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Many segments of the transportation industry will benefit from an automatic vehicle tracking and monitoring system. Such a system automatically reports the position of a number of vehicles (groundborne, seaborne and airborne) to a central location. Dispatchers, such as police, bus or taxi, could more efficiently use their resources if they could track the location of the vehicles they are controlling. Ships on a seaway could be more efficiently scheduled into docks or locks if their position and speed were being tracked. Trucking companies could more effectively protect their cargos from theft or hi-jacking if they could monitor the location of the trucks. A few automatic vehicle tracking systems have been implemented. As an example the Chicago Metropolitan Bus System has been evaluating a system. The Urban Mass Transportation Administration of the Department of Transportation is conducting a program to determine the best system for “Automatic Vehicle Monitoring”. Tests have been conducted of at least four RF positioning systems to determine which of these technologies meet DOT/UMTA requirements. The next phase will be a trial implementation of one of these tested systems. This paper summarizes the stated user requirements as determined by DOT/UMTA, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Forestry Service, Railroads and others. These user requirements include positioning accuracy, number of vehicles to be handled simultaneously, coverage area and implementation and operating costs. A comparison of several technologies is then presented. A very brief description of each system, including Loran–C, Differential Omega, RF trilateration, sign-post and dead reckoning is presented with a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages in view of the user requirements. A cost comparison is presented which compares the implementation and operating costs of the different systems. Overall efficiency is compared; i.e. cost per user, rf spectrum efficiency, etc. A summary of this comparison concludes that a Loran–C Automatic Tracking System is the most efficient alternative to the requirement for an automatic vehicle positioning system. A description of a Loran–C System then follows, which briefly describes the major system components. Implementation and operating costs are presented. The solution to the two prime problems of a Loran AVM System are described—namely a low-cost receiver and the availability of relatively low-cost, small, Loran–C chains presently in production.

SUMMARY Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) was transmitted to raspberry seed both through the pollen and through the ovule and it infected plants pollinated with infected pollen. It did not infect plants prevented from flowering, and transmission through pollen seems to be the only method of spread in the field; in the proximity of infectors, most plants became infected during the first two or three flowering seasons. Plants containing RBDV showed no obvious symptoms, but healthy or infected flowers pollinated with infected pollen produced ‘crumbly’ fruit, containing a high proportion of aborted drupelets. RBDV was difficult to eliminate from infected raspberry by heat therapy. Raspberry cultivars that fail to become infected naturally were also immune to infection by grafting. Use of immune cultivars offers the only method of control and, because infected plants may produce crumbly fruit, future cultivars should if possible possess immunity to RBDV.

There have been numerous studies of Canadian cyclical experience during the Great Depression beginning in 1929. Similarly, the cyclical experiences of 1937–8 in both the United States and the United Kingdom have been fairly popular subjects for examination. However, it is interesting that no intensive analysis of Canadian experience during the 1937–8 recession has been made, but rather it has been treated as an afterthought to studies of the 1929 downturn instead of receiving the specialized attention which it merits. As a result there are doubts about its exact timing, about the magnitude of the fluctuations involved, about the influences exerted upon Canadian activity by the comparable American and British recessions, and certainly there has been a tendency in some recent works to provide a very facile interpretation.The 1937–8 recession is a subject of interest for several reasons. It is the last pre-war cyclical movement, and roughly coincides with similar economic changes in Canada's major trading partners. Cyclical movements in Canada do not always coincide with those in the United States, as was evident in 1948–9 and 1926–7, but when they do, a close examination of what has happened in Canada and of possible interrelationships between the Canadian and American experience may improve our understanding of Canadian cyclical patterns. This paper first represents a modest attempt to single out those sectors of the economy in which the cyclical downswing was concentrated, and second offers a tentative interpretation of the causal elements at work in this particular cycle.

Diazepam did not alter the rate or rhythm in III patients with atrial fibrillation. In 3 out of 38 patients with atrial flutter the use of diazepam was followed by an increase in atrioventricular block. Diazepam restored sinus rhythm in I patient with atrial tachycardia (total 7 patients) and in I patient with ventricular tachycardia (total 8 patients). Experimentally in the dog diazepam raised the electrically-induced ventricular tachycardia threshold significantly. Pretreatment with diazepam did not alter significantly the dose of strophanthidin K required to induce ventricular tachycardia in the dog. The value of diazepam as a cardiac anti-arrhythmic agent should be further assessed in a controlled clinical trial, especially in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

The possibility of measuring does not necessarily lead to the presentation of relevant information for decision-making in business. This is demonstrated by reference to accounting methods and to profit computation in particular. Accounting processes have become formalized to the point where they misrepresent financial results and position; the probability that resources will be used efficiently and that equity between parties of interest will be served is materially reduced by lack of care in the definition of significant concepts and the concurrent acceptance of procedures which have directly opposite justifications and consequences. As the speed of information processing increases and computational refinements develop, a corresponding effort is necessary to redefine in operationally relevant terms, or to sharpen the definition of, such key concepts as profit, capital, cost. The history of the development of accounting and auxiliary calculations illustrates the consequences of permitting a measuring and communicating system to become institutionalized. Some suggestions for improving the relevance of accounting and similar information are made.

SUMMARY Plants of Lloyd George and Seedling M raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) were found in eastern Scotland infected with raspberry ringspot (RRV), a virus to which these varieties were previously considered immune. Most RRV isolates from affected plants caused milder symptoms in herbaceous test plants than did the type isolates of the common Scottish and English strains. In graft-transmission tests the Lloyd George strain of RRV infected all the raspberry cultivars tested, including those immune to the common Scottish strain. No consistent differences were found between isolates of the two strains in in vitro properties or serological behaviour. Both strains were transmitted in seed of Stellaria media and in soil containing Longidorus elongatus. Possible reasons why the new strain is uncommon in Scotland are discussed.

The clinical results of isolated mitral valve replacement with mounted aortic valve homografts undertaken in 29 patients is presented. In 15 of these patients haemodynamic evaluations were made before and after operation. The results attest to the haemodynamic suitability of the homograft aortic valve in the mitral position and it would appear from this initial study that there will be little difference in the durability of orthotopic and heterotopic aortic homograft valves.

The growing literature of decision-making focusses attention on the selection of an optimal course from a series of hypothetical courses. Discovery of the position from which future action is to be taken has received rather less attention. Information systems are considered as means of discovering the facts antecedent to decision and action. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.

Several point-to-point systems have demonstrated successful communications while employing propagation via meteor trail reflections at very high frequencies. However, few systems have been able to control the output error rate in the presence of sporadic E and auroral phenomenon. Nevertheless, early results clearly indicated the strong potential of the meteor mode for extremely reliable communications over ranges (1300 miles) far in excess of existing military airborne UHF equipment. A test system is described which has been developed at Hughes Aircraft Company, Culver City, Calif. under Air Force contract AF33

Since the appearance of annual estimates of gross national expenditure and its components, their use has dominated the analysis of Canadian business fluctuations. They provide the most comprehensive picture of the value and volume of those goods and services, currently produced and consumed, which have passed through the market place. The national accounts have been adapted to analyses of the relationship between the Canadian economy and the economies of the United Kingdom and the United States, particularly of the latter. Interest in these relationships existed for many years before national income accounting became available, but its development certainly gave the problem new focus.The use of national accounts for cyclical analysis has given rise to two problems. The first is that attention in Canada has focused on the period since 1926. There has been great emphasis accordingly on the Great Depression, its transmission to and impact on the economy. This cyclical experience has dominated the recent thinking of Canadian economists quite apart from the crises and misery which it brought. After all it is the one cyclical movement which stands out clearly in the national accounts. Furthermore, the experience of 1929-32 presented an unusual combination of circumstances. Nothing like it in duration or extent had occurred since the 1870’s. To base much of the analysis of Canadian business cycles on this one downturn, however major it might have been, and to draw implications for policy therefrom, could easily put public and private decision-making on an inadequate and misleading foundation.

Interfacial evaporation and energy flux are presented for a series of experiments in a laboratory wind wave flume (neutral stratification) with varying free stream velocity and with and without mechanically generated waves. Integral conservation or budget techniques are the means of flux determination. Fluxes normalized to a 6-cm height are independent of fetch, increase with wind speed, and decrease if mechanically generated waves are introduced. Excellent correspondence between normalized energy and mass transfer exists except for the case involving spray which causes a reduction in the thermal field.

Laboratory energy and mass flux results of Mangarella et al. (1971) are compared with field data cited by Monin (1970). Acceptable agreement exists for Reynolds numbers u*z0/ν ≥ 1, the predominant laboratory regime. A variety of flux prediction equations are examined for the laboratory data. Kitaigorodskii and Volkov's theory and Sverdrup's theory (with a constant diffusion thickness of 0.05 cm) show agreement with the measured fluxes. In general, the theories incorporating some type of diffusion layer hypothesis appear to be more appropriate. Reynolds analogy is shown to be applicable only for low roughness Reynolds number flows.

The nature of the metal–metal bond in a series of binuclear metal carbonyls M2(CO)10(M2= Mn2, Tc2, Re2, and MnRe) is described by application of the self-consistent charge and configuration (SCCC) molecular orbital method. Good correlation between calculated quantities such as orbital energies and overlap populations and experimental quantities such as photoionization spectra and bond dissociation energies are obtained. It is suggested that the term ‘unsupported’ metal–metal bond, especially for atoms of the first transition series requires modification because of the important contribution to the metal–metal bond energy of the cross-interaction between a metal atom and ligands directly bonded to the other metal atom.

The last third of the nineteenth century, covering the years from Confederation until the beginning of the era of rapid expansion on the Western prairies, was a formative period for Canada. It is surprising that this period has as yet received little attention from economic historians, for analyses of demographic and economic changes during these years may yield high returns in the form of a more sophisticated interpretation of Canadian development.One of a number of important yet neglected aspects of these years in Canada is the business cycle, and the purpose of this paper is to report some new research in this area. A study of business cycles, as opposed to “panics,” implies the existence of a clearly defined cyclical sequence that becomes apparent once an economy has reached a certain state of commercialization. While the process of commercialization in Canada generally lagged behind that in the United States it is clear that even before Confederation a viable market economy had been created in the united province of Ontario and Quebec. There is good reason to believe that by the time of Confederation factor and product markets were functioning quite smoothly and that the price system was playing a prominent role in allocating resources.The two most authoritative, though far from definitive, accounts of cycles and growth in the late nineteenth century are contained in the works of Breckenridge and Skelton. Other students of Canadian economic history have relied heavily upon Skelton's findings about the pace and nature of activity in the post-Confederation years. Skelton concludes that the short period from 1869 to 1873 was a prosperous one, despite the abrogation of reciprocity with the United States, because (1) exports to the latter were well maintained, (2) Canadian producers were successful in finding new domestic markets, and (3) there were expanding sales to the United Kingdom. In contrast the period from the mid-seventies through the mid-nineties he considered to be “Days of Trial” during which Canada waited grimly for a favorable turn in its economic fortunes. In the late nineties Canada's “hour had struck” with emerging opportunities for agricultural expansion in the prairie west.

The development of the highly sensitive cytochemical bioassay for ACTH has permitted the measurement of plasma ACTH levels during the insulin hypoglycaemia test (I.H.T.) in patients treated with corticosteroids and corticotrophin. The ACTH, corticosteroid, and growth hormone (GH) responses in the I.H.T. were measured in three groups of 12 rheumatoid arthritis patients. One group was receiving long-term corticotrophin treatment, the second was undergoing long-term corticosteroid treatment, and the third had never received systemic hormone therapy. The increments in plasma ACTH, corticosteroids, and GH were diminished in the corticosteroid-treated group, as were increments in plasma GH and ACTH in the corticotrophin-treated group; but in this group the corticosteroid increment was normal. Examination of the area under the curve of the ACTH response showed that the total amount of ACTH secreted was normal though the rate of secretion was reduced. In the corticosteroid-treated group both rate and total secretion were diminished.