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The types of Doppler gravity data available for local as opposed to planetwide geophysical modeling are reviewed. Those gravity fields that are determined dynamically in orbit determination programs yield a smoothed representation of the local gravity field that may be used for quantitative modeling. An estimate of the difference between smoothed and true fields can be considered as a noise limitation in generating local gravity models. A nonlinear inversion for the geometry, depth, and density of the Mare Serenitatis mascon using an ellipsoidal model yielded a global least squares minimum in horizontal dimensions, depth, and thickness-density contrast product. It was subsequently found, by using a linear model, that there were an infinite number of solutions corresponding to various combinations of depth and lateral inhomogeneity. Linear modeling was performed by means of generalized inverse theory.

As was pointed out in a California report several years ago Reclamation of wastes for reuse is not a new concept. Many cities, particularly those in inland areas, have traditionally disposed of treated waste effluents as an irrigation supply for raising a variety of crops. Analysis shows, however, that such reuse generally came about as the only feasible means of disposal rather than from consideration of water supply. ' The new element of interest in reclamation stems primarily from the increasing cost of importing new water supplies to meet the needs of continuing growth in areas having limited water supplies. An outstanding example is the semi-desert area of Southern California, where many of the latest developments in waste reclamation have taken place. The costs of importing more water into such areas are reaching levels which in many instances make reclamation very attractive from a profit-making or moneysaving point of view.1

Transport of [(3)H]GA1 occurred freely through stem segments ranging in length from 6 mm to 8 cm. Only small amounts of radioactivity appeared in agar receiver blocks, particularly when transport in young, elongating, segments was measured. Little or no metabolism of [(3)H]GA1 appeared to take place during a 16 h transport period. With 6 mm segments, there was no indication of polarity in longitudinal transport. In 8 cm long segments, an apparent acropetal polarity of [(3)H]GA1 transport occurred in young, but not in mature, segments. However, it appeared likely that gibberellin transport, even in long young segments, was not truly polar, but could be influenced by the spatial distribution of growth centres in relation to gibberellin source.

An oral test dose of diazepam was given to 25 anxious neurotics before they received three weeks of treatment with the drug. Blood was taken at 1 h and 2 h after the test dose (and during subsequent treatment) and the plasma levels of diazepam at these times were assayed. Ratings to assess subsequent clinical response were made in the context of a double-blind trial.

Anatomically and histologically, tongues of two species of long-nosed bats, Leptonycteris sanborni and L. nivalis , are generally similar. The tongue in each species is highly adapted for pollen- and nectar-feeding, which is characteristic of glossophagine bats. Differences in the singly-pointed papillae located along the lateral and dorsolateral surfaces were studied in detail by means of histological techniques and the scanning electron microscope. It was concluded that differences in these papillae may well account for the absence of oral mites ( Radfordiella oricola : Macronyssidae) in the oral cavity of L. sanborni .

A series of rigid polyurethane foams of densities varying from 65 kg/m−3 to 400 kg/m−3 have been tested in compression as a function of rate and temperature. It has been found that a linear relation exists between density and modulus if the data is referred to a constant thermodynamic temperature.

Methomyl added to rape seeds, oils or meals was detected by a thin-layer chromatographic-enzyme inhibition technique. The limit of detection in the presence of oil or meal extractive was 20 mg or 0.01 mg/kg. The amounts of methomyl recovered from oils and meals fortified at 0.01 to 20 mg/kg were comparable to the standard. When stored at 4 °C, methomyl in oil or meals, or in chloroform extracts, was stable for at least 10 and 21 days, respectively. No degradation was observed when methomyl was heated in ethanol at 72 °C for 2 h. Methomyl and its oxime were also detected with either iodo- or chloroplatinate reagent after t.l.c. The detection limits were approximately 600 mg for methomyl and 190 for the oxime.

The objectives of the Apollo 17 Lunar Sounder Experiment (ALSE) were to detect subsurface geologic structures, to generate a continuous lunar profile, and to image the moon a radar wavelengths. The first objective is generally impossible on Earth, but is possible on the moon because of the very low EM attenuation found in lunar rocks. A three-wavelength synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) operating at 60 m, 20 m, and 2 m (5, 15, and 150 MHz) was designed to attain these objectives. The design choices reflected a balance of scientific requirements versus Apollo mission and hard-ware constraints. The most difficult choice was that of wavelength, since longer wavelengths have the potential for deeper subsurface penetration at the expense of depth resolution. Shorter wavelengths enhance the ability to generate surface images and accurate profiles. The sounding requirement led to a system requirement for large dynamic range and precise sidelobe control. The radar data from the lunar mission were recorded on photographic film in a conventional SAR format, and were returned to Earth for processing. A combination of optical and digital processing and exploitation techniques was applied to the scientific interpretation of the data. Some preliminary results from the lunar mission have been obtained. The system design and data exploitation techniques developed in support of the ALSE experiment show considerable promise for eventual application to earth-resource survey radar systems.

We are printing the ASUTS abstracts presented at their meeting in Seattle, 5 October 1974. Because of a change in policy in the convention office at Seattle, these were not published in the September issue.

The Huntec Mark 3 time domain equipment provides information from which the nature of the transient voltage decay curves may be determined. A zone of disseminated mineralization extending above a normal fault zone was selected for a comparative study of decay curves. In a preliminary study in which steel stakes were used as current electrodes it was observed that at some stations the decay curves obtained with reciprocal dipole-dipole configurations were significantly different and that many decay curves initially increased from low values indicating the presence of a negative component. It was assumed that the decay curves were composite and were composed of the superposition of transient voltage components due to electromagnetic and polarization effects which could be described in terms of simple exponential functions. The initial negative component was thought to be an electromagnetic effect, but when the traverses were repeated using porous pots as current electrodes it was found that the initial negative component was usually completely eliminated, indicating that it was due to negative polarization arising from the steel stakes. When the effect of the current electrode polarization was completely eliminated identical decay curves were obtained with the reciprocal array configurations, but the remaining decay curve-which is due to induced ground polarization—cannot be described by a single simple exponential function. It is also demonstrated that the initial negative component due to stake polarization may also be present in decay curves obtained with gradient arrays indicating that separation of the current and potential electrodes does not avoid this effect which may significantly modify the decay curve in certain circumstances up to three seconds after switch-off.

It is demonstrated that the generalized linear inverse theory may be applied to vertical magnetic dipole sounding problems. An analysis of inversion of theoretical data for a two‐layer model illustrates the method and indicates certain features not inherent in the commonly practiced curve‐matching method of interpretation. In particular, the standard deviations of the layered model parameters may be estimated. Also the data may contain varying degrees of information about individual model parameters. Indeed, the information density matrix may be used to optimize the data information distribution by choosing only data that contributes information above some minimal level. The relative importance of the information distribution to the determination of individual model parameters may be assessed using both the structure of the information density matrix and the size of the estimated parameter standard deviations. Data may be removed until the estimated standard deviations of the parameters exceed some critical values. This process may be viewed as a method of experimental design such that information/cost ratios may be maximized. Also, if the economy of the interpretation is a serious consideration, then the same process could be used to eliminate those data that have minimal information and whose exclusion does not significantly effect the parameter resolution. This process would tend to maximize interpretation/cost ratios. Inversion analyses of four sets of data previously interpreted by the curve‐matching method illustrate the inherent features of the inverse method. Results of the inverse method of interpretation may be used to make a statistical evaluation of both the fit between observed and predicted data and the resolution of the model parameters.

The assessment of a screening procedure falls into two parts. The first is the development of a test and the establishment of criteria of specificity and sensitivity. The second stage is that of the application of the test to the general population, demanding attention to the natural history of the disease and to the usefulness and simplicity of the test itself. The decision to organize a screening programme has usually to be taken on the basis of incomplete information and in the setting of a population subjected to constant change. It is the hope of the Committee on Cancer Prevention and Detection of the UICC that the conclusions from the Symposium will prove helpful to all who face such decisions.

A series of rigid polyurethane foams of densities varying from 65 kg/m−3 to 400 kg/m−3 have been tested in compression as a function of rate and temperature. Two yield points are observed, the lower one being associated with the surface layers, the higher with the bulk of the material. The yield points may be predicted to a first approximation for the higher density foam using a model based on the buckling of a thinwalled cylinder.

The IgG fraction of equine antithymocyte globulin administered by the intravenous and intramuscular route to two patients with severe thermal injury was associated with survival of the skin allografts to 19 and 42 days. In the second patient the IgG fraction was discontinued 28 days after skin grafting and rejection occurred 14 days later while the patient was receiving azathioprine and 1% topical hydrocortisone cream to the skin allografts. Although no comparison can be made between the immunosuppressive properties of antithymocyte globulin, azathioprine and topical steroids, skin allograft survival was prolonged temporarily until autograft skin from previous donor sites could be obtained. The use of skin allografts protected by immunosuppressive therapy in patients with severe thermal injury deserves further consideration.

April 8, 1974 Factory — Asbestos dust — Crocidolite — Demolition work including process of removal of lagging — No knowledge or reasonable grounds for supposing crocidolite involved in lagging — Obligation to give advance notice of beginning of process — Obligation to provide approved respiratory protective equipment and protective clothing — Whether absolute — Asbestos Regulations, 1969 (S.I. 1969 No. 690), regs. 6(2), 8(1) (a) (b).

Removal of the soluble proteoglycans from slices of bovine costal cartilage by extraction in 4 M guanidinium hydrochloride permitted the visualization of abundant amounts of dispersed and disaggregated collagen in the matrix. Proteoglycans which are resistant to extraction are seen as small granules which are concentrated in the perilacunar regions. Large proteoglycan granules appear to originate in the chondrocyte. As they come to occupy positions in the matrix distant from the chondrocyte, the granules become smaller. A non-granular, “amorphous” component masks the collagen fibers so that they cannot be readily seen in the intact cartilage.

Movement of both [(3)H]GA1 and [(14)C]GA3 through root segments from P. coccineus seedlings was basipetally polarised. The basipetal/acropetal ratio of radioactivity from [(3)H]GA1 in agar receiver blocks was 9.2 for apical, elongating segments, and 4.0 for more basal, non-elongating segments. Polarity of gibberellin transport was restricted to the stele, and absent from cortical tissues. Transport of [(14)C]IAA through root segments to agar receivers was preferentially acropetal, particularly so in the stele. Despite the existence of basipetal polarity of gibberellin transport in the root, [(3)H]GA1 injected into cotyledons moved into and acropetally along the seedling root.

A small scale method is described, for the estimation of drug toxicity against cells in culture. The usefulness of this test is illustrated by reference to the results of a study of the microsomal activation of cyclophosphamide. Firstly, it is shown that the microsomal activation of drugs, in this case cyclophosphamide, can easily be demonstrated, in vitro , using this technique. It is also shown that the small scale of the test allows measurements of cytotoxicity to be made on drug metabolites separated by thin layer chromatography, and therefore available in only microgramme quantities. The identification of a number of cytotoxic metabolites of cyclophosphamide is described. An adaptation of the method is described which allows thin layer plates to be “scanned” for cytotoxicity and which has been useful for demonstrating the presence, on the plates, of toxic metabolites of cyclophosphamide which might otherwise have been missed. The importance of cytotoxicity testing is discussed in relation to the formulation of theories of drug activation in general, and that of cyclophosphamide in particular.

Twenty-three adult Rhesus monkeys were injected subcutaneously with varying doses of bee venom or melittin which produced within 1–3 hr significant elevations in circulating plasma cortisol levels. These increases persisted for 72–96 hr, after which the cortisol levels returned to control values. The higher dose of venom or melittin usually produced the most pronounced elevations in cortisol. Reinjection at 72 hr resulted in a second increase in cortisol levels which persisted for 17–21 days followed by a gradual decline reaching near control levels at 30 days. The amount of melittin required to produce significant elevations in plasma cortisol was 1 10 that of whole bee venom. Four of the monkeys which received the higher doses of venom or melittin were autopsied and showed no significant gross or microscopic tissue changes. Surgical removal of the pituitary gland in four additional monkeys prevented the increase in cortisol previously noted in monkeys receiving either venom or melittin. Results indicate that bee venom or one of its components, melittin, appears to stimulate the production of cortisol from the adrenal gland through some action on the anterior pituitary gland. These observations may explain the reported beneficial effects of bee venom administration in a variety of disease conditions which also respond to adrenal steroid therapy.

Experiments were conducted to determine the capacity of various enzyme preparations to dissociate single cells from guinea pig lung tissue. The number of cells separated from tissue progressively increased as the concentration of crude trypsin was increased from 25 to 250 mg per 100 ml. This action could be inhibited by soy bean trypsin inhibitor. Elastase, but not ethylenediaminetetraacetate (disodium salt), crystalline trypsin, nor chymotrypsin, dissociated cells from lung tissues. Crude trypsin (Trypsin 1∶300) was found to contain 3.0 Sachar units of elastase per mg. Elastase was also inhibited by soy bean trypsin inhibitor. Only some collagenase preparations dissociated cells from lung tissue. Impure bacterial proteases dissociated lung cells. Our data suggest that the term “trypsinization” to denote dissociation of cells from tissue with crude preparations of trypsin is misleading and should be discontinued.

Diffusible-gibberellin yields in agar from green sunflower apical buds fell within 40 hr of excision of the buds when they were incubated on 1.5% agar. Incubation on agar containing either 2.0% sucrose or 0.1% mevalonate allowed continued gibberellin production by the buds for at least 72 hr. Mevalonate was more effective than sucrose as a stimulant of gibberellin synthesis. Gibberellins obtained from the buds did not appear to be products of wounded tissues at the cut stem surface, but represented normal gibberellin biosynthesis by bud tissues.

An apparatus is described for the class‐room demonstration of electron diffraction photographs obtained from thin metallic films and using the range 2000 to 15000 volts. It is very simple to build and reasonably stable. The method of operation is explained.

Through a series of analyses with high-altitude Lunar Orbiter and low-altitude Apollo 15 Doppler gravity data, it is shown that the Serenity mascon is a thin body whose horizontal dimensions are well determined and show a strong correlation with circular wrinkle ridge structure. Analysis to date has not uniquely determined the depth of the anomalous mass. However, geological evidence strongly suggests that the mass excess is near the surface, because (1) the surface solution has a geometry highly suggestive of the partial filling of a ringed circular basin, and (2) the boundaries of the anomalous mass separate regions of shallow and deep mare flooding.

CCC was shown to be effective in retarding stem growth of sunflower; this effect was overcome by gibberellic-acid application. Using an agar-diffusion technique, the gibberellin (GA) content of sunflower apices treated with CCC was found to be significantly reduced as compared to controls. Similarly, the GA content of agar diffusates obtained from 2-day-old sunflower root tips treated with CCC was also significantly reduced as compared to controls.Root exudate or bleeding sap obtained from mature CCC treated sunflower plants contained no measurable GA-like substance, although it could not be argued that this was due to suppression of GA synthesis in the root systems.

Phaseolus multiflorus plants at three stages of development were decapitated either immediately below the apical bud or lower down at a point 1 cm above the insertion of the primary leaves. Growth regulators in lanolin were applied to the cut stem surface. IAA always inhibited axillary bud elongation and dry-matter accumulation, and enhanced internode dry weight but not elongation. GA3 applied below the apical bud greatly increased internode elongation and dry weight, but simultaneously reduced bud elongation and dry weight increase. Application of GA3 1 cm above the buds had no effect on bud elongation in the youngest plants, but enhanced their elongation in the two older groups. IAA always antagonized GA3-enhancement of internode extension growth, whereas its effects on GA3 enhanced dry-matter accumulation depended on the stage of internode development. Bud elongation was greater in plants treated with GA3 + IAA than in plants treated only with IAA, except in the youngest plants decapitated immediately below the apical bud, where GA3 caused a slight increase in IAA-induced bud inhibition. GA3 increased inhibition of bud dry weight by IAA in the two youngest groups of plants, but slightly reduced it in the oldest plants. No simple compensatory growth relationship existed between internode and buds. It was concluded that, (1) auxin appears to be the principal growth hormone concerned in correlative inhibition, and (2) availability of gibberellin to internode and buds is of importance as a modifying factor in auxin-regulated apical dominance by virtue of its local effects on growth in the internode and in the buds.

A useful method for preparing large numbers of virtually identical gradients of sucrose has been described. This technique involves storage of preformed gradients at −60°C for future use after a 90 min thaw at room temperature. The method is applicable to salt-containing sucrose gradients with certain limitations, noted above.

(1968). The Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities:a report on its use with English children and a comment on the psychological sequelae of low birth-weight. British Journal of Disorders of Communication: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 143-149.

Summary Ultraviolet circular dichroism measurements were made on solutions of freshly prepared RNA from the bacteriophage R17 at pH 7.0, in both the absence and presence of Mg2+ ion, and over a temperature range of 26 – 760. A small negative band is detected at 298 nm adjacent to the strong positive band at 266 nm with and without Mg2+ ion. This band is thermolabile, disappears irreversibly and might suggest the presence of some sulfur-containing bases in R17-RNA. The intense positive band at 266 nm increases upon addition of M2+ ion, and temperature studies indicate that three distinct melting regions are now apparent, whereas in the absence of Mg2+ ion and in solution of low ionic strength only a sigmoidal heating curve is observed.

Detailed time courses of germination were recorded for three seed batches of lettuce, cv. 'Great Lakes The germination of this variety is usually considered to be insensitive to light, but considerable variability was noted between seed batches with respect to the effect of light. Previous reports on the chemical induction of a light requirement for germination in lettuce seeds were not substantiated for this variety. Naringenin was found to be relatively ineffective, and although coumarin, ABA, and IAA all delayed germination with increasing concentration, this delay was not diminished by continuous light. The inhibitions of germina tion by sucrose, mannitol, Carbowax, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and potassium nitrate were also similar in light and darkness ; these inhibitions appeared to relate to the osmotic pressures of the solutions. It is postulated that previous reports of chemical induction of a light requirement may be the result of presenting germination figures at one point in time. Analysis of germination by detailed time courses showed that while prolonged light irradiation slightly accelerated germination, perhaps by raising seed temperature, it in no way overcame chemical inhibition.

In this paper certain basic assumptions about causation will be made explicit and then an attempt will be made to show, on the basis of those assumptions, that causation must be supplemented by an extra-causal operation of a selective nature. It is hoped that our assumptions will have in their own right a certain general acceptability, but since assumptions or "postulate sets", whether antecedently acceptable or not are usually chosen for the purpose of proving something already deemed desirable, a word should be said as to why it was thought desirable to argue for selectivity. The reason we wish to establish selectivity is to free naturalism from its deterministic implications. Naturalism is the doctrine which holds (1) that reality is exhaustively composed of entities located in an extensive continuum and (2) that an important connection between such entities is causation. Determinism is the doctrine that causation is completely determinate, i.e., that every actuality can be sufficiently explained by the category of causation alone. The reason it is thought desirable to free naturalism from determinism is that if we do not we have no valid reason for believing in naturalism. If the determinist is right the only reason for my belief is its cause and hence the category of validity is false wherever it is asserted. But as naturalists we like to think of ourselves as having chosen that doctrine because it satisfied certain non-causal conditions. Hence any rational naturalist would like to show that determinism is mistaken.

The theory of diffraction by a random screen developed by Booker, Ratcliffe and Shinn is presented in a convenient form for practical application in ionospheric experiments. It is shown that measurements of the correlation of the fading of the reflected wave observed at spaced receiving points can be used to find the extent of the angular spreading of the downcoming wave. Histograms are given to show the frequency of occurrence of different degrees of angular spreading observed during a series of experiments using pulse transmissions at vertical incidence. For a frequency of 2.4 Mc/s. it is most common to find that the downcoming wave has an angular spread such that the amplitude falls to half value at an angle of 5? for regions E and F For region F observed on 4.8 Mc/s, the corresponding value is 2.5?. There is no evidence for any pronounced seasonal or diurnal variations.

VITAMIN A is an essential nutrient for the chick and must be supplied in adequate amounts before normal growth occurs. However, differences have been reported among laboratories concerning the age at which chicks are able to utilize the vitamin. Bolin, Lampman and Berg (1943) found that β-carotene was converted to vitamin A by the one-week-old chick. Amounts not less than 100 mcg. of β-carotene per 100 gm. diet were required to maintain liver vitamin A levels. Liver storage of vitamin A occurred at intakes greater than 500 mcg. per 100 gm. diet. Johnson, Carrick and Hauge (1947) fed chicks a vitamin A-deficient diet and studied the effect of β-carotene supplements given as alfalfa leaf meal. The carotene requirement during 8 to 16 weeks of age was no greater than that from 0 to 8 weeks. In contrast to the foregoing, Mann (1946) concluded that chicks were unable to assimilate vitamin …

No other tree species of the southern portion of the Rocky Mountain region presents more difficult problems in maintaining and reproducing the natural stands than does the pifion pine (Pinus edulis). It ranges from northern Mexico to eastern Utah, and Colorado Springs, Colorado. In an east-and-west direction it extends from the hills of western Texas to California. Along the northern and eastern borders of its range it is shrublike and of botanical importance only. In southern Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, it has a great economic and silvicultural importance, which will steadily decrease unless measures are taken to prevent excessive utilization. It is commonly found in mixture with the one-seeded juniper (Juniperus monosperma) in the northern part of its range and with the alligator juniper (Juniperus pachyphloea) and one-seeded juniper in the south. Throughout its distribution it is associated with western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) and the scrub oaks (Quercus Gambeiii and Quertcus acuminala), often forming with these species a transition belt between stands of juniper and western yellow pine. Occasionally it is found with stunted Douglas fir (Pseudolsuga taxifolia). In association with the junipers, it forms the distinct woodland type so characteristic of New Mexico and Arizona, which in this region covers a more extensive area than any other forest type, and in which the pifion is decidedly the most important tree. It is occasionally seen in pure stands over small areas, but this is rare.