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This paper is intended to be a comprehensive analysis of the evidence of ku-pa-ro in the Knossos Linear B tablets. Its main purpose is to set up the importance of such aromatic plant in the Mycenaean economy at Knossos and to identify what kind of sedge was concealed under the name ku-pa-ro and what part of the plant was used and for what purposes. What it is stressed is the usage of the Cyperus rotundus L. (i. e. the ku-pa-ro ) in the industry of perfumes and as a food additive as well. What is inferred from the discussion on the evidence of ku-pa-ro issues a series of valuable data concerning the localization of certain place-names in the map of Crete, and concerning the explanation of ideogram *171. The high qualities of ku-pa-ro preserved in the tablets lead the author to assume that such a plant was cultivated in Crete and was one of the main aromatic plants used by the Mycenaeans in the making of perfumes.

In one form or another, the so-called Linear script of Class A was used in parts of Minoan Crete from the 20th to the middle of the 15th century B.C. It is closely related to two other Cretan scripts, with both of which it overlaps to some extent: an earlier (known as Hieroglyphic or, better, as Pictographic) and a later (known as the Linear script of class B). The precise nature of the interrelationship of these three scripts is not clear. They do not, apparently, descend from one another by a simple process of development. Rather, both Linear A and Linear B seem to have selected elements from a common source, which is either the Pictographic script itself or a system of writing allied to it. The closest similarity between the two classes of Linear script is evident in their external character, that is to say, in the shapes of individual signs: even so, only about half of the signs in the Linear A system have the same shape as those in Linear B. There is much less resemblance in internal character (the structure and function of the scripts). For example, although we find in Linear A many single signs (apparently ideographic or determinative in function) and also sign-groups (which, by reason of the small number employed in all and also by analogy with Linear B practice, are almost certainly phonetic), ideograms are very rarely juxtaposed with phonetic groups, as constantly happens in Linear B. Linear A offers only two certain examples of such juxtaposition, namely in HT 15:1 and 88:4, and even there the order is the reverse of that in Linear B, where the phonetic group regularly precedes the ideogram.

There is today no agreement on the character of the Easter Island script and on the structure of the language of the kohau rongo-rongo texts. Soviet scholars (1) long ago expressed the hypothesis that this writing is hieroglyphic. There is also a view that the Rapanui script is mnemonic. (2) However, there are some authors (3) who assume that each symbol corresponds to an entire sentence or a group of words, and regard the Rapanui script as a type of pictography. In Barthel's opinion, the Easter Island writing represents a level of development higher than pictography and consists primarily of ideograms. Holding that the symbols of the Rapanui script cannot suffice to represent a sentence in full, with all its parts of speech, Barthel calls it an "embryonic script," and contends that the text was written in condensed form, rather like telegrams today. (4) On the basis of his interpretations of individual sections of the texts, Barthel holds that a single symbol may correspond to a number of morphemes, alth...

The Spanish word adobe, “dried brick”, is a derivative of the Arabic at-tub (tub with the assimilated article at

Chromosomes were studied from five species and two unnamed plants of the genus Agapanthus. Karyotypes and ideograms were prepared, the chromosomes were grouped into classes of different size, and formulae were prepared for all the plants. The 2n number was found to be 32 in A. praecox and A. orientalis, 30 in A. campanulata, A. inapertus, A. minimus, and one of the unnamed plants, and 29 in the other unnamed plant. A. orientalis and one of the unnamed plants had two supernumerary chromosomes. The chromosomes of A. praecox and A. orientalis are not inconsistent with the position that these species are synonyms.

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With martial stalk, the ghost of 'Ideography' haunts again the platform of sinological Elsinore. In TP 34. 265-294, Professor Herrlee Glessner Creel, taking exception to some statements in the present writer's 'Proleptical Remarks' (HJAS 2. 329-372), directed against his efforts to revive 'ideography' as a method of interpreting Chinese characters, attempts to re-state his position in a curiously constructed article entitled 'On the Ideographic Element in Ancient Chinese'. Though written in a lively, controversial vein, the paper fails to produce a single new fact which would help us to clarify the important problenm of the structure and genesis of Chinese writing, and enlightens us very little on the nature of 'ideographic' ectoplasm. The article inakes it painfully obvious, on the other hand, that the discussion of the cardinal points of the origin and development of the Chinese written language cannot be fruitfully continued, so long as the champions of 'ideography' refuse to define what they mean by an 'ideogram', and to explain coherently their reasons for disregarding in specific cases long-established evidence pointing

way: 1. that the language in question had inflection. The likelihood of this assumption was pointed out in AJA. 1945, pp. 145-151. 2. that an inflected language must of necessity have paradigms of some kind. This is an obvious conclusion, based on the preceding assumption. 3. that when inscriptions contain lists of words, each followed by an ideogram and a number, such words are nouns, or what passes for nouns in the language. This requires further clarification. A good half of the published inscriptions of Linear Class B consists of the kind of lists just described, often preceded by an initial statement or heading, and followed by a statement of the total sum of whatever objects are enumerated. In a good many instances such lists are long, even in the fragmentary state in which they have been preserved. The longest list, or rather, series of lists, appears in the so-called "Man" inscription, PM. fig. 686, named from the ideogram which follows each word in the list.' Other lists of considerable length appear in the "Woman" inscription, PM. fig. 689 and in fig. 687. There is no certain evidence that any of the words appearing in one of these lists is repeated in the same inscription.2 It is obviously absurd to think that when, as in the "Man" inscription, there are 62 legible or partially legible words listed, these 62 words could be verbs or even adjec

A rigorous restriction of space in the Journal , which to the editor has all the virtues of necessity, and to the contributor most of the features of calamity, confines me to a few lines of preliminary matter. I should have wished to explain the use in these papers of the words “ ideogram ” and “ ideographic ”, but I cannot. I should also have liked to include entries on the important characters yin and yany of the dualistic system, which occur in my own collection of Honan relics, but are unknown to either Lo Chen-yu or Wang Hsiang, but this too is impossible. Let us therefore proceed to business.

The Gilgameswh fragment K 3588 (Thompson, EG Pl. 14), which Eompson assigns to Tablet IV (ibid. 33) whereas Schott would place it more plausibly at the beginning of ISblet VII (cf. ZA 42 113 ff.),contains the following passafie (l. 447: bu-kv-ki sa-hir-ki X sa-gam ki [.... ] The same three terms, in the order sugu, sSgawsu, sahiruSconfront US in Tablet 5 of the HS7a=,h?;bblZlb Series V 5 ff.(cf. B. Mkissner, AS I 65). All three have been identified by Meissner with good reason as parts of the door. Additional references for the first term have been listed by B. Landsberger in ZA 44 166 and note S. The spelling is this time tv-kv-XZ In view of the ideogram SUEl, Landsberger would derive the word frotn the Sumerian and posit suku as the underlying value. This assumption would also furnish a simple explanation for the Akkadian variants sugb and sbkrs. In a recent note on srski (}LAOG XI 1/2 71-3), Meissner adds a new occurrence. He further favcrs Landsbergerts derivation from the Sumerian as well as his rendering

A case of alexia with agraphia in a Japanese patient is presented. Reading difficulty was severe in words composed of phonograms (Kana), while reading of words composed of Ideograms (Kanji) was better preserved. Writing was severely impaired in both types of characters. Occlusion of the angular branch of the left middle cerebral artery was demonstrated by carotid arteriography and was considered responsible for the symptoms. Two additional cases of alexia with agraphia from the Japanese literature are reviewed. Their linguistic features were similar to the present case. A hypothesis of a functional disconnexion between visual and auditory-oral systems is proposed to explain why Kana processing was more severly affected than Kanji processing.

The somatic chromosomes of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (2 n = 6x = 42), and those of two of its diploid progenitors and T. speltoides , have been individually identified by a Giemsa staining technique. In wheat, telocentric chromosomes were used to aid the recognition of individual chromosomes, and an ideogram has been constructed depicting the C-band positions. There is no similarity in the C-banding of chromosomes within a homoeologous group, with the possible exception of group 5. Comparisons of the C-banding of the diploid species T. monococcum, T. speltoides , and T. tauschii with that of the A, B, and D genomes, respectively, in hexaploid wheat corroborate that T. speltoides could not be the donor of the B genome to wheat and that T. monococcum and T. tauschii are the probable donors of the A and D genomes, respectively.

Publisher Summary This chapter explains that chromosome constitution of cells in vitro has been one of the most useful criteria for monitoring cell populations. Karyotypical analysis is useful for monitoring the normalcy of the cell populations under consideration. In all cytological preparations of animal cells, regardless of the method used, there are a certain proportion of ruptured cells. In heteroploid cell populations such as long-term cell lines where cells with many different chromosome numbers may exist, the elimination of artifacts becomes a difficult task. An idiogram is an idealized karyotype or a statistically representative karyotype. Therefore no single metaphase, whether it is the actual photograph or length measurements, can be considered as an idiogram. The utility of the conventional karyotype and ideogram analysis has many limitations. It is virtually impossible to determine paracentric inversions or reciprocal translocations of nearly equal portions without examining meiotic behavior. The difficulty has been partially removed by the recent inventions of many new procedures which would reveal characteristic chromosome bands.

Summary Fifty aphasic and 30 non-aphasic hemiplegic patients, screened for visuo-motor or visuo-spatial problems, performed a task of writing 20 high-frequency nouns designating familiar objects. For 10 of the nouns (non-imported words), the subject was required to write both in kanji (ideogram) and in hiragana (one type of phonogram) and for the other 10 (imported words) in katakana (another type of phonogram). Combined visual-auditory stimuli (the picture of the words and the names of the pictures spoken by the examiner) were employed for eliciting responses from the subject. Any response which fell short of the standard orthography of a given word was scored as an error and subjected to a detailed analysis. (The scates of the six aphasic subjects, which showed either zero error or 100% errors on the whole test, were excluded from the analysis.) The results may be summarized as follows: (1) In the kanji transcriptions of non-imported words, both the aphasic and non-aphasic groups made errors, the former group making a larger mean percentage of errors (38%) than the latter group (22%). (2) In the kana transcriptions of both imported and non-imported words, only the aphasic group made errors, the mean percentage errors being 53% for the former and 57% for the latter. (3) The types of kanji errors exhibited by both aphasic and non-aphasic groups were essentially similar to each other, "graphical confusions" being the most frequent type. (4) The types of kana errors, exhibited exclusively by the aphasic subjects, were quite different from those of kanji errors; “phonological confusion” accounted for the most of the errors while there was only a negligible amount of “graphical confusion.” (5) No correlation was found between the respective levels of performance of the aphasic patients in the kanji and kana tasks, indicating that the processing of kanji and kana can be impaired independently in different patients. (6) The aphasics with apraxia of speech showed, as a group, a significantly greater number of errors in the kana transcription of words than did the aphasics without it. These findings provide support for the hypothesis proposed therein, in part duplicating the previous result ( Sasanuma and Fujimura, 1971 ), that kana and kanji transcriptions can be processed in different modes, the former involving a “phonological processor”" and the latter without one.

Skin and fin biopsies of one male and tree femals were kindly provided by Dr. A. Jonsgard, Institutt for Marin Biologi, Oslo, Norway from the 1969 catch. All gave identical results. The smallest acrocentrics have satellites and engage in association. The X is the largest chromosome, the Y is the smallest. They are distinctive. In the female one X is later replicating although both are asynchronous to the autosomes. The Y is not clearly asynchronous. These findings are in agreement with those of Arnason who gives detailed measurements and an ideogram.

The preposition rm ‘with’ is common in Buddhist Sogdian texts, but has not been found in texts in Manichaean or Christian writing; nor is such a preposition known in any other Iranian language. Its peculiar distribution was noticed by Benveniste, who also remarked: ‘rm…se confond dans l'usage avcc δ'wn, δnn, et entraîne le cas oblique.… Il admet, comme δnn, la postposition pr'yw‘. These facts in themselves strongly suggest that rm is not merely a synonym, but a purely graphic variant, of δnn; and this is confirmed by the ease with which rm can be explained as an ideogram.

"Because to exist is to exist in time. But the ideogram conveys more than this. It projects the notion that this energy is to be conceived of as over and against temporal successiveness. That which is without limit is locked in confrontation with that which diminishes & destroys. In time, all things pass away. The timeless is at war with time. Since ALEPH is beyond limitation, this war is endless."

ALL WRITING originated in primitive man's natural attempt to picture objects, ideas, and events, as exemplified in Amerindian pictographs. Out of this grew ideographic writing, in which pictures are employed to denote specific objects or ideas, and secondarily the sound complexes or words denoting these objects and ideas, as in Akkadian cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphic, and Chinese. The most natural development of this ideographic writing is in the direction of syllabic writing, in which ideograms denoting words of one syllable become, through the rebus principle, the signs for syllabic sounds in addition to being signs for objects and ideas. This is the line of development followed, for example, by cuneiform

THE TEXTS PUBLISHED in my Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions are most of them extremely difficult, especially in their present fragmentary condition. I have read Dr. Peters' comments on them with much interest and am grateful to him for his attempt to elucidate their meaning from the knowledge gained by his experience in Babylonia. His observations in most instances commend themselves. It is a question whether he has not at times over-worked the liturgical idea. While I have that feeling in reading his notes, I am not prepared to say that he has. The object of the present note is to discuss Dr. Peters' suggestion that text No. 1 is a hymn or liturgy in part in praise of a king of Kesh, who had rebuilt the temple at Nippur. This possibility, though it occurred to me when editing the text, was not seriously entertained, because so little is known historically of Kesh, that such a consideration seemed to land us in an historical mist. The suggestion is, however, worthy of more serious consideration than was then given it. If it should turn out to point to an historical fact, it might open a new vista in Babylonian history. The ideogram employed in our text for Kesh is Brinnow, No. 10859 (= CT 11.49, 32 ab). The question is, does this ideogram designate a city that was later designated by another ideogram, or does it refer to a city never designated by another ideogram? If the latter alternative is true, then Kesh disappeared at the dawn of written history and we know practically nothi'ng about it. If the former is true, then it is possible that something of its later history is known, or at least ascertainable. Clay (Empire of the Amorites, p. 104) identifies Kesh with Opis. He does this on the authority of Thureau-Dangin, who in SAK, pp. 20, 21, read the ideogram UUU-Kesh. Later in his work, however, (p. 225 note d) Thureau-Dangin recognized UTJU as referring to Opis. Clay's identification is accordingly erroneous. Kesh is designated by quite a different ideogram. If Kesh were the same as Opis

A drawing is defined as an image in which the composition of lines predominates over considerations of color. Drawings are conceived by the author as structures and non-structures, although any drawing is bound to be structural. In the drawings as non-structures, the elements of the unexpected, accidental, and automatic play a dominant role. In a drawing as a structure, any line must be deeply felt, and drawn on a surface with the conviction that it is necessary where it is placed. By surface is meant the entire picture surface which cannot be divided or separated to show merely any portion covered by lines. These drawings are considered as structures, because in them there is the arrangement of all the parts to the whole. The structure drawings are discussed under the following seven groupings: structures of things (including landscapes), structures of space, structures of the spoken, structures of signs, structures drawn to poems, dimension of time structures and structures drawn to music. The significance of size and of proportions in drawings as structures and non-structures is stressed, and special consideration is given to the largeness inherent in certain small-sized and even tiny-sized works of art. The author's minimum drawings are discussed both as single pictures and as assemblages. Three-dimensionality is shown not merely in superimposed drawings, but also in the author's vertical sky-scraper pictures and his horizontal promenade pictures, in which the dimension of time enters in the viewing of the picture by the beholder. The author emphasizes that his pictures, both drawings and paintings, differ fundamentally from the pictures by artists of ancient China and Japan, because of the entirely different conceptions of space. An attempt is made to correlate today's world view of science as a product of Western thought and the author's letterless writing. The latter is not any form of calligraphy either practiced in the orient or in abstractions by modern artists-of the West and East-who still suggest some definite meaning of letters, ideograms, or hieroglyphs.

It has long been a familiar view among students of language that writing is not and cannot be anything other than a record of speech. It is recognized that the particular speech in question may never have been audibly uttered. But marks on paper, in order to be writing, must according to this view correspond at least to potential speech-sounds existing in the mind of the writer (if he has a mind) or represented by observed or assumed movements of the writer's vocal organs or other portions of his anatomy (if he has no mind), and must in either case enable any reader who knows both the system of writing and the dialect to utter the particular series of phonemes intended by the writer. I do not know how old this view may be. I have the impression that it is too old to have originated in any of those schools of thought which deny the existence, or the accessibility to scientific investigation, of human consciousness, but I am not prepared to document this impression. It seems clear that these schools of thought provide important support for the view at the present time. This opinion of writing seems to be the only one reflected in Edward Sapir, Language: an Introduction to the Study of Speech (New York, 1921, reprinted 1939; see especially pp. 19-21) or in Leonard Bloomfield, Language (New York, 1933; see especially Chapter 17, Written Records). A recent expression of the same view appears in Bloomfield, Linguistic Aspects of Science (International Encyclopedia of Unified Science 1.4; Chicago, 1939): 'Writing is a device for recording language by means of visible marks. By "recording" we mean that the beholder, if he knows the language of the writer and the system of writing, can repeat the speech which the writer uttered, audibly or internally, when he set down the marks' (6). The last-named work, however, contains other statements which seem to me to contradict this view. Thus Bloomfield states (7) that mathematical discourse (described as the 'most characteristic and powerful form' of 'the language' of science') 'can be transmitted only by means of a written record.' With reference to certain mathematical procedures he writes (30), 'The result is a system of writing which cannot be paralleled in actual speech.' Again (43), 'The ancient Greeks carried on mathematical demonstrations largely in ordinary language; it was the development, in the early modern period, of arithmetic and algebra, with its box-within-box markings of scope, that divorced scientific calculations not only from ordinary language but, to all practical purposes, from vocal

We have lived long in a generalizing time, at least since 450 BC. And it has had its effects on the best of men, on the best of things. Logos, or discourse, for example, has, in that time, so worked its abstractions into our concept and use of language that language's other function, speech, seems so in need of restoration that several of us got back to hieroglyphs or to ideograms to right the balance. (The distinction here is between language as act of the instant and language as the act of thought about the instant.) [HU, 3-4]

An experiment in the recall of visually presented Japanese Kanji ideograms suggest that Kanji may, like alphabetic words, be encoded phonetically, despite their lack of phonetic structure. The experiment, based on Kintsch's and Buschke's (1969) paradigm, assumed that similarity of items in a list increased errors in recall. Four lists were prepared, each containing 16 different Kanji. The first included phonetically similar pairs of characters; the second, semantically similar pairs; the third, visually similar pairs; the fourth was a control list containing no similar pairs. The subjects, 10 native speakers of Japanese, were presented with randomly ordered versions of each list, at one character per second. After a subject had seen an entire list, he was presented with a cue character selected from the list, and asked to recall the character that had been presented immediately before the cue. Confusion in recall was significantly greater for the phonetic list than for the other lists. These results strengthen the hypothesis that regardless of structure, visually presented linguistic items are, like speech itself, phonetically processed.

If Hugh Hefner has not accepted this book for serialization in Playboy, he should look into the possibility. The publisher, in fact, may have had Playboy in mind when he placed at the top of each page a paired male ideogram ([unk]). Ideogrammatic humor is a staple of the Hefner journal.This should not be construed as criticism of either Playboy or the book. The former, on occasion, publishes first-rate journalism, and as journalism the book cannot be faulted. Its description of the "gay world" of San Francisco homosexuals is extraordinarily readable. The vignettes of "Tom" and "Paul" and "Kenny" are fascinating. The language is discreetly racy. No expertise is required to comprehend the speculations about etiology. And the moral (every man to his cup of tea) could have been lifted bodily from Hefner's "Playboy Philosophy."It is not clear, however, that the book was intended as journalism. A large