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SUMMARY Seedlings of Plantago maritima L. and Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wahlenb.) Mackenzie were grown at I0, I4, and I8? C. Net assimilation rate and relative growth rate of Plantago seedlings increased with temperature, as did rate of leaf extension, and there was little delay in leaf emergence as temperature dropped from i8 to Io0 C. Increase of temperature from io to I4? C had little effect on Kobresia seedlings, but growth increased significantly with a further rise to I8? C. Rate of leaf extension was unaffected by temperature but leaves grew for a shorter time, and emergence was greatly delayed at the lower temperatures. Increase in total leaf length with temperature was attributable to increase in number of leaves in Kobresia, and increase in average leaf length in Plantago. In both species successive leaves elongated at a similar rate, and temperature had no effect on leaf width. Growth responses are discussed in relation to temperature regimes measured in Teesdale.

In sorghum, a new gene designatedInty is responsible for an extreme reduction in the internodal length, producing Tiny plants. Internodal number is not affected but internodal length only. The wide divergence in internodal length is less graphic in its effect on leaf-sheath length. With reference to the leaf-blade, its length is more affected than its breadth. This gene does not affect the number of whorls on the earhead but has its effect in the panicle having a lesser number and shorter length of secondary panicle branches resulting in fewer spikelets per earhead. Glume size remains practically unaffected. So also ovary and stigma size. The anthers and filaments are reduced in size. The anthers are devoid of pollen. Dwarf plants are therefore usually sterile. Stray pollen grains could be found in some anthers and fertilization by them results in seeds giving true-breeding Tiny plants. The stigmas are very receptive and natural crossing is chronic. Plants heterozygous for the character are the main source of their reproduction. Factorinty is a simple monogenic recessive toInty.

1) In miilet (Panicum miliacum L.), autotetra ploid plants (2n=72) V:ere obtained by soaking the diploid seeds (2n=36) in 0.05 % aqueous, solution of colchicine, and sbme characters of tetraploids and diploids were comparatively studied in the C2 generation. 2) The tetraploid plants were superior to the diplbids in the p.1ait height, Ieaf length, leaf width and stem thickness, while the numbers of tillers and spikelets per panicle were inferior in tetraploids in compari, son to diploids. In tetraploids, the lerlgth of panicle increased in one strain, but decreased in the other (Table 1. Figs. 2 & 4). The heading time delayed by one week in tetraploids than the diplqids.

A B S T R A C T A range of phyllotactic variation in Zea mays has been obtained from progeny derived from a single 'opposite-leaved' plant. Some segregants exhibit a form of alternate phyllotaxy with poor separation between nodes, while others duplicate the original decussate condition. Numerous intermediate examples have also been observed. Some have both spiral and opposite arrangements on the same plant; others, which begin their ontogeny with the normal distichous arrangement, switch at different stages of maturity to spiral or decussate arrangement. Leaves from ABPHYL plants are up to one-half the width of comparable normal leaves although their length is similar. Since ABPHYL plants may have twice as many leaves as do normal siblings, total area and dry weight of leaf blades per ABPHYL plant are greater than in normal siblings. Leaf width of both ABPHYL and normal plants correlates well with the number rather than the width of epidermal cells.

A 2-yr study of 22 cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) showed that yield per ear and number of ears per plant reduced yield variance the most in stepwise regression analysis. These two components of yield were negatively correlated. Harvest index, kernels per ear, and yield per ear were associated with plot yield. Kernels per ear and kernel weight were associated with yield per ear. Morphological characters influenced plot yield indirectly in that ear area, flag leaf width, and total photosynthetic area above the flag leaf node were associated with yield per ear. Ears per plant, yield per ear, and harvest index considered together in a selection program should be an effective means of selecting for increased yield.

Leaf and tiller development along the main shoot of cocksfoot, ryegrass, timothy, Hordeum bulbosum, meadow fescue, S170 tall fescue and an Algerian tall fescue are described. Comparisons between plants grown at two levels of applied nitrogen, and in a heated and an unheated glasshouse, from January to April, 1961, showed that timothy, cocksfoot and, to a lesser extent, H. bulbosum and ryegrass, generally developed leaves faster than the fescues. Numbers of live leaves per shoot, and numbers of actively-elongating leaves per shoot declined in a similar varietal order. Despite this, the large leaves of the fescues resulted in their having a leaf area per main shoot equal to, or exceeding that of, the other grasses for most of the experiment. In general, rate of leaf appearance, number of live leaves, number of actively-elongating leaves and leaf length were increased by a high level of N and high temperature, but high tesnperature reduced leaf width and, in some instances, tiller numbers.

Dendrobium orchid is one of the very popular ornamental plant because of the flower is beautiful and has a high economic value. An effort to prevent the orchid from extinetion is by means of in vitro propagation. The study aims to look at the effect of various doses of fertilizers Grow Quick LB and types of growing media and their interaction on the growth of Dendrobium sp. post acclimatization.The completely randomized design was used with two factors. The firs factor was type medium (charcoal+fern, charcoal+cocopeat), the second factor was type of Grow Quick LB fertilizer (0ml/L, 1ml/L, 2ml/L, 3ml/L). Parameters observed were, plantlet height, leaf length, leaf width, and number of leaves. The results showed that the dosing of Grow Quick LB fertilizer 1ml/L showed the highest values for the parameters width of leaves and number of leaves, whereas a dose of 2ml/L showed the highest values for the parameters plantlet height, leaf length. A combination of types of growing media charcoal+cocopeat showed a better effect than the media charcoal+fern on all parameters. The interaction of medium type and Grow Quick LB fertilizer significantly different with plantlet height and leaf length and not significantly different with parameters leaf width, and number of leaves.

A composite of 105 crosses involving 15 parental barley varieties was grown for 5 years at nine stations of widely different latitudes in Canada, U.S.A. and Norway. A resulting sample of seed was recovered from each station and grown with original seed in comparative studies at Edmonton. Significant differences were observed among plants from different stations for heading date, maturity period, yield, spike type, and awn type. Little difference was observed for plant height and seed size. There was little or no effect on collar type, neck shape, neck length, leaf width or shape of basal rachis internode. Natural selection acted strongly against black kernel, the elimination of which was probably due to genetic linkage with a character of low competitive capacity. In general, the shift in the gene pool was consistent with plant breeding objectives.

Genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield and yield contributing traits in twenty one varieties of radish were studied. Root length, leaf length and root yield showed high genotypic coefficient of variation and heritability with high genetic advance in percentage of mean. The highest genetic advance was observed in root yield. Root yield had significant and positive correlation with days to harvest, root length and root diameter, and showed only positive correlation with plant height and leaf width. Path coefficient analysis revealed that plant height had the maximum positive direct effect on root yield followed by root diameter, leaf width and days to harvest. Keywords: Genetic variability; radish; heritability; correlation; path analysis; root yield. DOI: 10.3329/agric.v8i2.7573 The Agriculturists 8(2): 22-27 (2010)

The correlation between the traits allows making an indirect selection, while the selection according to one trait results in the selection of another indicator. The purpose of the work is to estimate the variability of quantitative traits of Sudan grass and the correlations between them, to identify marker traits of high productivity and quality of green mass. There have been presented the study results of 115 collection samples of Sudan grass with various environmental and geographical origin of the Rostov region made in 2014-2018. There was a great variability (V=29.7-50.0%) in tillering, leaf square, green mass yield, stem diameter, plant height among the studied varieties. The percentage of fiber and nitrogen-free extractive substances in the green mass of the studied Sudanese grass samples were characterized with high stability (V = 4.9-5.0%). The analysis has identified a strong correlation between green mass productivity and leaf length (r=0.59±0.01), leaf width (r=0.57±0.02), leaf square (r=0.54±0.03), plant height (r=0.48±0.06), length of ‘vegetation-ear formation’ period (r=0.48±0.004) and number of leaves (r=0.42±0.03). There has been identified a group of samples ‘Boldinsky’, ‘Fioros’, ‘К-176’, ‘К-205, ‘К-272’ with 35-55 t/ha green mass productivity and with 20.5-24.5% dry matter in green mass. The conducted analysis has shown that dry matter percentage greatly correlates with plant height (r=0.30±0.001), vegetation period (r=0.34±0.004) and number of leaves (r=0.26±0.006). The markers of high productivity and quality of green mass are length of a vegetation period and number of leaves (their increase results in the growth of green mass yields), dry matter percentage in green mass and protein decrease in it.

A study was made on the quantitative inheritance of seven characters viz., flowering time, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of curable leaves, green weight and cured weight for two crosses of flue-cured tobacco Chatham x Delcrest and 232 x Hicks. Six genetic populations P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2 were observed in each cross.

Forty-six seed lines of Lolium (perenne × multiflorum) var. ‘Grasslands Manawa‚ harvested in various regions of New Zealand and including all seven generations of seed increase were grown as spaced plants at Palmerston North, with control lines of L. multiflorum var. ‘Grasslands Paroa‚ and L, perenne var. ‘Grasslands raunui‚. Estimates were obtained of germination, fluorescence, awning, date of head emergence, aftermath heading, habit, leaf width, winter and summer growth, and non-persistence. As measured by the partial regression of line mean scores on generation number, most characters showed a significant change towards Paroa during seed increase. This change was not large enough to destroy the agronomic distinctiveness of Manawa, but the reason for it is discussed. Date of ear emergence showed a change towards earliness, which, however, was away from Paroa. The uniformity within lines, as measured by the variance among plants, showed a consistent though rarely significant trend to decline thr...

Eight seed lines of prairie grass (Bromus unioloides H.B.K.) grown in pots were compared at three cutting severities in each of three soil types. Significant differences in dry herbage production between lines were obtained in all treatments except those in the most productive soil. Of the other characters measured—leaf length, leaf width, number of tillers and leaves per tiller—leaf length was most closely indicative of herbage weight differences, in all treatments. Although certain lines could be identified as generally adaptable, that is, consistently good or bad performers in all treatments, no significant differences between lines were found for specific adaptability to increasingly productive soil or to cutting treatments.

One effort to increase maize productivity is by using marginal land for maize plantation. The marginal land that can be used is acid soil, but the problem are Al toxicity and low pH. To cope with these problems, cultivars having tolerance to Al toxicity and low pH are needed. Plant material used in this research were two maize varieties (Pioneer and Srikandi). Media selection is used there are 4 doses treatment aluminium (0, 250, 500 and 750 ppm AlCl3). All variables were observed except at the variable width of the leaf in this results showed that the treatment of aluminium (AlCl3) would not influence. Treatment combination Variety Srikandi and 250 ppm AlCl3 produces plant height, leaf length and leaf width is the shortest compared to other treatments. Variety Pioneer and Srikandi are suspected of varieties resistant aluminum and low pH values based on relative root length.Key words: Zea mays L, Aluminium toxicity, soil pH, in vitro selection

SUMMARY Long photoperiods provided in growth cabinets and consisting of a conventional extended photoperiod or of a ‘light-break’ in the middle of a long, dark period, generally increased leaf length and sometimes leaf width and consequently the rate of expansion of leaf surface, but decreased rate of leaf production and tillering in vegetative plants of S.37 cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), S.215 meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) and S.24 perennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne L.) compared with short photoperiods. All plants received the same total amount of light each day. These effects were observed both in single plants and in plants grown close together to simulate sward conditions. The total dry weight of plant material was greater in long than in short photoperiods.

In cantaloupe(Cucumis melo L. var.reticulatus Naud., cultivar PMR 45) leaf shape,fruit shape, and flesh proportion were associated as they varied from growing site to growing site. The same associations held as the characteristics varied between PMR 45 and a selection thereof. The conditions indicate that the three characteristics respond to both genetic and environmental stimuli via a common intermediate mechanism.

The correlation analyses and the statisticgenetical studies based on the analysis of variance of "biparental progenies" were made here at the stage of individual selection of the tea plants, to find the reasonable combinations and the methods of early selection in the tea breeding.The phenotypic correlation coefficients were calculated among the following characters, sprouting time, quality of black tea, plant height, yield of first crop, number of buds per plant, bud weight per 100 buds, growth weight in a year, leaf length, variation of leaf length and leaf thickness in the F1 progenies of the crosses, between a strain of Assam indigineous and japanese varieties.These ten characters were classified in three groups, sprouting time, quality and other traits concerned with growth and yield. The groups were approximately independent of each other, but intra-relationships within the third group were relatively closed.Especially, growth weight showed a close correlation with yield, so it is appeared that yield in the next year could be practically estimated by growth weight.The analyses of "biparental progenies" were used on the traits of sprouting time, plant height, growth weight, leaf length, variation of leaf length, internode length of shoot and diameter of shoot in the progenies originated from the mutual crossings among the selected Assam hybrid clones, and then phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlation coefficients and heritabilities were estimated.The results of this analyses suggested that the positive correlations of early sprouting time with plant height, diameter of shoot, and length of internode were hereditarily and environmentally significant. And early sprouting time was associated with small leaf length and small variation of leaf length hereditarily, but reversely with large these traits environmentally, also growth weight had no correlation hereditarily with early sprouting time, but environmentally closely related.Heritabilities of these characters were estimated, and the value of sprouting time was very high and the other traits showed relatively low values.And then, the genetic variance has been divided into additive genetic variance and variance due to dominance deviations on these five characters, sprouting time, plant height, growth weight, leaf extent (leaf length × leaf width) and leaf shape index (leaf length ÷ leaf width).Heritabilities in the narrow sense of sprouting time and leaf shape index were high, while plant height and leaf extent had very low heritability values.The dominance for genes concerned with sprouting time and leaf shape index was estimated to be nearly complete, and the possibility of large overdominance in the action of genes determining plant height, leaf extent and probably growth weight was indicated.In addition to the above results, some discussions were made to suitable choice of mating parents for each breeding objective.

(1) The shade-culture by dark box was carried out in order to know whether the flowering date of gladiolus concern of the day length. (2) The varieties tested were Peligrina (early flowering), Hecter (medium flowering), Golden Cup (late flowrng), but the difference in varieties was not found in the control. (3) The munber of flowers of each variety was zero without Hecter, while the flower buds which are die leave differentiate in the stem, after the experiments were ended. (4) Consequently, if the flower buds which died were produce by bad outer environments, it is not recognize that the gladiolus flower does not bloom by the shade-culture. (5) The reduce in the leaf number, leaf width. and the height of gladiolus by shade culture is earlier than the control, but the fairly days are necessary to show the similar result.

The field experiment was conducted with twenty brinjal varieties/lines during October 2007 to May 2008 to identify shoot and leaf characteristics of brinjal plants for their susceptibility/resistance against brinjal shoot and fruit borer infestation. Borer infestation was influenced by different characters of plant shoot and leaf. Various parameters like plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and leaves plant-1, third leaf length and width were recorded from different varieties used. The shoot infestation rate was found positively correlated with plant height (0.407), stem diameter (0.520), number of branches plant-1 (0.255), number of leaves plant-1 (0.478), third leaf length (0.373) and third leaf width (0.536). Considering all the recorded parameters, the infestation was found minimum on the variety katabegun WS (1.65%) followed by Marich begun S (1.74%). Keywords: Brinjal shoot and fruit borer; Shoot and leaf characters; Quantitative relationship; Infestation DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i1.4794 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(1): 29-32, 2009

The effects of X-ray dose rate, fractionated exposure, and DNP treatment on somatic mutation frequency were studied using a mutant strain of diploid oats heterozygous for the albino gene. Various X-ray treatments were conducted on both the dry and 24-hr pre-soaked seeds. Higher dose rates were more effective in inducing mutations than lower dose rates. Fractionated exposure induced less mutations than non-fractionated exposure. Similar fractionated exposure but accompanied with a DNP treatment had about the same efficiency as the non-fractionated exposure. Consequently, it was concluded that many of the induced somatic mutations were induced by chromosomal deficiencies. The number of white stripes per leaf decreased with the progress of leaf order. This phenoemenon appears to be due to the difference in numbers of the primordial or initial cells at the time of irradiation. A similar relationship was observed between the average ratio of white stripe width to leaf width and leaf order. It seems possible to consider that a considerable elimination of mutant cells occurred in the course of leaf development. Distinct white stripes were observed in leaf 3 and upper leaves but never in leaf 1 and 2 after irradiations of dry seeds. However, such distinct stripes were also observed in leaf 2 after irradiations of 24-hr pre-soaked seeds. This phenomenon is discussed giving two possible explanations.

SUMMARY Leaf and tiller development in vegetative plants of S.37 cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), S.215 meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) and S.24 perennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne L.) were measured in photoperiods varied by extending a basic period of natural light with low-intensity artificial illumination so that all plants received approximately the same amount of light each day. Increasing the photoperiod usually increased leaf length and sometimes leaf width, but decreased rate of production of leaves. However, the rate of production of new leaf surface increased with photoperiod. Increasing the photoperiod generally decreased the rate of tillering; thus, plants grown in long days had few tillers with large leaves and sheaths, in short days, plants developed more but smaller tillers.

This study aims to determine the effect of giving empty bunch compost (KOTAKPLUS) on the growth and production of red lettuce (Lactuca sativa Var. Crispa) verticulture. This study used a non-factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 5 levels of treatment, namely the provision of empty bunch compost (KOTAKPLUS) consisting of: A0 = Top soil, A1 = 3: 1 ratio (Top Soil: (KOTAKPLUS), A2 = Comparison 2: 2 (Top Soil: KOTAKPLUS). A3 = Ratio 1: 3 (Top Soil: KOTAKPLUS), and A4 = Box Plus 100%. The parameters observed consisted of Plant Height (cm), Number of Leaves (cm), Leaf Width (cm ), Plant Weight per Plot (kg), and Consumption Weight per Plot (kg). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the provision of empty bunch compost (KOTAKPLUS) has a significant effect on all growth parameters and production of red lettuce (Lactuca sativa Var. Crispa) ) verticulture, with the best treatment found in the A3 (Top Soil 1: 3 Compost KOTAKPLUS) treatment, with an average plant height of 13.40 cm, number of leaves 9.67, leaf width 8.98 cm, plant weight per plot of 3.17 kg, and consumption weight per plot of 2.28 kg . Maximum Extract 250-300 words in Indonesian and English with 11 points Arial. Abstract must be clear, descriptive and must provide a brief description of the problem being carried out / researched. Abstract includes the reasons for selecting the topic or the importance of the research topic, research methods and a summary of the results. The abstract should end with a comment about the importance of the result or a brief conclusion

The relationship between leaf rigidity and leaf anatomy was examined in genotypes of Lolium perenne cv. S321. Significant relationships were found between frequency of structural units per mm of leaf width and leaf rigidity. However, in cross section no relationship existed between the relative proportions of leaf tissues and leaf rigidity. The plant-breeding implications of these results are briefly discussed.

The purpose of this research was to identify the most desirable verities adopted in different environmental conditions of the country. Five garlic advance line; NARC Garlic-1, NARC Garlic-3, NARC Garlic-4, NARC Garlic-5 along with ‘Lehsan Gulabi’ as check were evaluated at different locations along with NARC, Islamabad. Different morphological parameters; plant height, plant girth, leaf number per plant and leaf width were studied at four different growth stages. NARC Garlic-1 performed better as compared other advance lines and control tested.

Leaf length divided by leaf width, (L/W), was studied as a criterion for differentiating between nucellar and zygotic citrus seedlings. Progeny of crosses of the variety ‘King’ as a seedparent (known to produce both nucellar and zygotic seedlings) fell into two classes: one with L/W similar to ‘King’ and the other midway between ‘King’ and the pollen parent. In several zygotic seedling populations, population means were intermediate between those of the parents. L/W can be an effective criterion for differentiating between nucellar and zygotic citrus seedlings where the parents differ appreciably.

The first leaf of a grass seedling is normally folded in the form of a scroll inside the coleoptile (Duval-Jouve, 1875). In light-grown plants the leaf unrolls as it emerges from the tip of the coleoptile. When grass seedlings are grown in the dark unrolling does not occur. Unrolling of the leaf is due to differential cell expansion largely within the mesophyll (Burstrom, 1942). Dark-grown leaves are roughly circular in cross-section with the margins considerably overlapping each other. When unrolling occurs, the diameter of the cross-section increases and it bears a weakly sigmoidal relationship to the length of the inner arc of the leaf (Virgin, 1962). However, this lack of linearity does not seriously impair quantitative estimates of the degree of unrolling based on measurements of the projected leaf width. Virgin (1962) determined the action spectrum for light-induced unrolling of the first leaf of wheat seedlings and found it to be a process promoted by red light (c. 660 nm), the promoting effect being nullified by far-red illumination (c.730 nm). This evidence, which we and others (e.g. Wagne, 1964, 1965) have extended to barley seedlings, identifies the pigment system involved as phytochrome. A considerable number of morphogenetic phenomena (Mohr, 1969) including the unbending of the plumular hook of dark-grown legume seedlings, a process analogous in some ways to grass leaf unrolling, are known to be mediated by light absorbed in phytochrome. Most of these responses are developmental events involving irreversible steps in differentiation.

Photomorphogenesis in the barley leaf is characterised by an increased synthesis of chlorophyll and an associated increase in leaf width. These changes are accompanied by an increased capacity for RNA and protein synthesis. We have previously demonstrated that photoinduced unrolling can be enhanced by GA and, furthermore, this growth regulator can induce unrolling of segments maintained in the dark. ABA prevents photoinduced unrolling (Poulson and Beevers 1970). In view of the light-induced changes in RNA metabolism of barley leaf segments (Poulson and Beevers 1970) it was of interest to determine whether the hormonal treatments which influenced unrolling affected the pattern of RNA synthesis of the segments.

On the basis of chromosome numbers from more than 1,000 individuals of Claytonia virginica L. (Portulacaceae) throughout its range, a complex evolution of major cytotypes is discussed in relation to distribution and morphology. Chromosomal diversity is thought to have evolved from a base of n 6 by hyperaneuploidy to n 7 and 8 with each race giving rise to widespread and dominant primary tetraploids (n 12, 14, 16). These in turn, and largely by hypoaneuploidy, formed many secondary tetraploid races, the most significant of which are n = 11 and 15. Higher polyploids from 6x to 12x where x = 6, and 6x and 8x where x = 7 are also discussed. Infraspecific phylogeny is compared with data for two allied species, C. caroliniana Michx. and C. lanceolata Pursh, which show striking parallels with C. virginica in chromosomal evolution. By one morphological character, leaf width, the cytotypes separate into two groups, not along diploid vs. polypoid lines, but rather a narrow-leafed var. acutiflora DC. with n = 6, 7, 12?, and 14? and a broad-leafed var. virginica with n = 8 and 16?. From collections made throughout eastern North America over 1,000 plants of Claytonia virginica L. (Portulacaceae) have been examined chromosomally. With the exception of Rothwell (1959) earlier studies have been limited in scope although all have made a substantial contribution to a cytogeographic understanding of the species (Bell, 1965; Davis & Bowmer, 1966; Lewis, 1959, 1962, 1967; Lewis et al., 1962, 1967; Rothwell & Kump, 1965). While these studies illustrated a wide diversity of chromosome number for C. virginica (2n12 to ca 191) none was extensive enough to indicate total distribution of all major cytotypes; rather only for a few from very limited areas, viz. dominance of x 7 in eastern Texas (Lewis, 1962), x = 8 in Indiana (Rothwell, 1959), and n= 12 and 15 in the St. Louis, Missouri area (Lewis et al., 1967). We shall attempt with our additional data to present the distribution of cytotypes occuring in the eastern half of the continent and to suggest their probable evolution. Cytogeography and evolution of C. virginica will be compared with several allied species as well as briefly with the primitive species of Claytonia. In addition gross morphological diversity will be correlated with the various cytotypes and discussed in relation to distribution. Cytological procedures followed those of Lewis (1962) and voucher specimens for each population were collected and are housed in the Missouri Botanical Garden herbarium (MO). 'Senior Fellow and Research Associates, Center for the Biology of Natural Systems, supported by Public Health Grant No. 1 P10 ES 00139-01 ERT. ANN. MISSOURI BOT. GARD. 54(2): 153-171, 1967. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.113 on Wed, 05 Oct 2016 04:20:10 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms [VOL. 54 154 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN