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National geocoding has lagged far behind urban geocoding. Semantic confusion is endemic to both, but macrolevel geocoding has more diversity and specialization than microlevel geocoding because of the lack of geographic building block units for national geocoding. National systems can be classified by principal application into four categories, but information exchange, even more those of the same class, is not necessarily possible. A converter has been designed to permit association of variously coded data sets based on the country as a common unit, and some standardization and convertibility among systems has been implented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Geocoding” includes a broad array of activities associated with systems of referencing data spatially. Urban geocoding has rapidly in response to preparations for and utilizations of the United States 1970 Census of opulation and Housing. Geographic Base Files which represent the street system as a dual network, Street segments and areas, are a powerful tool with which to relate data. Current work is directed at making geocoding available to planners, managers, and scholars, and at exploring applications of geocoding to the land parcel and natural resource inventories and analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automatic control of a string of high-speed, densely-packed vehicles is studied in a unified approach. Various input structures for the control schemes and their stability are studied and compared. The optimal decentralized regulation theory developed in a previous paper is applied to seek the best feedback control gains for various input structures. Value of information is defined to evaluate the relative merit of these inputs. The results can be easily applied for on-board computer designs in developing new transportation technology such as `personal rapid transit' systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on an interview with sociologist Jürgen Habermas. He gave the Communication Theory of society and his works are in the form of an immanent critique of bourgeois sociology, linguistic philosophy, systems theory and various forms of neo-positivism. His Communication theory rests upon solid philosophical anthropology. He explains that only by elucidating the linguistic aspect of the reproduction of social life can the images, plans, programs and organization of free society be realized without perpetrating explicit and implicit repressions. Habermas was asked in the interview about his use of the term "subsystem" of purposive action and communicative action with correspondence to sociologist Talcott Parson's concept of "system." Habermas answered that he used the term "subsystem" in two different contexts, subsystems which mainly serve functions of pattern maintenance and integration such as the family or face to face relationship and those social systems which mainly serve goal attainment and adaptation related to economic and administrative system. Habermas said that in his sociological analysis he made use of the usual concept of system and subsystems. He gave an example that he tried to analyze empirically if there are systematic limitations to the planning capacities of state bureaucracies, then his focus is the administrative system.

Develops an experimental technique for investigating the effect of certain linguistic and psychological phenomena on language behavior. Latency between semantically congruent, ambiguous and vague sentences; Linguists' reliance on formal observation and introspective analyses.

Examines the relationship between the index of contingency and the concepts of mathematical communication theory. Patterns in the repetition of words within and between sentences; Applicability of mathematical communication theory to large segments of language; Anomalies in the comparative judgment of passages with large amounts of noun repetition and minimal verb repetition and passages with large amounts of verb repetition and minimal noun repetition.

This article focuses on the measurement of grammatical constraints. By means of the coefficient of constraint (D) it is possible to measure the constraint exercised by one grammatical type on another, calculating the redundancy of the nth grammatical type when only the first of the chain is known. Mathematical communication theory has been used to calculate the information transmitted by sequences of n letters. These measures of linguistic constraint are equally adjustable to the measurement of grammatical constraint: that is, the cohesion of words. One of the aspects of this cohesion is the impact of one linguistic type on another in the sentence.

This paper discusses the possible significance of different strategies in the utterance of certain Language units. In communication between individuals, the degrees of the scale will be represented by a conventional set of symbols. By counting the frequencies with which the representational symbols occur in a given utterance, one might compute the statistical information of each; this might then be compared with rite meaning intensity number corresponding to each symbol. In this manner the reaction between the statistical and the semantic information could be investigated.

The article studies the incidental learning of accessible names and definitions. An experiment was conducted to test and improve three hypotheses concerning the effects of exposing adults to varying combinations of names, definitions, and referents when the motivation to learn was at a minimum and when instructions could be easily executed. The results indicate that denotative definitions could be accurately remembered or utilized under most conditions. Responding with a connotative definition to a name was the least efficient method of learning but only in the absence of a denotative definition.

The article studies the effect of the relative intensities of dichotic messages in speech shadowing. In this study, prose messages were presented simultaneously and dichotically to a subject who was required to shadow one of them. Five different relative intensities were used. The result showed that once the two messages are of equal intensity there is little further improvement in shadowing performance if the message the subject accepts is made more intense than the message the subject rejects.

The article investigates the effect of redundancy in shadowing one of two dichotic messages. Passages of prose approaching in varying degrees of statistical approximation to English were presented to subjects to shadow while normal prose which they were to disregard was presented to their other ear. It was found that the number of mistakes in shadowing varied inversely with the order of approximation to English, while the number of omissions varied inversely with the logarithm of the order of approximation. These results are discussed in the light of recent experiments on attention.

The article investigates the processes involved in the synthesis of English vowels by researchers from London, England. The chief practical aim of experimental investigations of speech has been the design of improved methods of telephone transmission. Numerous experiments have been carried out to throw further light on the relationship between the phoneme sequences of a linguistic text and the characteristics of the resulting acoustic wave and to find the rules for generating sound waves that will be recognized as a particular speech sequence. In this study, the researchers described the construction and operation of a new speech synthesizer and an account of experiments designed to establish data for the successful synthesis of English vowels is given.

The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that rate of habituation of the orienting response (OR) to multiple stimulus sequences is a negative function of the uncertainty (H) in the stimulus series. Seven groups of 30 Ss received 10 presentations of a l0 sec light stimulus (S[sub1]) followed immediately by a 1 sec 70 db auditory stimulus (S[sub2]) on 0, 10, 20, 50, 80, 90 or 100 percent of trials. The response measure was change of skin conductance to S[sub1]. Mean conductance change scores of the various groups were closely related to the degree of uncertainty (H) in the stimulus series. The results were interpreted as offering support for Sokolov's OR theory, and the view that, in human information processing, information concerning stimulus probabilities is integrated continuously to form the basis of predictive extrapolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of finding a single defective item from an infinite binomial population is considered when group-testing is possible, i.e., when we can test any number of units x simultaneously and find out in one test if oil x are good or if at least one of the x is defective. An optimal procedure is obtained in the sense that it minimizes the expected number of tests required to find one defective. Upper and lower bounds are derived using information theory and the relation of our procedure to the Huffman algorithm and the corresponding cost is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

n an information-processing chain, only the initial inputs ("environment") and the terminal outputs ("actions") affect directly the benefit to the user who maximizes its expected excess over cost. All intermediate flows ("symbols") affect directly only costs and delays. Delays affect benefit non-additively, through "impatience"and, possibly, "obsolescence." Traditionally, statistical theory disregards delays,and communication theory treats them as costs. A more complete, unifying approach is proposed, and it is asked whether convexity conditions (e.g., "decreasing marginal returns") required for competitive market equilibrium are satisfied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lower bound is derived concerning a special form of the entropy function of information theory. It is applied to Hoeffding's bound for the probability of the deviation of the sample mean from its expected value and for the corresponding problem concerning the sample variance. Furthermore, applying the bound one can obtain a discard function for a binary symmetric channel, a lower bound for the total error probability in testing two simple hypotheses, given the number of observations, and a lower bound for the deviation of the empirical distribution from the true distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarised the results of a large number of studies directed at improving the performance of individuals engaged in. a specialised information processing system. These studies demonstrate how the employment of a variety of human factors techniques could enhance effectiveness, without altering the quality of input into the system or changing basic equipment design. An attempt was made to show how a particular application of information theory could be used to control and evaluate data. ft is believed that this model is useful in other types of applications where uncertainties should be considered in relation to potential gains or losses. The model employs a computer as a complement of man, not as a substitute. The man in the system is still required to make complex judgements. The model merely requires some judgements to be made explicitly. The computer then helps generate additional judgements, provides rapid calculations, updates and systematically weights the information. It is left to the decision-maker to establish an acceptable quality standard for the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This tutorial paper is presented at an intermediate level, which assumes that the reader already has either some elementary knowledge of PL/I or a more general familiarity with other high level languages. An attempt is made to break fresh ground by addressing a question concerning the design philosophy of PL/I, namely whether it is possible for the more experienced programmer to grasp the deeper structure and achieve complete mastery of a language with such broad scope. (It is not concerned with showing how easily parts of the language may be used for simple applications, although several introductory texts are cited.) The method of the exposition is first to dispose of certain preprocesses which may be performed, and then to organize the major part of the material under two heads, static aspects and dynamic aspects. The static aspects are those essentially related to inspection rather than execution of a program; the dynamic part of the discussion outlines the semantics in terms of the internal storage, external storage, and flow of control in a conceptual PL/I machine. Every statement and type of object in the language is given a place in this scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a reply to philosopher Richard Bernstein's critique of the book "The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology," by Alvin W. Gouldner. Gouldner asserts that the book is about the history and current condition of sociological theory and research, about the lives sociologists lead, and how these affect the sociology they write. Gouldner feels that Bernstein is unqualified to review his book as a sociologist. He points out that basically, Bernstein's review is a contradictory, nitpicking scratch at a number of minor and usually irrelevant issues. One might have hoped for serious criticism from a philosopher trained, conceivably in linguistic analysis, if that was Bernstein's training. Instead he offers carping, childish nonsense about Gouldner's use of such "emotively charged terms as 'crisis' and 'entropy'. A serious philosopher, for instance, might have explored the nature and meaning of "crisis." According to Gouldner neither sociologically competent nor philosophically analytic, what is Bernstein? He is merely "stern."