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Spellacy and Spreen's Short Form of the Token Test was administered to 240 normal middle-class children, 20 in each of 12 half-year age groups from 6.0-6.5 through 11.6-11.11. Results of their performance on this test indicate that there are only slight differences between any of the 12 age groups investigated. The findings of this investigation provide normative data on children's performance on the Short Form of the Token Test, information that should be very useful in screening procedures for assessment of receptive language skills in children.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if pretesting information has a biasing effect on the speech evaluations of student speech clinicians. A total of three groups of clinicians evaluated 10 speech characteristics of each of 17 recorded speech samples. The clinicians participated in two listening sessions. In the first (control) session, they evaluated the speech samples using a 4-point scale of defectiveness and were given no background information on the speakers. In the second (experimental) session, they were given fabricated case history information prior to their evaluations. Results of their ratings indicate that the pretesting information had a biasing effect on the clinicians' evaluations of the speech samples. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future inquiry are discussed.