to the family from which he sprung. In their statements upon this subject, they ascend no higher than Sir Thomas's father, Sir John More; he being no less a person than one of the superior judges; holding that dignity, too, for a space of at least twelve years, and not dying till after his son had been elevated to the highest legal position in the kingdom.

Two cases of a very rare tumor, granular cell myoblastoma, in the breast are reported. These tumors are of doubtful lineage but recent evidence implies they are derived from fibroblasts. Since they mimic carcinoma on frozen section, surgeons and their pathologists should be aware of them.

As the result of examining a considerable number of specimens belonging to the species Monograptus fimbriatus, M. raitzhainiensis, and M. triangulatus from certain strata of Llandovery age at a locality in North Cardiganshire, the writer is led to the conclusion that the forms comprised within these species constitute a continuously graded morphological series; and that the stratigraphical occurrence of these forms shows that this series is, further, an evolutionary lineage.

Four different species ofProductus frequently found, in the Lower and Middle Carboniferous of Kashmir show a lineage more or less in the stratigraphical succession. It starts fromProductus cora d'Orb. (the primitive member of this series) and exhibits a retrogressive accentuation of the twisting of the umbo which almost disappeares in the youngest specimens. The spiral angle varies in the four stages from 70° to 30°. The lineage is regarded as a true genetical one.

Melanocytes may be regarded as unicellular, pigment-secreting glands, largely though not entirely confined to the epidermis, of which they are a constant though often un-recognized cellular component. Their numerical incidence, and their branching form, with numerous dichotomizing processes, are such as to form a reticular system within the epidermis. Evidence is evaluated that they are a race or lineage of cells sui generis and form a self-maintaining system within the epidermis. Their product-melanin granules-is secreted directly into the cytoplasm of neighboring Malpighian cells upon which the processes of the melanocytes terminate in the form of small swellings or end-caps. The several types of branched cells demonstrable within the epidermis by various techniques are discussed in relation to their identity as living melanocytes, or as effete cells of this lineage which, having lost or discharged their pigment, participate in the general out-ward movement of epidermal cells to be lost from the skin su...

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In giving their appraisal of the host of then unexamined minuscule codices of the Greek New Testament, Westcott and Hort wrote these intriguing words: ‘Valuable texts may lie hidden among them; many of them are doubtless sprinkled with relics of valuable texts now destroyed.’. 1 Beside this supposition should be set a well-attested fact, that ‘the Precedence of manuscripts depends, not on their age, but on their Pedigree’. 2 These two statements kept on recurring to the writer's mind as she concentrated on a group of six minuscule codices in the area of the Catholic Epistles: MSS 69, 1243, 1319, 1424, 1739, and 1874. 3 The Leicester Codex, MS 69, has long been known to Preserve an ancient lineage even though it was actually copied in the fifteenth century. Might not others of this group, less well known, also Perpetuate a rich heritage? It is the opinion of this writer that one of them does.4

The apical growth pattern of a diploid regenerate ofCallithamnion roseum Harvey was analyzed from microcinematographic data. Although apical cell lineage is constant, it is not followed in a rigid way, and is maintained within the limits of a well balanced regulation. From the time lapse movie data an analysis of the generated division and spatial hierarchy was also worked out. Average division rates per day do not differ significantly in main axis, and branches. Individually they increase in cell number in an arithmetic order, while the total cell output of the whole shoot grows exponentially with time. Branches appear to have two growth phases. The decreased growth rate in the second phase is probably correlated with the structural and functional differentiation of the branches, resulting in secondary branch formation. A pronounced morphogenetic effect of amino acids is reported on cell elongation, and their probable influence on branching is discussed.

The formation of regular, continuous, straight, lowangle boundaries (striations) during freezing of a metallic crystal may be avoided by inclination of the advancing solid: liquid interface with respect to the direction of freezing. (auth)

Psychiatrists who have written about the Australian Aborigines have been less concerned with the psychiatry of this people than with the significance of their practices and beliefs for psychological and psychoanalytic theory. (Freud, 1913; Roheim, 1945; Fry, 1953). This outlook is reflected in the subsidiary title of Freud'sTotem and Taboo: “Resemblances Between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics”. It was hoped that the analogies between “primitive” practices such as sub-incision or totemism and the repressed complexes of modern civilized peoples might shed light into the recesses of the modern mind.

Etching and optical methods have been applied to study the lineage structure of quartz crystals from the Swiss Alps. It is shown that lineage boundaries form during growth in crystals of high dislocation density by a rearrangement of dislocations in low angle boundaries. The boundaries usually consist of parallel lines and are supposed to be nearly pure tilt boundaries.

Several heterozygous diploids were made between genetically labelled derivatives of two strains ofPenicillium chrysogenum which produced relatively large amounts of penicillin and were of divergent lineage. The derivatives were labelled with spore colour and nutritional mutations. The diploids, although uniform in having wild type spore colour and being prototrophic, ranged from types having penicillin yields close to that of the original parents to types having less than a quarter of this titre level. Intermediate types had titre levels of about half to threequarters that of the high yielding diploids. Segregants were selected which had arisen naturally and also after nitrogen mustard treatment; most had the spore colour and auxotrophic phenotype of one or other immediate parent. From diploids of low and intermediate titre only haploid segregants with the genetical markers of one parent could be recovered with intact penicillin yield; haploids with the genetic markers of the other showed a marked reduction in yield. However, from diploids of high yield, both parental types could be recovered showing no loss of their original penicillin yield. The bearing of these results is discussed on the suggestion that different degrees of homozygosity between diploids may account for the titre variation observed. An alternative suggestion that mutations suppressive to penicillin titre might cause such variation is also considered.

O HAVE PLAYED the "Emperor" Concerto for the first time in New York, the "Appassionata" Sonata, a Schubert Trio (Op. ioo), the Carnaval Suite by Schumann, and works by Mozart for the first time in America, insofar as is known, and to have played them well, constitutes an enviable distinction. The vast ego of Gustave Satter however, clouded his real achievement as he stubbornly sought elusive temporal gains that forever remained beyond his grasp. His search was further confounded by the haunting belief that he was of Napoleonic lineage. When I came upon a poorly proofread brochure in the Boston Public Library with the title page inserted upside down, I had the amused suspicion that its contents might reflect a similar confusion.' The pamphlet of twenty-three pages is entitled

Problems of cell lineage within the dorsal mesothorax of Drosophila are treated in a comprehensive way. The study utilizes both gynandromorphs and induced mosaics which have chaetae genetically “marked” at various developmental stages. It includes regions not previously studied due to lack of chaetae by inducing mosaics on a hairy background. It analyzes the distributions of spots by a combination of statistical techniques. Lineage relationships among the 11 mesonotal macrochaetae are traced by comparing correlation data from different samples. In general, the distances between pairs of macrochaetae are inversely proportional to phi correlation values. Related cells remain together and cell lineage pathways become gradually restricted during development. The dorsal suface of the mesonotum is divided into 63 different sections. Analysis of their interrelationships confirms results obtained by the study of macrochaetae, since distance between macrochaetae or sections does play a role in their lineage relationship and each section studied is significantly correlated with its surrounding and neighboring sections. Overall lineage relationships are defined by dividing the dorsal mesothorax into clusters of related sections by means of principal-component analysis. In some sections which are intimately related by cell lineage, the role of distance is secondary because of differential growth patterns. In addition, there are regionally variable sensitivities of developing cells for the induction of somatic crossing over, which may imply differential mitotic rates. Cell lineage of the mesonotum is nonrandom, in that the spacial relationship among cells developing from the same line is preserved throughout ontogeny, with modifications by differential growth rates.

It is a far cry from Gotama the Buddha to Mr. William Morris; but it will be the object of these pages to establish the succession, not apostolic but literary, linking together the Victorian poet and the Indian sage of the fifth century B.C. Like the author of “The Earthly Paradise,” Gotama had an ear forThe gentle music of the bygone years,Long past to us with all their hopes and fears.

Summary. 1 The well known generic name Gastrochaena has been applied to the genus formerly known as Fistulana Brug. Consequently the genus formerly known as Gastrochaena Spengler 1783 is now referred to as Rocellaria Blainville 1828. 2 Specimens of R. cuneiformis Spengler were obtained from burrows in coral and were studied alive at Raffles Light, Singapore. 3 Studies were made of the siphons, the shell, the musculature, the ciliary mechanisms on the structures in the mantle cavity, and also the internal structure and function of the stomach. 4 Comparisons were drawn between Rocellaria and other rock-boring genera in the family Pholadidae. The most striking feature noted in this comparison was the presence in Rocellaria of a shell process at the anterior end of the hinge, on to which the anterior byssus retractor muscle was inserted. This is analogous, if not homologous with the apophysis of the Pholadidae and Teredinidae. 5 There are striking differences between Rocellaria and the Pholadidae in the method of rock-boring; a stomach appendix, and an accessory visceral ganglion, both present in the Pholadidae, were found to be absent in Rocellaria. 6 It was concluded that various similarities between Rocellaria and members of the order Adesmacea (Teredinidae and Pholadidae) arose as functional responses to a common mode of life, and are insufficient to indicate that the Gastrochaenidae should be regarded as an early offshoot from the lineage that gave rise to the Adesmacea.

In a South American lineage of 668 subjects, mainly Uruguayan, ninety-seven members were afflicted with one or more components of a triad consisting of nephritis, deafness and various eye disorders. These components are described. Men were more severely and more often fatally affected than women. Among the various genetic hypotheses, autosomal association and preferential segregation of X chromosome seems perhaps the most likely, although the data indicate that an additional unknown factor is involved.

JOHN JOLY came of a remarkable lineage. His father's grandfather was a member of a French noble family. His mother, a German countess, whose family had been ennobled by Frederick the Great, was descended from Greek, Italian, and English ancestors. This mixture of blood, perhaps, may explain his ready sympathy with the most diverse personalities, his princely generosity which often gave to others what he denied to himself, and his versatility which enabled him to prosecute research in so many fields of knowledge, and to obtain aesthetic pleasure in the realms of art, literature, iusic and science.

IT has so happened that Dr. W. K. Gregory, of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, and the writer of this review have each set out, at an early point in their lives, to seek for a definite answer to the same question: what is Man's lineage? Is he but a branch of the stem which gave the world its great living anthropoid apes—the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orang—or must we carry our lineage into a remote geological past to find the point of its separate emergence from the primate phylum? The reviewer approached the problem by making an elaborate analysis of the structural “make-up” of man and of anthropoid apes, noting the kind and extent of their common heritage and the kind and extent of the structural features peculiar to each, which therefore may be regarded as latter-day acquisitions. The Origin and Evolution of the Human Dentition. By Prof. William K. Gregory. Pp. xviii + 548 + 15 plates. (Baltimore, Md.: Williams and Wilkins Co., 1922.) n.p.

Pasternak (1968) has reported a case of “lineage atrophy” on Taiwan. This fits a pattern discernible in several widely separated cases. It seems that the Chinese lineage, often considered a rock-stable base of Chinese society, is at the mercy of economic-ecological factors.