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The Capitan is the best known of the larger Permian barrier reefs of the Southwest. This paper describes the sedimentation and depositional environment of this well-known reef.

The non-clastic Permian sediments in west Texas consist of normal marine limestones, dolomites, and evaporites in ascending order. The dolomite, which appears in large part to be an altered marine limestone, contains numerous inclusions of anhydrite. This non-bedded anhydrite is divided into massive inclusions, phenocrysts, aggregates, vein and cavity fillings, and fossil replacements. The massive inclusions, phenocrysts, and most of the aggregates appear to be primary. The veins and fossil replacements are necessarily secondary.

This hoard of three silver objects found in the cairn of a stone circle at Ley, Fordyce, Banffs, c 1840 and only previously known from drawings and notes made by J Stuart in 1867, is published for the first time. The objects in the hoard, conventionally termed 'Pictish', consist of a hand-pin with hair-spring spirals terminating in animal heads and (on the reverse) punched circles; a spiral bracelet of convex-section broad silver ribbon; and a complex chain. The first two are paralleled in the Norrie's Law hoard. An attempt to reproduce the chain in a modern workshop showed that even with a specially made die and punch no exact replica of the fine linking could be made. It is unique in Pictish contexts in Britain, but parallels are known in the late Viking age in Scandinavia.

The Dockum series, of Upper Triassic age, overlies much of the oil-producing area in the southern part of the Permian basin, in West Texas and southeastern New Mexico. In the area south of the 33d parallel the Dockum consists of red and non-red conglomerate, sandstone, and shale beds of terrestrial origin. An examination of the series in well samples shows that it is composed of two formations. The names Santa Rosa and Chinle, as used for the Triassic of central New Mexico, are extended to include the equivalent formations in the Texas section. A critical study of the means used for separating the Red-beds of the Triassic and Permian shows that the gravel and non-lithified shales of the Triassic and the thick beds of very fine sandstone and hard shale of the Permian are t e most prominent features.

Paleogeography in a broad way controls the deposition and distribution of source beds and reservoirs. The search for new deposits of petroleum is aided by the use of special paleogeographic maps. The term eulithogeography is introduced to cover distribution of favorable lithologic areas. Other types of maps that may be used show salinity, thickness of sands, paleogeology and paleotopography. All of these maps can be combined with structural contour maps to show depositional and post-depositional dips.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of embryogenesis. Knowledge of the developing fetal lung has recently advanced in three fields: the application of electron ultramicroscopy; the application of histochemical methods; and the experimental approach to the respiratory situation before birth by workers, such as Dawes on experimental animals. The whole of the epithelial structure of the lung arises from the foregut. A groove forms in the anterior aspect of the foregut when the embryo is approximately 3mm. in length. The caudal end of the groove forms a small pouch. The cartilage, muscle, elastic tissue, and lymphatic tissue of the lung are derived from the mesenchymal elements surrounding the lung bud and the bronchi, alveolar membrane, and mucus glands from the endoderm. The general intrauterine growth of the lung is usually divided into three stages—(1) the glandular period; (2) the canalicular period; and (3) the alveolar period.

The dynamics of slowly spinning axisymmetric satellites under the influence of gravity gradient torque is investigated using analytical and numerical techniques. Particular emphasis is on motion near the equilibrium position in which the spin axis is normal to the orbital plane. The problem is studied in increasing orders of difficulty. Phase I deals with the response and stability of a simplified model free to librate in roll while the more general problem is treated in Phase II. Phase I serves as a proving ground for techniques to be used in subsequent analysis. A closed form solution is obtained in terms of elliptic functions for the autonomous case. In general, for non-circular orbits, motion in the large is studied using the concept of the invariant solution surface. These surfaces, obtained numerically, reveal the nature of motion in the large in terms of the dominant periodic solutions and allow one to determine the limits of oscillatory motion in terms of the state parameters. Floquet theory is employed in conjunction with numerical solutions of the linearized equations of motion to study stability in the small. This technique is extended to assess the variational stability of the dominant periodic motions in the large. Phase II investigates a more general model with three degrees of freedom in attitude motion. The presence of an ignorable coordinate gives a fourth order, non-autonomous system for an elliptic trajectory. Motion in the small is studied extensively, again using Floquet theory, and stability charts suitable for design purposes are presented. The invariant surface concept is successfully extended to the study of the autonomous case in the large. Methods are developed for determining the maximum response to a given disturbance resulting in a set of charts which are useful in assessing the effects of non-linearities and the validity of the analysis in the small. Procedures are explained for determining periodic solutions of the problem, as well as their stability, for arbitrary eccentricity. The analysis suggests the possibility of attitude instability during spin-up operations. It is shown that stable motion can be established by providing either a positive or negative spin to the satellite with the former preferrable. Given sufficient spin any configuration, even those with an adverse gravity gradient effect, can be stabilized. Eccentricity affects the attitude motion of a satellite adversely as regions of unstable motion increase in size and number with it.

By comparing the Upper Permian stratigraphy of West Texas and Oklahoma it is found that the Whitehorse of Oklahoma is equivalent to the lower evaporites of the southern basin and that the Permian of the Oklahoma Quartermaster is equivalent to the Yates sand. Formations above the Yates in the southern basin are younger than any of the Oklahoma or Kansas Permian.

The marked Cretaceous surface structure overlying arched Permian limestones in the Yates area in eastern Pecos County, Texas, was developed by salt solution rather than folding. The solution was active in two stages. In the first, salt was removed from the crest of the dome and the hole left by this solution was filled with clastics. Cretaceous beds were laid down flat over this clastic plug. Post-Cretaceous solution developed a ring syncline around the plug and produced the present surface structure.

The Delaware basin is a strongly negative structural depression in western Texas and southeastern New Mexico. The early history of the basin was part of that of the western mid-Paleozoic Tobosa basin (Fig. 1). Its history as a separate basin began with the rise of an Early Pennsylvanian median ridge in the Tobosa basin. During the Pennsylvanian and Permian 20,000 feet of sediments accumulated in the deep Delaware basin trough. These basinal sediments consist largely of clastics in contrast to the thinner equivalent carbonate sections deposited on the surrounding shallow shelves. Water depth was a controlling factor in this facies distribution pattern. Clastic supplies were limited and throughout its history waters in the Delaware basin were deep. Only near the end of the ermian, when the basin filled with evaporites, did the surface of sedimentation reach sea-level. Formation of a late Paleozoic geosyncline, which includes the Delaware basin, was associated with high-angle faulting rather than crustal folding. Exploration has not proceeded far enough to justify discussion of local structures within the Delaware basin.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the postnatal development of alveoli. There is an increase in the number of alveoli after birth; however, there is no universal agreement as to the mechanism by which the alveoli form. This is almost entirely owing to the peculiar difficulties of assessing the lung in any quantitative way. In the normal lung, mitoses can occasionally be seen, and in virus infections of the lung in particular, the alveolar lining cells frequently become prominent with large, dark-staining nuclei. The idea that the alveoli develop as small cuboid-lined buds in which the cuboid cells degenerate and die is obsolete. Electron microscopy suggests that alveoli are lined by at least two types of cell. The epithelial lining cells are themselves covered by an osmophilic lining layer. If the alveoli develop after birth, from the air passages, the possibility arises that infections, particularly virus infections of the bronchiolar epithelium, and chemicals inhaled during childhood, could have a considerable effect on the number and structure of the alveoli formed after birth.

The Yates pool in Pecos County occurs on a structural and depositional "high." Porosity in the top of the "Big lime" was developed during periods of subaerial exposure. The oil originated from accumulations of organic material in the deep Crockett County basin east of the pool.

The Pennsylvanian foreland province of Texas and eastern New Mexico covers approximately 150,000 square miles. Over this whole area close relationships exist between structural and sedimentary developments. Originally a marginal segment of the mid-Paleozoic craton, it was isolated from the ocean by borderland mountain ranges. Uplift of these Llanorian ranges altered the early continental shelf block into an incipient mediterranean, notching deeply into the cratonic core. The eastern margin of this intra-continental seaway was almost continuously loaded with clastic sediments. Extensive limestone banks spread across the unloaded marginal shallows farther west. Uplifted positive blocks and topographic highs within the negative interior supported isolated limestone buildups. Intervening clastic and carbonate-starved deeps accumulated thin sections of dark shales. Facies changes associated with environmental boundaries limit embayment stratigraphic correlations.

Bedded dolomites in the Permian Basin were formed by the alteration of metastable limestones by hypersaline brines refluxing from evaporate lagoons. The hot, heavy, highly alkaline, carbon dioxide-free, magnesium-supercharged brines displaced connate waters to provide both a chemically favorable environment for magnesium-calcium exchange and a vehicle for removing displaced calcium. Fossil lagoonal brines and fillings of halite and anhydrite in the dolomite pores offer proof of the brine invasion. Sedimentary dolomites in other areas are commonly associated with evaporites, and for these dolomites a similar origin is postulated.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of connective tissue and lymphatics. While connective tissue forms the largest single part of almost all organs, including the lung, there is no other organ in which special parts, in particular cartilage and elastic tissue, appear to play such a dominant role in the development and function of the organ. The relationship between collagen and elastic tissue is an intimate one and most elastic tissue is produced by an enzymatic change from collagen. The ease with which this change takes place appears to be great in the infant around term and appears to diminish progressively. The lymph channels can be demonstrated with great ease in the lungs of infants at necropsy by simple distention of the lung tree through either the main bronchi or the blood vessels. If a lung is distended slowly with saline through the bronchi, it first expands to its size of normal inspiration. If the pressure of fluid is retained or slightly increased, the lung further distends only a little, it does not blow up or burst but continues to receive fluid at a high rate.

http://archive.org/details/attitudestabiliz1094511708

The thick series of redbeds along the eastern edge of the southern Permian basin is divided into groups and formations that can be recognized both on the outcrops and in the subsurface. Gradations between nearshore, marine, and retricted sea deposits are recognized and described, and unconformities in the section are traced out into the basin. The Triassic-Permian boundary line is re-defined as occurring between the top of the newly defined Dewey Lake redbeds and the base of the overlying Tecovas silts.

It has been stated that no commercial accumulations of petroleum have been found in areas where the controlling structure is a simple terrace in the reservoir sand. That is, in all pools located on apparent terraces, trapping is caused by buried closure or by variations in the porosity of the reservoir rock.(FOOTNOTE 3) In most instances, this is undoubtedly true. However, pools are known in which open terraces are the only causative structures for retaining the oil in place. The Wheat pool is believed to be an example of this type. A description of the geology is followed by suggestions as to the possible origin and maintenance of such an accumulation.

http://archive.org/details/acruisecontrolin1094524648 U.S. Navy (U.S.N.) authors.

The Ochoa series includes the uppermost Permian deposits of the southwestern United States. Most of the rocks included in the series are poorly exposed unfossiliferous evaporites. The well known subsurface section in and around the Delaware basin is described and illustrated by cross sections. A short chapter discusses theories on the origin and distribution of the characteristic evaporites.

The writers advocate the classification of the American Permian as a system composed of four series, named, from oldest to youngest, the Wolfcamp series, the Leonard series, the Guadalupe series, and the Ochoa series.