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This study was designed to investigate four topics concerning undergraduate agricultural education programs. These were: (1) women graduates in agricultural education, (2) length of student teaching, (3) use of pre-student teaching observation in schools, and (4) subject matter specialization. A survey form was submitted to representatives of all teacher education institutions in the United States that prepare teachers of vocational agriculture. Data were received from 68 of 83, or 82 percent, of the institutions. Specific findings include: (1) 49 women have graduated from agricultural education programs in the past few years, (2) The average length of student teaching was 9.4 weeks on a full-time basis, (3) 39 institutions required pre-student teaching observation in schools, and (4) Subject matter specializations were listed for agricultural production, ornamental horticulture, agricultural mechanics, agricultural supplies and service, agricultural resources, and agricultural products. (GEB)

The experiment reported on in this paper investigated primarily the overall effectiveness in raising the language achievement of black children of the pattern practice approach and the use of overall contrasts between standard and nonstandard dialects within the pattern practice approach. The experiment was conducted in three third-grade and three kindergarten classes in an elementary school district in the San Francisco Bay area. Seventy-three black third graders and 68 black kindergartners were used as subjects. Although there is considerable variation in their speech patterns, their speech is by and large representative of lower- to middle-class black dialect. The six classes were randomly divided into groups for three different treatments. The treatment period lasted for five weeks, with 15 to 20 minutes a day devoted to intensive language training. In Treatment A an attempt was made first to establish the concept of a difference between standard and nonstandard speech. In Treatment B the materials and approach were the same as in A, but no attempt was made to introduce a concept of standard as opposed to nonstandard speech. Treatment C was a control activity in which the participating teachers were free to devise their own language arts activities. (Authors/JM)

This experiment deals with a test of auditory discrimination between standard Black English and nonstandard Black English. The test consists of two sections, one emphasizing phonological variables and the other emphasizing grammatical variables. It was administered to 83 black and 71 white children who were second, fourth, and sixth graders in schools attended primarily by children from lower to lower middle class socioeconomic backgrounds. The analysis of variance of the test results showed that: (a) test scores increased with maturation; (b) girls performed generally better than boys; and, (c) black children performed better than white children. For black children, achievement on the tests correlated significantly with scores on standardized reading achievement tests at all grade levels. For white children, the correlations were significant only at the sixth-grade level. The results of the experiment indicate that the awareness of the standard/nonstandard difference is more highly developed in black children than in white children--perhaps as a result of training, perhaps as a result of greater exposure to both standard and nonstandard black speech. They also suggest that for black children recognition of the difference is related to reading achievement in standard language from the beginning of their school career. (Author/JM)

The relative power of the Mann-Whitney statistic, the t-statistic, the median test, a test based on exceedances (A,B), and two special cases of (A,B) the Tukey quick test and the revised Tukey quick test, was investigated via a Monte Carlo experiment. These procedures were compared across four population probability models: uniform, beta, normal, and double exponential. Sample sizes of (5.5), (10,10), (20,20), (5,10), and (5,20) were among those used. Results indicate the median test should be considered for distributions which certain outliers. The exceedances tests can be powerful alternatives to more standard procedures if the underlying distributions are platykurtic. (Author)

Four different treatments were used over a period of five months in this experiment concerning the teaching of reading skills to 35 black kindergarten children. The treatments were: (1) spelling patterns/phonic approach using black standard English, (2) a sight approach using black standard English, (3) a sight approach utilizing black nonstandard English during the first two months of instruction, and (4) a spelling patterns/phonic approach utilizing black nonstandard English during the first two months of instruction. The children's proficiency in both standard and nonstandard English was assessed on sentence repetition tests, and an attempt was made to measure their attitude toward black nonstandard speech on a matched guise preference test involving simple like/dislike reactions to 2 guises of 4 different speakers. The main results of the experiments were that the spelling patterns approaches proved superior to the sight approaches in 2 of the criterion measures: the Gates-MacGinitie vocabulary test and experimenter's test that was based specifically on materials covering only the sight approach. No interaction effects between the treatments and either preference for or knowledge of black nonstandard English were detected. (Author/WR)

Suitable program establishment guides and teaching materials are needed to develop programs in agricultural resources that will qualify students to enter and advance in existing and emerging occupations in the areas of conservation, recreational utilization, and protection and regulation. The first phase of the project sought to determine the attitudes of five groups of 20 agricultural-related persons each toward 56 items of program establishment and 64 items of instructional units. The consensus of opinion among the groups found in 81 percent of the items justifies the use of agricultural resource persons in determining program and instructional content and the development of a guide for establishing programs. The second phase of the project focused on the preparation of a teacher's resource unit for an introductory course for high school students. The survey instruments and the availability of publications developed through the project are appended. (GB)

Ninety-nine Pennsylvania teachers of agriculture and a corresponding number of guidance counselors were involved over a period of 3 years in an in-service teacher education program to determine effective methods of utilizing occupational information in agriculture. Objectives were: (1) to organize and develop occupational information in agriculture for guidance counselors and teachers to use in acquainting students with occupations in the agricultural world of work, and (2) to test experimentally different methods of preparing and making available this information. Findings on Phase One of the study revealed positive relationships of agricultural interest, father's occupation, and student I.Q. with student-expressed intentions to elect agriculture in the next school year, to obtain post-high school education, and to enter an agricultural occupation. Findings of Phases Two and Three revealed that students living on farms had higher scores on the "Vocational Agriculture Interest Inventory." The test instrument and a listing of cooperating schools are appended. (GB)

Intended as guides for planning rehabilitation facilities, the six volumes treat respectively: (1) a comprehensive center or a unit in a hospital, (2) services for the mentally ill, (3) services for the mentally retarded, (4) work-oriented facilities, (5) services for the blind and visually impaired, and (6) services for individuals with speech and hearing impairments. Such topics as approaches to planning, the various types of services and facilities, the groups to be served, staffing, the physical plant, and equipment are discussed. (JK)

This document consists of a translation and analysis of a set of grammar "Readers" in use in Communist China in the first five grades of elementary school from about 1958 through 1966. The analysis begins with a discussion of the background and sources of the selections in the "Readers," proceeds to a discussion of moral and patriotic education in Communist China since 1949, and to an outline of more recent work in educational psychology. Following this, a review is presented of techniques of teaching reading as advocated by Chinese educational theorists. In addition, a number of teaching outlines for selections in the "Readers" are also included. In the actual analysis of the "Readers," each selection is analyzed on the basis of its topic and its manifest themes, which are classified in three categories: informational, political, and behavioral. The dominant emphases of the "Readers" were determined from the total scores for these categories. From this information, a profile was drawn of the "ideal" or "model" child, that is, the child who would have adopted the political attitudes and behavioral norms of the "Readers" as his own. The study concludes with a discussion of conflicting values in the "Readers" and their implications. (Author)

THE PURPOSE OF THIS REGIONAL CENTER IS TO DEVELOP AN EFFICIENT SYSTEM OF PROVIDING CAREER INFORMATION TO SAN DIEGO COUNTY SCHOOLS. SIX JUNIOR COLLEGES ARE PARTICIPATING IN THE PILOT PROJECT. THE PROGRAM IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PHASES. THE FIRST IS THE COLLECTION AND SYNTHESIS OF OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION BASED UPON STUDENT AND COUNSELOR PERCEPTIONS OF WHICH OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION IS MOST VALUABLE, THE PREPARATION OF DATA ABOUT 55 OCCUPATIONS IN HOSPITAL CAREERS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WORKABLE, EFFICIENT, ECONOMICAL SYSTEM OF DISSEMINATION AND RETRIEVAL, AND THE PREPARATION OF AUXILIARY MATERIALS. THE SECOND IS THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF THE "VIEWSCRIPT" MATERIAL IN ORDER TO REFINE THE CONTENT OF THE CARD MATERIAL, AND TO TEST THE EASE OF USE AND ACCEPTANCE BY STUDENTS AND FACULTY. A DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, INSTRUCTIONS FOR THEIR USAGE, AND EVALUATION IN THE SCHOOLS PARTICIPATING IN THE PILOT PROJECT IS INCLUDED. THE FUTURE ACTIVITIES OF THE CENTER WILL INCLUDE EXPANDING THE "VIEWSCRIPT" APPROACH TO MANY OCCUPATIONS, FOLLOWING-UP OF GRADUATES OF LOCAL SECONDARY SCHOOL TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL PROGRAMS, AND SELECTING OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS TO RECEIVE THE "VIEWSCRIPT" MATERIALS. THIS SPEECH WAS PRESENTED AT THE AMERICAN PERSONNEL AND GUIDANCE ASSOCIATION CONVENTION (SESSION 266, NEW YORK, APRIL 6, 1966). (PS)

OBJECTIVES WERE--(1) TO IDENTIFY AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATIONS AND JOB TITLES IN PENNSYLVANIA AND TO ESTIMATE THE CURRENT NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AND ANNUAL ENTRY OPPORTUNITIES, (2) TO LIST COMPETENCIES NEEDED FOR ENTRY AND ADVANCEMENT AND TO DETERMINE JOB CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS SALARY, REQUIRED EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE, AND DESIRED RESIDENTIAL BACKGROUND, AND (3) TO GROUP JOB TITLES BY COMPETENCIES. DATA WERE OBTAINED BY INTERVIEWING MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL OF 1,440 BUSINESSES AND SERVICES IN 29 PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES. SOME FINDINGS WERE--(1) EMPLOYERS EXPECT A 14 PERCENT INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES NEEDING AGRICULTURAL COMPETENCIES IN THE NEXT 5 YEARS, (2) THREE OCCUPATIONAL AREAS, AGRICULTURAL SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT, LIVESTOCK, DAIRY, AND POULTRY PRODUCTS, AND ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE, ACCOUNT FOR 74 PERCENT OF THE BUSINESSES, AND (3) TO PROVIDE TRAINED PERSONS, EACH SCHOOL TEACHING AGRICULTURE WILL HAVE TO PROVIDE 12 GRADUATES FOR FULL-TIME EMPLOYMENT AND SIX GRADUATES FOR PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT PER YEAR. TABULAR DATA INCLUDE JOB TITLES BY OCCUPATIONAL FAMILIES, LEVELS OF TRAINING BY COMPETENCY FACTORS NEEDED TO ADVANCE IN THE OCCUPATIONS, PREFERRED RESIDENTIAL BACKGROUND AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL DESIRED OF NEW EMPLOYEES, AND ANNUAL SALARY BY OCCUPATIONAL LEVEL OF EMPLOYMENT. (PS)

THE PROVISION OF OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION ON MICROFILM APERTURE CARDS (VIEW) IS VALUABLE TO BOTH STUDENTS AND COUNSELORS. THIS SYSTEM CAN INCREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SCHOOL VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE SERVICE BECAUSE THE MATERIALS ARE EASY TO READ WITH CURRENT, WELL-ORGANIZED INFORMATION. COUNSELORS PERCEIVE VIEW MATERIALS AS AN AID WHICH SAVES TIME AND INCREASES THE AMOUNT OF INFORMATION AVAILABLE. THE VIEW SYSTEM ATTRACTS STUDENTS, WHO HAD NOT USED OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION FREQUENTLY, TO THE USE OF OCCUPATIONAL FILES. STUDENT REACTION TO THE PROJECT IS FAVORABLE. THE VIEW SYSTEM ALSO INCREASES INTERSTAFF PARTICIPATION. ACTIVITIES OF THE CAREER INFORMATION CENTER DURING THE 1966-67 YEAR HAVE SHOWN THAT--(1) A SUMMER WORKSHOP FOR COUNSELORS WHICH PROVIDES INSTRUCTION IN VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE AND EXPERIENCE IN ENTRY LEVEL OCCUPATIONS IS VALUABLE, (2) POSITIVE COMMUNITY REACTION TO THE VIEW PROJECT AND TO A SUMMER WORKSHOP EXISTS, AND (3) VOCATIONAL TRAINING PROVIDED BY THE JUNIOR COLLEGES IS PERCEIVED BY THE STUDENTS AS NECESSARY AND VALUABLE IN THEIR CHOSEN CAREER. (PS)