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Stereoradiographs have been used on occasion for three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of objects in radiology and radiotherapy. The lack of a good stereoradiographic technique has limited the uses of steroradiographic exposures. In this paper, the principle of the double-image is outlined and a method of applying this principle to stereoradiographic exposures is developed. A computer program has been developed from geometrical considerations to analyze the stereobronchogram and to calculate the dimensions of the objects in question. The applications of this technique are discussed and its use in evaluating lung casts is described.

A method for producing flexible silicone rubber casts of the airways of the lungs in‐situ is described. Casts are made to correspond to lung volumes occurring during normal breathing. The lung is prepared for casting by replacing the air within with CO2 followed by filling with degassed physiological saline. The saline dissolves the CO2 gas within the airways allowing for a bubble‐free finished cast. Casting compound is then slowly injected through the trachea. The saline diffuses out of the lung and passes out of the thorax through several small slits in the thoracic wall. After the injection is completed, the cast lung is allowed to cure in‐situ before it is removed and the tissue digested away. Finished casts have an overall shape corresponding closely to the shape of the thorax. Casts produced by this in‐situ method appear to have more realistic geometrical relationships than those produced from excised lungs. Copyright © 1973 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

The article discusses the reevaluation of a study claiming that cigarette smoking is a significant cause of lung cancer. It is stated that the belief that smoking is a major cause of lung cancer lacks definitive experimental demonstration, but depends almost exclusively on the result of statistical surveys. Since the designs and execution of the surveys have been criticized, the discovery that the antecedents of lung cancer are found in many alternative and interactive causes was suggested to be reevaluated. In addition, the data released by the Surgeon General's Committee suggest that there is a serious possibility that the apparent association between lung cancer observed in population studies, is possibly a spurious result of the selection procedure.

The case history of a patient who presented with erythema annulare centrifugum and white banding of the toe nails is recorded. On investigation for an underlying malignancy the patient was found to have an opacity in the lower lobe of the right lung. Subsequently lobectomy was performed and histology of the operative specimen revealed a malignant carcinoid tumour of the bronchus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which determined the relation of hypercalcemia, histologic cell type and osseous neoplastic involvement in patients with untreated bronchogenic carcinoma. Etiology of hypercalcemia; Methods used for the study; Findings and its implications.

We discuss here some of the last decade's diagnostic and therapeutic advances in the treatment of lung cancer, as well as current and future research objectives. Roentgenographs from selected patients illustrate the natural history of lung cancer. We present perspectives concerning selection from the growing diagnostic armamentarium, with comments upon early detection and localization of "occult" cancers with the help of flexible bronchoscopy. Operative approaches have changed over the past 4 decades; we review how and why they evolved, including perspectives concerning mediastinoscopy. There is a presentation on a radiotherapeutic research approach to oat-cell cancers and the current status of immunotherapy. Such issues as animal models available for lung cancer research emerge in the general discussion, and it becomes clear that lung cancer merits a truly interdisciplinary approach in order to bring meaningful advances to the patient's bedside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient with lung cancer were compared with those from his healthy identical twin for stimulation of DNA-synthesis upon exposure to mitomycin-C treated tumour cells. autochthonous, syngeneic and allogeneic lymphocytes, and phytohaemagglutinin in vitro. A `mixed leucocyte- target interaction test' showed DNA-synthesis in the syngeneic lymphocytes to be higher when mixed with mitomycin-C treated tumour cells than when mixed with lymphocytes from either twin. The results show a decreased ability to respond to phytohaemaggIutinin and to the stimulus of allogeneic lymphocytes in the lymphocytes of the tumour-bearing individual as compared with those of his healthy twin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disagreement about the role of cigarette smoking in lung cancer is traced to three sources of confusion. In the first, there is lack of agreement as to the definition of terms and what is implied when a specific factor is said to be a cause of a particular disease. A suggested definition is offered to clarify one of the issues causing dissent. The second area of disagreement concerns the method of measuring the strength of the relationship in a 2 x 2 table, and whether the relationship is more pronounced in one disease than another. There is no solution to this problem until the specific question to be answered is stated in detail. Slightly different questions can lead to radically different answers. The third area involves the making of decisions and the subsequent formulation of actions based upon existing data. In the present context, four specific action-type decisions are involved and the corresponding relative weight of evidence which is needed to substantiate each of them is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a test of dissonance theory the sensitivity of regular smokers to information about smoking and lung cancer was compared to nonsmokers. Smokers were more interested in such information than nonsmokers; but they did not seek out negative evidence about lung cancer and smoking, nor did they reject information about the harmful effects more than nonsmokers. No clear-cut results emerge from the analysis of dissonance reduction in relation to extraversion and neuroticism, though regular smokers were higher in extraversion than nonsmokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case of systemic sclerosis associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is presented. The relationship between malignant disease and systemic sclerosis is briefly discussed. Haemoptysis occurring in a patient with systemic sclerosis may not he caused by this disease but be due to neoplastic change in the lung, and therefore merits full investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Lung cancer and bronchitis mortality rates for sub-groups of the population are shown to be predictable by multiplicative models involving factors for various environmental conditions including smoking, cough, urbanization and relatives' deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to vary experimentally the degree of communicator credibility and communication discrepancy, and to investigate the main and interaction effects of these two variables on opinion change. A review of previous research led to the following hypotheses: Greater extent of opinion change toward the communication is expected when the communicator is High-Credible rather than Low-Credible, and the Communication-Discrepancy is large rather than small. When the communicator is High-Credible, greater extent of opinion change is expected for Large-Discrepancy than for Small-Discrepancy groups. In order to test the above hypotheses, a before-after design was used. Among 216 college students, 149 Ss, who served as the experimental group, were exposed to a communication which advocated no causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. One half of the experimental Ss read the communication in which the source was attributed to a High-Credible communicator and the other half read it from a Low-Credible communicator. Also, for one half of each group, a few additional anchor statements, that some people hold at the opinion-extremes on the issue, were inserted at the beginning of the communication in the expectation that these anchor statements would affect the Ss to judge the communication as less extreme than they would without these anchor statements. The checks on the experimental manipulations of the above two variables indicated that only High vs. Low Communicator Credibility was successfully differentiated. Due to the failure of the manipulation of the discrepancy variable by anchor statements, the Communication Discrepancy of the present study was derived from the S's judgments on the communicator's position. Opinion change was assessed by the change score from before communication to after communication. The experimental group showed significantly greater extent of opinion change toward the communication than did the control group. The results also confirmed the hypotheses advanced, thus: 1. The group that received the communication attributed to the High-Credible source changed significantly more toward the communication than did the group which read the communication from the Low-Credible source. 2. The Ss who judged the communicator's position as more discrepant from their own stand changed significantly more toward the communication than did those who judged it less discrepant. 3. The interaction effect between these two main variables, Communicator Credibility and Communication Discrepancy, was not significant. That is, within High- and Low-Credible groups, both Large-Discrepancy groups changed more toward the communication than did the Small-Discrepancy groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the opinions toward the lung cancer smoking controversy and personal smoking habit among cancer scientists and experimental psychologists. While many of the scientists had done research specifically on the role of tobacco in lung cancer causation, others were concerned with different etiological propositions while a few were mainly concerned with the chemistry of tobacco. The psychologists were individually matched for sex and age with the lung cancer specialists. While 83.3 percent of the cancer scientists thought that cigarette smoking is one of the causes of lung cancer, only 63.6 per cent of the psychologists expressed this opinion. Only three of the 70 cancer scientists felt that cigarette smoking is not a cause. The difference between the cancer scientists and psychologists in number who have been successful in complete termination of cigarette smoking again favors the cancer scientists though not at a significant level. For psychologists, opinion is significantly related to change in daily cigarette consumption, and to cessation of smoking. Opinion is also related significantly to incidence of unsuccessful attempts to stop smoking , and to dissatisfaction with current smoking habit. Psychologists who felt that smoking was a cause of lung cancer showed greater decrease in smoking rate and more attempts to quit than those psychologists who did not feel this way.

In a recent study Howard Leventhal and Patricia Niles investigated the effects of fear-arousing communications upon intentions to stop smoking and upon intentions to take chest X rays and the actual taking of X rays. The three communications used in the study included identical recommendations to stop smoking and to take X rays. The fear-arousing stimuli in two of the communications were color motion pictures on the dangers of lung cancer. A closer examination of the studies suggests that differences in personality among Ss sampled may be responsible for the contradictions. Such Ss are frightened by the communication but may reject the recommendations as ineffective or feel unable to carry them out On the other hand, "low vulnerable" Ss require an intense stimulus to activate desire to take protective actions. These contrasting reactions to strong threat ( high vulnerables showing resistance and "lows rulnerables" showing increased compliance) may account for the finding that the strong threat communication was not more persuasive than the mild threat.

Presents two case studies which deals with the development of pancreatitis related to nonalcoholic patients with bronchogenic carcinoma disease to the pancreas. Symptoms of pancreatitis; Effects of the metastatic lung carcinoma to the pancreas on the nonalcoholic patients with bronchogenic carcinoma; Postmortem examination of the patients.

Peritonitis from rupture of a metastasis in the wall of the ileum was recognized 32 hours after a man with epidermoid carcinoma of the lung had received the last of four doses of nitrogen mustard, given intravenously on each of four successive nights. A defect, which was in the center of the metastasis, had extended through the wall of the ileum. Rupture of the metastasis was attributed to the cytotoxic effect of the nitrogen mustard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry this report offers trends for the incidence of cancer over a period of thirty years (1935-1965). Findings are reported and a comparison is made of the Connecticut data with that from Alameda County, California. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis is presented of the incidence of lung cancer in the United States since 1955. On the basis of this analysis the authors suggest that more attention be given to the role of carcinogenic air pollutants in the etiology of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes two cases of hyperamylasemia and hyperamylasuria associated with metastatic carcinoma of the lung. Background of the two cases; Results of ion exchange chromatography; Assays of metastatic lesions in both patients.

Presents several letters to the editor on various subjects regarding medicine. Perspectives on lung cancer; Treatment of hodgkin's disease; Clinical neuroendocrinology.

Presents information on lung cancer. Improvements in the diagnosis of lung cancer; Scientific defects in the staging of lung cancer; Survival rate of a person with the disease; Adjuvant therapy in surgical treatment of lung cancer.

Presents an edited transcription of an Interdepartmental Clinical Case Conference of the School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles about the carcinoma of the lung. Presentation of several cases illustrating the problems that confront the clinician in treating the disease; Factors to be considered in treating the disease.

Discusses the clinical course of primary lung cancer. Correlation of prognosis and therapy with the morphologic features used in standard analyses and with symptomatic features of the patients; Classification of symptoms based on consideration of clinical principles; Pulmonic symptoms attributable directly to the tumor in the bronchus or to surrounding inflammation.

Describes the case of a patient with fulminating Cushing's syndrome and an oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Clinical summary; Pathological findings; Results of bioassay; Reduction of the urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteriod levels in the patient during treatment.

Details observations made in four patients with erythrocythemia in association with undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung, hepatic cell carcinoma or renal cell carcinoma. Case histories; Association between secondary polycythemia and diminished arterial oxygen saturation; Increase in erythropoietin production due to hypoxia.

Presents six cases of a type of chronic interstitial fibrosis. Proliferation of smooth muscle; Development of microcysts; Causes of pulmonary impairment; Incidence of carcinoma of the lung.

Describes seven cases of primary lymphosarcoma of the lung. Clinical signs and symptoms; X-ray manifestations; Diagnostic procedures; Treatment; Pathogenesis; Pathology; Prognosis.

Describes the case study of a 35-year-old male diagnosed with functioning malignant bronchial carcinoid with Cushing's syndrome and recurrent sinus arrest. Presenting signs and symptoms; Past medical history; Diagnostic procedures; Treatment; Outcome.

Details the case of a 64-year-old male diagnosed with carcinoma of the lung associated with marked adrenocortical hyperplasia and adrenal hyper-responsiveness to adrenocorticotropic hormone in the absence of Cushing's syndrome. Presenting signs and symptoms; Past medical history; Diagnostic procedures; Treatment.

Studies the occurrence of lung cancer among Indians of the southwestern United States. Number of cases of malignancy discovered among Southwest American Indians; Hereditary and environmental factors related to the apparent marked deficit of lung cancer.

Presents an interim report on the Philadelphia Pulmonary Neoplasm Research Project which began in 1951, to study the natural history of lung cancer with special emphasis on the chronologic relationship between symptoms and roentgenographic changes. Lung cancers among older men; Development of cancer.

Interest in the smoking habit appeared in the annals of public opinion as early as 1935, the first year of modern polling, when the Fortune Survey assessed the prevalence of cigarette smoking nationwide at 37 percent. The latest national inquiry, a 1965 study by researcher Louis Harris, found 47 per cent of adult Americans smoking, and only 40 per cent seriously concerned over the relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. The article presents a brief summary of the polls' results. Questions are arranged under topics including prevalence of smoking, harmfulness of smoking, changes in smoking habits and deterrents to smoking. A handful of miscellaneous questions, not relevant to the smoking-health controversy follow. The recent poll shows that 61% of people smoke cigarettes. Some respondents also mentioned more than one from of smoking. On the basis of polls conducted by the American Institute of Public Opinion on cigarette smokers in different countries it was found that 68 percent of cigarette smokers are from Brussels, 48 percent from Great Britain and 27 percent from India. Among young adults of age between 18 and 22 years 66 percent men and 45 percent women smokes.