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The rotational energy for spherical top molecules in their vibronic ground state is given in a general form to all orders. The sixth‐order result is developed explicitly.

The Hamiltonian for a triply‐degenerate fundamental of spherical top molecules is extended to sixth order of approximation. Formulas for the energy levels are given.

Questions are raised as to the appropriateness of the institutional arrangements for water quality management established by the Federal Water Quality Act Amendments of 1972, in particular the arrangements for setting standards for planning, and for financing. The institutional arrangements envisaged by the Act are described and the effects of implementation illustrated by applying them to the Wisconsin River. Definitions are suggested for the terms “institution” and “institutional arrangement” and four normative criteria: representation, information generation, effectiveness, and efficiency; and for evaluating the new arrangements in the light of the management problem that is characterized. Questions are raised as to whether the national Congress can adequately represent the diverse values associated with alternative water quality management decisions, whether the enormous bureaucracy can be expected to generate information that reflects popular preferences, and whether more regulations coupled with larger grants are likely to be effective in controlling water pollution.

The critical thickness of proton moderated and proton reflected slab-shaped volumes of aqueous solutions of UO2F2 enriched to 93.2% in U235 were measured at chemical concentrations near that requir...

A method is described which has been used to reduce the difficulties encountered on several old delta-ungrounded systems. Data are included which will help in applying this to any particular power system. The scheme gives an alarm whenever a ground fault occurs, permits everything to keep running even more assuredly than with an ungrounded system, and provides a method for quickly locating the fault. Circuit diagrams and photographs of actual equipment are included, and operating practice is summarized.

The natural scientist and economist are concerned through water resources system analysis with providing better information for making decisions about water use. The behavioral scientist is concerned with the interrelationship among factors determining what information is generated and how it is used in dealing with water resources. By integrating the study of physical biological subsystems, value impact subsystems (or economic subsystems), and institutional subsystems, an improved foundation for policy and institutional design can be provided. The paper outlines how this procedure was followed in a case study of the Upper Wisconsin River.

Our water problems may be thought of as occurring in three major areas. One problem area is the urgent need of maintaining a continuously advancing science and technology, especially in water quality management. A very difficult and complex problem area is that of balancing costs and returns from water development and use. It has proven to be uncommonly difficult to achieve a consensus on costs and returns, which, in turn, has often made it difficult to proceed with water programs. A third problem area stems from the inadequacy of water management institutions. Laws, policies, and organizational arrangements have not kept abreast of the requirements of a rising demand and an advanced technology. In recent years we have greatly improved our ability to deal with these water problems through advances in science and technology, better methods of economic analysis, and a deeper understanding of institutional factors. Recent actions by both government and private organizations reflect a determination to solve the problems that remain. Three key issues now merit priority attention, namely, (1) finding better ways of providing officials and the public with authoritative information; (2) establishing institutions capable of operating complex water management programs; (3) modifying public policy to improve the performance of private enterprise.

Children come to school eager to read. Let us build on this eagerness by setting up an effective reading environment which invites group living that enhances unique and varying capabilities of each child.

During the canal era, rather extensive efforts were made to evaluate state and private investments in navigation projects. Throughout the debates on waterway development in the later part of the last century, there are frequent references to project evaluation. Finally, in the Flood Control Act of 1936 is found the famous statement that has provided the basis for much of the consideration of the economic evaluation of water resources projects in recent years, namely that

The classical motion of an electron in the field of a point electric dipole is analysed. It is shown that the only motion for which the distance γ from the dipole to the electron does not either increase without limit or decrease to and remain at zero is that for which γ is constant and the total energy E is zero. A necessary condition for such bound motion is D > 3 surd 3p2/4me, where D is the dipole moment, p is the component of angular momentum along the dipole axis, and m and e are the electronic mass and charge. It follows that any point dipole can bind an electron classically.

The gelation of milk solids dispersed in high concentrations of orthophosphate was studied by following changes in viscosity of the solutions. The rate of the gelation process was found dependent on the concentration of phosphate, calcium, and caseinate complex. Also, the rate depends on pH, temperature, agitation, and the identity of the phosphate counterion. Below certain critical concentrations, polyphosphates retard gelation. Metal ions also retard gelation but have no critical concentration limits. Viscosity data indicate that the gelation process consists of two phases: An initial, null phase characterized by little change in the viscosity and a second phase characterized by a rapid change in the viscosity. Although a high concentration of phosphate provides the driving force for the gelation process, calcium is also required. During gelation CaHPO 4 may possibly be bound at sites in the interior of the caseinate particles.

Layers of milk solids were washed from the surfaces of five different types of powder granules by using a vacuum to draw successive 50-ml aliquots of water rapidly through a bed containing a mixture of 5g of milk powder and 60g of 20–30 mesh sand. Analysis of the washing's for total solids, fat, lactose, and protein, as well as determination of the freezing point and conductivity of the solutions, demonstrated that some migration of low molecular weight solutes towards the surface occurred during both the spray and foam drying processes. Instantizing apparently increased the amount of osmotically active material at the surfaces of two of the four samples studied. Foam-dried whole milk powder granules were found to be the most uniform in composition. No relationship could be established between the observed orientation of milk constituents within the powder granules and their dispersibility. A mathematical analysis of a model washing process is presented, as well as evidence for the conformation of the described technique with the model system.

A rigorous calculation of the quantum-mechanical rotational partition function for tetrahedral XY4 molecules yields Qr = ( 1 12 )(2IY + 1)4π 1 2 α- 3 2 exp(α/4), where IY is the spin of the Y nucleus, and α ≡ Bhc/kT. This result is accurate to 1 per cent or better for all values of B and T such that α 1 5 .

This paper includes practical application data and describes the important features involved in the use of wound-rotor induction motors with liquid rheostats for variable-speed compressor drives in semihazardous refinery areas. Specfically, it describes the actual installation of a 4000-hp motor driving a high-speed rotary compressor through gears, where a speed control of approximately 20 per cent is desired. Photographs of the installation are included, as well as summary of the first year of actual operation, the difficulties experienced, and remedial measures taken.

Superconducting wire made from heavily cold‐worked ductile niobium‐titanium wire shows much less degradation in solenoids than does the corresponding widely used niobium‐zirconium alloy. The origin of this behavior is discussed in terms of flux jumping and the differences in metallurgical properties of the two alloy systems. The superior niobium‐titanium alloy has been used in the inner sections of a 100 000‐G solenoid which has been driven normal repeatedly without damage. Details of design, construction, and operation of this solenoid are discussed with particular reference to critical rate of excitation under flux creep conditions. The normalization properties of the solenoid are analyzed in terms of the thermal propagation model, and the voltage rise and temperature maximum are estimated from this model.

A high‐resolution infrared absorption spectrum is presented for the region of the first overtone of the triply degenerate vibrational fundamental ν3 of CD4. The measured lines between 4430 and 4550 cm—1 are reproduced and tabulated. Comparisons are made between the tetrahedral splittings in this spectrum and those in the spectra ν3 and ν1+ν4 of CH4.

The minimum dipole moment, Dmin = 0.6393 eao = 1.625 × 10−18 esu-cm, required for electronic binding to a dipole has been found, weaker dipoles having no negative energy states.

A series of experiments were performed to establish the critical parameters of aqueous solutions of uranyl nitrate and uranyl fluoride in which the uranium contained 98.7% U/sup 233/. Solutions were made critical in both spherical and cylindrical geometries with paraffin or water as a neutron reflector and, in two instances, with no reflector. The U/sup 233/ concentration varied from 30 to 600 g/liter. The minimum critical mass observed was 590 g of U/ sup 233/ in the solution having an H: U/sup 233/ atomic ratio of 419 occupying a 10.4-in.-diam sphere. The minimum measured volume was 3.66 liters in a 6.7-in. equilateral cylinder containing a solution with an H: U/sup 233/ atomic ratio of 39.4. Extrapolated source neutron multiplication data indicate that a 5-in.-diam cylinder can be made critical if reflected, but a 4-in.-diam cylinder would be subcritical at all moderations. It was also found that 2.02 kg of U/sup 233/ in an unreflected 10-in. equilateral cylinder is critical with a solution having an H: U/sup 233/ atomic ratio of 154. An unreflected sphere 12.6 in. in diameter is critical with 1.14 kg of U/sup 233/ in a solution with an H: U/sup 233/ ratio of 381. Extension of themore » data to geometries other than those used experimentally was made by an empirical calculation. (auth)« less

With the advent of commercially available superfield magnet systems utilizing the principles of superconductivity, a number of technical articles have been published concerning the various superconductor materials used as coil windings and the physical parameters, such as critical magnetic field and critical current density, which govern their performance in solenoids. Although some mention has been made of the mechanical properties of Nb-Zr wire and their importance with respect to the hoop stresses or “bursting forces” experienced by superconducting solenoids, apparently little effort has been devoted to obtaining extensive mechanical and physical property data on these wires at room and cryogenic temperatures.

To an increasing extent the activities of an individual or organization have direct effects upon others. These effects, which the economist calls external economies or diseconomies, may be in the form of waste discharge to the atmosphere, land, or water; sound; structures with certain visible consequences for others than the owner; or chemicals and radiation that flow from the propagator to the property or body of someone else. Throughout the world, governmental institutions have been called upon to regulate in one way or another activities which cause such effects. In this paper, those effects of human activity which are unintended and which have an impact upon parties other than the producer or consumer of the goods or services resulting from the activity will be called external effects.1 Parallelling this increase in external effects has been a growth in the complexity of materials incorporated into foods, medicines, clothing, and structures of all kinds. These may have unintended, and at times harmful, effects upon the user. Because of the difficulty most individuals have in being informed about these effects and their possible consequences, government has intervened to require the disclosure of consequences, to preclude the use of the materials, or to establish levels of tolerance. To distinguish these impacts from external effects they will be referred to in this statement as side effects. One of the techniques that governments have used in dealing with both external effects and side effects is to establish standards of tolerance. In the United States we have a vast array of such standards including stream standards and effluent standards for water quality, standards governing the use of certain chemicals in food, structural specifications for automobiles to increase safety, and regulations which specify how certain lands may or may not be used. These various standards have one or more of three general objectives: 1. To limit external effects to a level that the net returns to society as a whole are acceptable.2 2. To achieve an "equitable" distribution of costs and returns among those involved in or affected by an activity having external effects. 3. To inform or protect the consumer from the adverse side effects associated with the use of certain materials. In the United States we have come to view the use of standards as the primary, if not the sole, means of dealing with external and side effects. It is my purpose in this paper to probe the nature of the problems with which a standards tech

Using 1108 one-inch cubes of mock-up UF/sub 6/, containlng 54 kg of U²³⁵ made from UF₄ (95% isotopic concentration of U²³⁵ and (CF₂)n, and similar hydrogenous cubes of (CH₂)n, in various proportions and under various conditions of accumulation, 26 assemblies were built to criticality and four other assemblies were built which did not become critical. From these experiments, at least some information was obtained on the effect on critical mass of amount of intermixed hydrogen, uniformity of hydrogen-uranium mixing, density, geometry, shielding or reflector materials around the accumulation. Methods of preparation and properties of the materials used, description of experimental arrangements and procedures, and statement of data obtained, are given. A brief summary is given of the pertinent results obtained in the experiments. (auth)

Experiments were performed to determine the conditions under which aqueous solutions of U enriched to 93.2% in the U/sup 235/ isotope can be made critical. The solutions, which had H : U/sup 235/ atomic ratios varying between 27.1 to 74.6, were contained both in water-reflected and unreflected Al or stainless steel cylinders with and without Cd wrappings. The experiments varied from the use of a single vessel to interacting arrays of seven vessels. (auth)

The problem of obtaining a Maximum Economic Rate of drilling is the main task of engineers, tool pushers, superintendents, field drilling foremen and people involved in drilling research problems. A rig drilling at its Maximum Economic Rate will always make hole at a rate less than the maximum rate of penetration. However, in cases of extremely high rates of penetration, the conditions which give the Maximum Economic Rate will be very close to the conditions which give the maximum rate of penetration. In comparing the economic rate against the rate of penetration, the purpose for drilling the borehole must be considered. In drilling at the Maximum Economic Rate, geologic information of all types having practical interest to the oil company must be accumulated. The path which the drill takes in achieving its maximum depth should fall reasonably within the prerequisites set up by the operating company. The borehole itself should be free of any characteristics which might prevent the running and cementing of casing, of a suitable diameter, to the maximum depth drilled. To drill this acceptable borehole, the drilling operating costs may be split into three general categories. First would be the "non-recurring costs" such as rig moving, road building, surface and protection casing, cementing of casing strings, primary wellhead equipment, and final logging of the borehole at total depth. The second group, "recurring costs", will include personnel salaries, rig insurance, depreciation of drilling equipment, supplies, drilling mud, consulting fees, bit costs, rig lubricants, rig repair, rig fuel, and transportation charges. The third group is a "special costs" and is an addition to the recurring and non-recurring charges. This would include loss of circulation, blow-out, fishing and sidetracking operations, and problems of borehole deviation control. Because of the recurring costs and exposure time to the "special costs", it is important that the rate of penetration be as high as is practical. In the early days of rotary drilling, a bit was screwed onto the bottom of the drill pipe and run in the borehole. The hole was drilled by rotating the bit under the compressive loading of the drill pipe. This type of drilling resulted in the questionable acceptability of the hole for running casing and in extremely high maintenance cost of the drill pipe. Special costs, resulting from fishing operations on drill pipe and casing stuck off bottom, multiplied rapidly as drilling depths increased. Soon it was recognized that the amount of compression which could be transmitted through the drill pipe to the bit and thereby used to load the cones or the blades, was not directly proportional to the amount of weight which could be fed off the weight indicator. This is reasonable to assume when considering the limberness of the drill string, and the amount of torque which it was transmitting. The combination of compression and torque resulted in the helical buckling of the drill pipe above the bit. It was observed that the increased indicated drill pipe weight used in loading the bit could result in a substantial increase in rotary torque and a reduction in the penetration rate. As the number of drill pipe joints in compression is increased, the amount of helical buckling increases. When the bending of the pipe against the side of the borehole exceeds 180 degrees of arc, Fig. 1., additional loading by compression will result in lateral forces being applied against the drill pipe by the wall of the borehole. These are frictional forces which increase drill pipe torque and decrease the effective weight which may be transmitted to-the drill bit. Fig. 2-A illustrates drill pipe run in compression. If the wall of the borehole does not have a constant radius similar to that of a cylinder through the area where the drill pipe is run in compression,, then much of the indicated surface drilling weight may be lost by wall support of the drill string. Under these conditions, increases in indicated bit weight will result in a decrease in effective bit weight.