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A summer field survey off Point Barrow, Alaska, revealed a growth of photosynthetic diatoms in Arctic sea ice. The diatoms are found in a brine solution in microfissures between ice crystals on the underside of the ice. The chlorophyl content of this layer is 100 times that of the surrounding sea waters. Arctic sea ice is found to be neither a closed frozen system that disallows transportation of nutrient substances nor a completely inactive biochemical habitat owing to the extremely low tempereture. Glaciologically it is a kind of seasonal nutrient metabolism associated with desalinization of sea ice and photosynthesis by diatoms. A considerable fraction of the primary production of the Arctic Sea may occur in sea ice.

This paper describes the results of meteorological surface and aerological observations at Syowa Station from February 10, 1973 to January 31, 1974. The main subjects of observations, the method, and the equipments are the same as the previous year. Observed results were regularly sent to World Meteorological Centre in Melbourne via Mawson Station. Some meteorological characteristics of this year are as follows: 1) A long spell of blizzard in the first decade of April had daily maximum wind speeds exceeding 20 m/s recorded every day for 10 consecutive days. 2) On the early morning of 12 May, air temperature rose up to 1.4℃. This was the highest record for May since observation started at Syowa Station. 3) Gold weather in July and August brought monthly mean temperatures for July and August to the lowest ever observed at Syowa Station. 4) The rate of actual sunshine duration to the possible sunshine in November was 71%. This value was the largest number for this month at Syowa Station. 5) Sudden warming in the lower stratosphere was observed quasiperiodicaly from early September. A temperature rise in the warming period from 30 October to 6 November was about 30℃ at 30 mb pressure level.

This paper reports the summary of the data of the surface meteorological observations carried out during the period from June to December in 1972 at Mizuho Camp, East Antarctica. Obtained results are as follows: The differences of the pressures at Mizuho Camp and Syowa Station averaged over ten days and those of the temperatures were 240-265 mb and 13-23℃. The wind speed averaged over ten days was strongest in June and decreased almost linearly from June to December. The frequency distribution of wind speed was of roughly the Gaussian distribution with the peak at about 11 m/s. The prevailing wind direction was ESE and almost the same as the direction of the sastrugi and the slope in the vicinity of Mizuho Camp. The frequency of the prevailing wind direction was about 60% regardless of month. When the wind direction changed counterclockwise from ESE to N, the wind speed decreased and the temperature became higher. The diurnal variation of wind speed was similar to that at Syowa Station.

This paper describes the results of meteorological surface and aerological observations at Syowa Station from February 1, 1972 to February 10, 1973. The main subjects of observations, the method, and the equipments are the same as the previous year. Observed results (surface observation at 00, 06, 09, 12, 15, 18 GMT and aerological observation at 00 GMT) were sent to World Meteorological Centre in Melbourne via Mawson Station based on the WMO code, and were recorded according to the WMO regulations. Meteorological characters observed this year are as follows: 1) Temperature in the first half of this year was a little lower than the average but was unusualy high in August and September. 2) Snow accumulation in August and September was larger than in normal years, 3) The sunshine duration in the latter half was extremely shorter than in normal years, arid consequently, the thawing of snow was very slow. 4) Sudden warming in the lowci stratosphere was observed clearly since October 8. For instance, the isotherm of -50℃ was found to shift downward periodically, with a period of 11 or 12 days. 5) A rainbow was observed on the early moring of December 17. 1972. This was the first recoid ever since Syowa Station was opened. Moreover, we carried out observations of drifting snow, total amount of ozone, amount of evaporation, katabatic wind as well as atmospheric ozone, electricity and long wave radiation using a specially desinged radiosonde.

In this paper are reported 15 taxa of diatom. Among these taxa, Amphora holsatica HUST., Amphora veneta KUTZ., Gomphonema angustatum (KUTZ.) RABENH., Navicula mutica KUTZ. Var. goeppertiana (BLEISCH) GRUNOW, Navicula muticopsis van HEURCK var. muticopsis f. murrayi (W. & G. S. WEST) KO-BAYASHI, Navicula simplex KRASSKE, Navicula sp., Nitzschia dubia W. SM. Var. australis M. PERAGALLO, Pinnularia cymatopleura W. & G. S. WEST and Stauroneis perminuta GRUNOW were observed on Ongul Island for the first time.

In this paper are reported 18 taxa of diatom. Among these taxa, Achnanthes brevipes var. intermedia, Cyclotella stelligera, Cymbella tumida, Diatoma hiemale var. mesodon, Frustulia rhomboides, Gomphonema acuminatum var. coronata, Navicula muticopsis f. murrayi, Nav. radiosa var. tenella, Pinnularia gibba, P. g. var. parva, Stauroneis anceps, Synedra acus and S. ulna var. oxyrhynchus are newly recorded from East Ongul Island

When the writer visited the McMurdo Station in December, 1962, as an observer of the United States Antarctic Research Program, the writer had an opportunity of investigating fresh-water algae at Cape Royds on December 10, 1962. W. & G. S. WEST made a thesis on the algae at Cape Royds in 1911 ; however, the present writer reports the results of his own investigation below. As the writer, on the occasion of his expedition, was given kind cooperation from Dr. T. O. JOHNES, Mr. E. E. GOODALE of U. S. A. R. P., Dr. TAKESHI NAGATA and Dr. TETSUYA TORII, the writer wishes to express his sincere thanks to them. According to the map, there are about 9 lakes at Cape Royds, but the writer investigated 9 lakes, among which 5 were discribed on the map, but 2 not described. (Fig. 1) From these lakes, the writer collected 29 materials and made microscopic examination. The table 1 shows the correlation of circumstantial factors of every lake and growing of algae in groups. Judging from the above table 1, in fresh-water lake (Cl' 123 mg/l), growing was Navicula muticopsis association in brackish lake with little salt content (Cl' ca. 1 g/l), it was Tropidoneis laevissima association ; and in brackish lake with much salt content (Cl' ca. 3 g/l), it was Nitzschia sp. association. The correlation of salt content of lake water and Navicula muticopsis association and Tropidoneis laevissima association showed the same tendency to what the writer observed at Sinnan Rock at Prince Olav Coast in 1962. Among the 19 kinds of algae which were found at Cape Royds, 12 kinds were endemic species and 7 kinds were cosmopolitan species. Endemic species were more than cosmopolitan species, holding 63% of the whole number. Preferential species were all endemic ones. On the algae around Syowa Base, proportion of endemic species in all the algae at the Syowa Base was not so large and cosmopolitan species were apt to become more superior ones than endemic ones. Syowa Base is at approx. 69°S and McMurdo Station is at approx. 78°S. The difference of 9° latitude, -so did the writer find-gives great effect to the growing of algae at the Antarctic.

Upon the request by Dr. H. MEGURO and others, the writer investigated the algae obtained by melting brown-colored sea ice collected at Point Barrow in Alaska in August 1964. The following is the result of investigation on part of the above material. Taxonomic study of the diatoms in the Arctic colored sea ice was made by CLEVE & GRUNOW (1880), CLEVE (1883), GRUNOW (1884), OESTERUP (1895), GRAN (1900), etc., and the diatoms in the Antarctic colored ice were studied by FUKUSHIMA (1961) and MEGURO (1961). The writer recognized about 40 kinds of diatoms in the material investigated this time. Among the above, 15 were not identified. Most of the identified diatoms and dominant species were endemic species of the Arctic Ocean. The writer cannot give a definite conclusion here becouse he investigated only one material, but the flora of the Antarctic colored ice seems to be largely different from that of the Arctic colored ice. The common point is that in either case, it is regarded as diatoms and also as dominant species, but, in the case of the Antarctic, cosmopolitan species were relatively abundant in association with endemic species of the Antarctic, and dominant species was sometimes also the endemic species of the Antarctic, sometimes cosmopolitan species ; in the case of the materials from the Arctic Ocean, most were endemic species of the Arctic and dominant species was also endemic species of the Arctic.

The author investigated the flora, particularly on algae, of the Shin-nan Rock Ice-free Area, on the Prince Olav Coast in the Antarctic Continent, on Feb. 10, 1961. As a result of microscopic observations of the samples in 28 bottles which were collected from four ponds, 34 diatoms have been identified. The environmental factors and the number of species at each station are as follows: The most common character of diatoms in each pond is that the number of individuals of each species is few. More species are found adhering to stones on the bottom of ponds than in the sands on the bottom. In one of the pond, St. 4, several individuals of four peragic species, namely, Coscinodiscus sp., Fragilariopsis antarctica, Fragilariopsis cylindrus, Fragilariopsis obliquecostata, which are common in the adjacent sea, are found, but in other ponds the number of individuals is not so large. This is probably ascribed to the fact that St. 4 is located nearer to the sea and lower above the sea level than other stations. Peragic diatoms have been often found in the ponds and lakes of the Antarctic regions (CARLSON, 1912, NEGORO, 1961) and also in the ponds of the Shin-nan Rock Ice-free Area. Hantzschia amphioxys and Diploneis sp. are found in each of the 28 samples, an Nitzschia palea is common in three samples. In Syowa Base and in the Antarctic ragions, Hantzschia amphioxys and Navicula muticopsis are abundant, often becoming dominant species, but are very few in the Shin-nan Rock Ice-free Area. In conclusion, diatom vegetation in the Shin-nan Rock Ice-free Area appears to be different from that in the neighbourhood of Syowa Base. Among the 34 species of diatoms which are found in this area, only the following four are endemic species, Fragilariopsis antarctica, Fragilariopsis obliquecostata, Navicula muticopsis, Tropidoneis laevissima, while others are common species.

1957年3月から1958年2月までの昭和基地の風向,風速,気温について,毎時の観測値を整理した結果を報告する.(1)風向 最多風向は3, 4,5の各月はNEで,その他の月はNNE,南よりの風(SE-SW)は4,5,9,12,2の各月に多く,静穏は7,8,9の3ヶ月に多い.1年を通じては,全観測回数の約60%はNNE-ENEの風である.(2)風速 風力9以上(20.8m/s以上)は3,7,8の各月に多く,それぞれの月の約6%風力3以下(3.4m/s以下)は8,9,10,12,2の各月に多く,それぞれの月の60%を越す.風速の日変化は,10月から2月までは規則的で,最大は5時前後,最小は20時前後である.(3)気温 1年を通じ,0℃以上は全観測回数の8%,-30℃以下は1%で,0.0-9.9℃が45%を占める.旬平均値によると,低温と弱風速および南よりの風がよく対応している.

This paper describes the results of meteorological observations (surface and aerological) at Syowa Station between 1 February, 1970 and 20 February, 1971. Method and instruments of observation are the same as in 1969. Observed results were regularly sent to Mawson Station. Some meteorological characters of this year are as follows ; 1) Temperature in the winter season was lower than the average. 2) Continuation of bad weather was experienced in April, May and July. 3) Snow accumulation was larger than that of the preceding year. 4) Strato-warming at 50mb (20km) level was one week later than the preceding year. The observations of total amount of ozone were carried out on every suitable day through the year except the polar night intervals. A specialy designed long-term meteorograph was installed at Mizuho Camp (70°42.1'S, 44°17.5'E) on 21 July, 1970.

Groups of mosses were found at 30 spots on West Ongul Island, which is about 4.1 km east-west, about 3.5 km north-south, and is situated near Syowa Station, Antarctica. The total area of the moss groups is about 750 m^2. The surface of the moss groups is remarkably uneven. It was noticed that in the elevated parts the sand beneath the mosses is always elevated, and the moss layer is usually thin. Dead mosses are common. Blue-green algae grow in abundance among the mosses. In the depressed parts, the moss layer is thick and the color is green or brown. Mosses in these depressions are flourishing. It is possible that the uneven surface has resulted from freezing, which uplifted both sand and mosses, so that the mosses became undergrown due to lack of water. In the depressions the moss groups are covered with sand, several millimeters thick, which was probably drifted by blizzard. The mosses beneath the sand are green and flourishing, whereas those in the exposed parts are brown and undergrown. This may be explained by the difference in moisture.

Diatoms of South Georgia were reported in four papers up to the present, one by P. F. REINSCH (1890), one by G. W. F. CARLSON (1913) and the remaining two by KO-BAYASHI (1963 and 1965). REINSCH recorded 19 kinds (including verieties and species) and CARLSON recorded 45 kinds (also including varieties and species). KO-BAYASHI investigated 3 kinds of diatoms (1 in 1963 and 2 in 1965) in the study of variations of Antarctic diatoms. As the Antarctic Research Expedition of the Tokyo University of Fisheries, headed by the late Professor Takeharu KUMAGORI, gave the writer the materials collected at South Georgia during the research from 1961 to 1962, the writer reports the results of investigation on 3 specimens (Nos. 1, 2 and 7). The materials are the same as those investigated by KO-BAYASHI. As a result of this investigation, the writer found 49 kinds of diatoms. Therefore, the total number of kinds in the existing record and the writer's record of South Georgia diatoms becomes 93. Among these diatoms, species of South Georgia were Achnanthes mulleri and Navicula megacuspidata, that of the Antarctic inland water was Navicula muticopsis, and that of the Antarctic ocean was Cocconeis inperatrix. Even when the endemic species of South Georgia were regarded as Antarctic species, Antarctic diatoms were only 4 species, that is less than 10% of all. Judging from this fact, diatoms of South Georgia are almost cosmopolitan species and not characteristic to the Antarctic waters. Besides, some species that are known to be abundant in northern Europe were found though in a small quantity ; thay are Achnanthes plonensis, Eunotia robusta var. tetraodon, Navicula cocconeiformis and Navicula pseudoscutiformis.

Thirteen taxa were identified, of which eight were Antarctic endemic species and five were cosmopolitan. In the first material in which dominant species could be found, Antarctic endemic Navicula muticopsis was dominant. Thus, it may be concluded that in the diatoms distributed around McMurdo Station an Antarctic endemic factor is stronger than a cosmopolitan factor.

Continuous observations of geomagnetic pulsations were carried out from July 20 to 29, 1970 at Mizuho Camp which had been established by the llth wintering party of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition as a scientific observatory in the Antarctic inland area. The geomagnetic pulsations were measured with an induction magnetometer and were recorded simultaneously using both a PWM data recorder and a pen-oscillograph. Similar observations were made at Syowa Station which is about 300 km northwest of Mizuho Camp. By comparing the data from these two stations, it is noticed that PC 2, 3 and Pi 1 pulsations usually occur concurrently at both the stations, whereas Pi bursts often occur at only one station, suggesting that the occurrences of Pi bursts are restricted within small area.

The continuous seismic reflection profiling was made in 1965-1966 during the 7th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition This paper reports on the structure of sediments on the continental slope along the west coast of the Australian continent, as a part of the results The pneumatic gun of Lament Geological Observatory type was used as the sound source The ship's track is given in Fig 1 Photographic records are presented in Figs 3, 4, 6 and 8. Line drawings from these photographic records are presented in Figs 5, 7, 9 and 10 In these pictures, horizontal distances are given in terms of the ship's navigation time One hour navigation of the ship gives approximately 22km of distance, as the ship ran at a rate of 12 kt during the observation Depths of the sea bottom and each reflector are given in two way reflection travel time in seconds. The whole area of observation is divided into three regions depending on the character of structure of sediments Each region is numbered from the north to the south. Schematic illustrations of Fig. 11 show the character of structure of sediments in each region This division may not have practically any geological significance, since there is only one profile running parallel to the continental slope of the Australian continent

On the coastal region of Antarctica (from 39°E to 49°E) many ponds and pools are found on bare rocks during the summer. Limnological observations of these ponds and pools were carried out in four places. The water is considered to originate in melted snow. The temperature of the surface water ranged between 1℃ and 14℃ by solar radiation. This is intersting considering the fact that the air temperature was below 5℃. Some algae were found on the bottom. Nutrient salts are very poor; traces of P0_3, N0_2, NH_3 were detected. Si0_2 is 20-30 mμ/1. Dissolved oxygen is 7-9 cc/1 and saturated at this temperature. On the coast of Rena Bay (67°20'S, 49°15'E) a small amount of soil was found near a glacier

A recommendation to scientific objectives of the polar rocket measurements is presented with respect to studies on the relationship between the magnetospheric plasma and the aurora breakup stages or substorms. The qualitative consideration on the wave-particle interaction in a turbulence involving the plasma instability and nonlinear interactions suggests a possibility of energetic aurora particle production in the magnetospheric plasma. This should be investigated quantitatively using a correlated observation system established between the polar rockets and the orbiting satellites in the magnetosphere. Conventional parameters, which describe the aurora and the substorm, such as the magnetic field, particle energy spectrum, electron density and photo-chemical productions, should also be measured by the rockets, while the electric field spectrum in the turbulent plasma will be measured by the satellites being correlated with the energetic particle spectrum in the magnetosphere.

As a part of the proceedings of "Symposium on future planning of rocket observation at Antarctica", problems of the rocket experiments on plasma wave phenomena are briefly discussed. Engineering requirements for the rocket experiments of the wave phenomena in the future are first described and then scientific missions of plasma wave observations and experiments at Antarctica are discussed.

南極Lutzow-Holm湾沖で採集したプランクトンアイス中の植物性プランクトン(主として硅藻Fragilariopsis cylindricaのcarotenoids色素を抽出し,アルミナのカラムにより9つの分画を得た.アルミナに対する吸着度及び吸収スペクトルにより最も多量に含まれるのはflavoxanthinであり,他にlutein様carotenoidsも確認した.従来硅藻に通常含まれていると考えられているcarotenesの分画がなく,親水性の水酸基を2個以上持つと考えられる分画が8分画を占めた.プランクトンアイス中の硅藻が通常の硅藻とそのcarotenoidsの組成が異なる点は,その特殊な光合成環境から考えて興味深いものがある.

南極Victoria LandのDry ValleyにあるVanda湖の湖水と土壌の菌類相の研究を行なった.本研究の全供試試料は著者らの2人,鳥居鉄也および杉山純多によって,1964年12月から1965年1月の期間にVanda湖とその周辺で採取されたものである.分離培地3種類(potato-glucose agar, Czapek's solution agar, glucose-glutamate agar),その食塩濃度(0,30g/l, 100g/l),分離温度2段階(25℃,10℃)という条件下で約200の菌株が分離された 湖の表層から湖底へいくに従い分離菌株数は増加する傾向が観察され,特に湖底の堆積物中からは,25℃の培養条件下で最も多くの菌株が分離された Vanda湖の表面から湖底までの温度とCl^-含量の変化を考慮すると,上の事実は興味深い.

The author investigated the diatoms in inland waters around Molodezhnaya Station and Mirny Station. Seven materials from the former station were collected by the 7th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition on February 4, 1966, and five materials from the latter station were collected by Dr T MATSUDA, Department of Polar Research, National Science Museum, in February 1965. Seven taxa of diatoms were found from two lakes around Molodezhnaya Station, and five of them could be identified. Of these five diatoms, Fragilanopsis antarctica and F. obhquecostata are Antarctic Ocean endemic species, and Navicula muticopsis is antarctic endemic species. From this fact, we can say that inland water diatoms around Molodezhnaya Station have a stronger cosmopolitan factor than an Antarctic factor. Ten taxa of diatoms were found in the five materials from around Mirny Station. Of them, Fragilanopsis curta, F. obhquecostata and F rhombica are Antarctic Ocean endemic species, and Navicula muticopsis v. muticopsis f muhcopsis and N. m v m f. munayi are Antarctic inland water endemic species. N. muticopsis v. muticopsis f. muticopsis, mentioned above, was dominant in two of the five materials, and Pinnulana boreahs which is a cosmopolitan species, was dominant in one material This fact suggests that the inland water diatom flora around Mirny Station has a strong Antarctic endemic factor as well as a strong cosmopolitan factor.

プランクトンアイスは南極海のパックアイス中で広く見られる,プランクトンの繁殖により著しく着色された海氷である.海氷の面から見れば,この現象はプランクトンの増殖により着色した部分が選択的にとかされ,海氷の積雪層と海氷層とがサンドイッチをはがすように上下2層に分別する,融氷の1形式であり,生物学的には,ケイソウ(diatoms)を主とする1群の植物性プランクトン生活環の1形式である.すなわち,海氷上の積雪層で水面下にある部分にプランクトンが侵入増殖して,これを着色せしめるほどの量にまでなる.このプランクトンの数は通常の海水中のそれの10倍以上にも達する.生活環境としてのプランクトンアイスは,温度,日光の供給,空気,栄養塩の諸点からみて,一般に考えられている程きびしい異常のものではない.

Microfossil analysis was made on the three cores collected in the offing of Enderby Land. The core of St. 4 was 32 cm, that of St. 7 was 38 cm and that of St. 8 was 15 cm in length. The core of St. 4 was divided into 25 materials, each being cut into approximately 1 cm pieces. The cores of St. 7 and St. 8 were divided into 36 materials and 11 materials respectively in the same way as the care of St. 4. Then, microfossil analysis was made on each material. In each material, Fragilariopsis was found dominant. It amounted to more than 90% of the total microfossils in the case of the core of St. 8, about 90% in the case of St. 7 and about 80% in the case of St. 4. F. antarctica predominated among these Fragilariopsis, occupying about 70% of the total microfossils in the case of St. 8, about 65% in the case of St. 4 and about 60% in the case of St. 7. F. antarctica was found almost uniformly, but, it suddenly decreased at a spot 26-31 cm deep from the surface. Several percent of two species of Coscinodiscus were found and the total amount of diatoms suddenly decreased at this spot only. By these reasons, it is considered that the ocean condition when the bottom deposits weie accumulated was a little different from that of other spots. However, as this change was not clear at the same spot of St. 7, no definite conclusion can be drawn from the insufficient data now available to the writers. It may be that the amount of moraine which was brought to this ocean area increased due to partial change in glacier activity. The place where the cores ware collected is free from ice-floe in midsummer, but is full of it in other seasons. Therefore, the writers considered it is either a deposits of diatoms which grow on ice-floe and color it brown, or a deposit of planktons. According to the writers' unpublished data, the dominant species which grows on ice-floe was F. cylindrus and the subdominant species was F. curta. In view of the fact that the dominant species of planktons near ice-floe was F. antarctica, it can be said that the ocean bottom deposit in the spot where the cores were collected consists of the plankton remains.

The Kasumi Rock Ice-Free Area is located at 68°21'5"1.S. and 42°15'13"1.E. This area seems to have experienced not so many years since the glacial epoch, as no evidence of weathering nor weathered rocks were found there. Moss and lichen were not seen either. Only moraines were found in some places. 30 algae samples from 8 ponds were collected in polyethylene bottles. The time available for detailed investigation of the environmental factors was too short. The result is outlined in Table 1. The investigated ponds are 10-100 meters in diameter and less than 60cm in depth. The contents of nutritious salts (P, NH_3, N0_2) in these ponds are so small that a quantitative analysis was impossible, just like the case of the Shin-nan Rock Area. The SiO_2 content was 19-20 mg/l (standard). Ponds in the Kasumi Rock Area can be classified into two groups, one is of fresh water ponds and the other is of brackish water ponds. The former includes Stations 1 and 8, and the other has 5 stations (Stations 2-7). Concerning PH, the former was a little acidic and the latter was alkaline. The Kasumi Rock fresh water ponds contain much more Chlor ion than those of the Shin-nan Rock Area. Station 1 has 358 mg/l Chlor ion. In the brackish water ponds, the Chlor ion content varies with pond, and ranges from 4,959 to 9,523 mg/l. This is ca. 1/2-1/4 of Chlor ion in sea water. Almost all these brackish water ponds contain hydrogen sulfide and have a smell. Their bottom mud is black. In the ponds of the Kasumi Rock Area, blue-green algae and diatoms are predominant, whereas in the Shin-nan Rock Area only blue-green algae are found. The algal vegetation at Kasumi Rock is characterized by diatoms: Diatoms flora of the fresh water ponds differs from that of the brackish water ponds. The former belongs to the Navicula muticopsis association, and the latter to the Navicula cryptocephala var. intermedia-Navicula cryptocephala-Tropidoneis laevissima association. The writer found 46 taxon of diatoms in these ponds. Among 34 taxon already identified, 24 taxon were salt water species. The rest 12 taxon have not yet been identified. Station 1 (Fresh water pond). 6 samples: Navicula muticopsis and 6 other taxon. Navicula muticopsis association. Station 2 (Brackish water pond). 6 samples: Navicula cryptocephala var. intermedia and 16 other taxon. Navicula cryptocephala var. intermedia association. Station 3 (Brackish water pond). 2 samples: Navicula cryptocephala var. intermedia, N. cryptocephala, Tropidoneis laevissima and 16 other taxon. Navicula cryptocephala var. intermedia -N. cryptocephala- Tropidoneis laevissima association. Station 4 (Brackish water pond). 2 samples: Navicula cryptocephala, N. c. var. intermedia, and 4 other taxon. Navicula cryptocephala-N. c. var. intermedia association. Station 5 (Brackish water pond). 2 samples: Navicula cryptocephala var. intermedia and 15 other taxon. Navicula cryptocephala var. intermedia association. Station 6 (Brackish water pond). 2 samples: Navicula cryptocephala var. intermedia, Tropidoneis laevissima and 8 other taxon. Navicula cryptocephala var. intermedia-Tropidoneis laevissima association. Station 7 (Brackish water pond). 9 samples: Tropidoneis laevissima, Navicula cryptocephala var. intermedia, Navicula cryptocephala and 28 other taxon. Tropidoneis laevissima-Navicula cryptocephala var. intermedia-Navicula cryptocephala association. Station 8 (Fresh water pond). 1 sample: Navicula muticopsis and 2 other taxon. Comparing the diatom from the Shin-nan Rock Ice-Free Area with those from the Kasumi Rock Ice-Feee Area, it is known that the kinds and the number of individuals are less in the former area. The writer found that the latter area had many more salt water diatoms than in the former, probably due to the brackish pond existing there.

VLF emissions were observed at Syowa Station by the 11th wintering party of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition in 1970-1971. The present paper deals particularly with the records of auroral hiss emissions, which are believed to be emitted by precipitating electrons in the aurora. It is shown that the power spectrum of the hiss emissions is confined in the low-frequency range between 4-32kHz if the auroral arcs lie near the poleward horizon of Syowa Station, while it is extended to frequencies as high as 128kHz if the active auroral arcs appear near the zenith. This can be explained by differences in the height of the emission region and in the propagation path of the hiss in the ionosphere : the high-frequency (～64kHz) hiss is emitted at low altitudes of 1000-1500km, its propagation path being limited to a narrow region near the location of the auroral arcs, while the low-frequency (～8kHz) hiss is emitted at higher altitudes of 3000-3500km, its propagation path spreading widely due to the refraction effect in the ionosphere.

The present authors reviewed the history of research and contributions in Antarctic mycology. Beginning with the first original study by EKELOF (1907, 1908) on the molds from the soil at Snow Hill Island, east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula (material collected during the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1901-1903, led by NORDENSKJOLD), a number of reports concerning the fungi in Antarctica have been made in subsequent years. Particularly since the International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958, many studies have been made by mycologists of the fungi in Antarctica, e. g., Phycomycetes (HARDER and PERSIEL, 1962), yeasts (DI MENNA, 1960, 1966a, 1966b ; SONEDA, 1961), molds (TUBAKI, 1961a, 1961b ; CORTE and DAGLIO, 1962, 1963 ; TUBAKI and ASANO, 1965), and mushrooms (SINGER, 1954, 1957 ; SINGER and CORTE, 1962). Recently, SIEBURTH (1965) presented a comprehensive review on the development of studies in microbiology of Antarctica in general.

On February 20, 1961, the writer collected algae in the Kasumi Rock ice-free area, which is located around 68°21' S and 42°13' E, on the Prince Olav Coast, Antarctica, and reported already on the diatom flora thereof (FUKUSHIMA, 1962). Since the writer has finished investigation of the algae of the above-mentioned material except diatom, the algal vegetation in this area is reported here. Among the algae from the Kasumi Rock area, diatom was the largest in the number of species, followed by blue-green algae and then by green algae. In quantity, blue-green algae was larger than diatom, but in a brackish pond, a king of green algae (ex. Chlorococcum sp.) grew so abundantly that sometimes the sequence of quantity became green algae, blue-green algae, then green algae. Of the blue-green algae found in the Kasumi Rock area, specific identification could be made on 9 taxa. Only 1 taxon of them was Antarctic endemic species, having such a small number of individuals that it may be said that almost all blue-green algae of this area cosmopolitan. In diatom, most were Antarctic endemic species ; in the number of individuals, too, Antarctic endemic species were more than cosmopolitan ones in the case of fresh water, whereas in the case of brackish pond cosmopolitan ones were far more than endemic ones. In myxophyceae (blue-green algae), cosmopolitan species were far more than endemic ones in both fresh water and brackish water.

The auroral observations carried out by the 11th wintering party of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition, 1970-1971, are ; 1. Photographic, observations of auroras with 16mm and 35mm all-sky cameras on routine basis. 2. Visual and photographic observations of auroras. 3. Observations of the space and time variations of proton auroras with the H_β tilting-filter meridian-scanning photometer and electron auroras with the multicolor meridian-scanning photometers. 4. Observations of auroral pulsations with the zenith photometers. The principal aim of these observations is to study the dynamical morphology of proton and electron auroras during magnetospheric substorms. A high time-resolution scanning photometer was constructed to measure the H_β emissions in proton auroras. The equipment consists of the coelostat for scanning the sky along the geomagnetic meridian and the tilting-filter photometer for detecting the intensity and Doppler shift of the H_β emission. The scanning period of the coelostat was 45s, and the tilting period of the filter was 1s. The lower threshold of the detection was 0.25R/Å. In order to study the space and time variations of the electron flux and energy spectra of auroral electrons, observations with the multicolor meridian-scanning photometers were carried out. The scanning period of these photometers was 5s. The observed emission lines were N_2^+_λ4278, OI_λ5577 and OI_λ6300. The minimum detectable intensities of the photometers were 100R, 100R and 30R, respectively for these emissions. The photographic observations were carried out with an improved model of 35mm all-sky camera mounted with a fish-eye lens.

この報告でプランクトン氷が南氷洋の1次生産に与える影響について,主として水中と氷中とのプランクトンの種類組成と量の比較から検討を行なった.底型プランクトン氷域-この海域のプランクトンは底型プランクトン氷で生産され,それが海中に放出されたものが大きい比重をしめており,海水中の生産はさほど大きい比重をしめていない.表面型プランクトン氷域-春夏の植物プランクトンは表面型プランクトン氷から放出されたケイ藻が優勢であったが,秋では優占種が異なってきていた.この優占種の遷移にはEuphasiaの捕食が大きい役割をしていると考えられる.冬期結氷域-この海域ではまだプランクトン氷を見出していないが,12月にはプランクトンが多く,3月にいちじるしく減少していることや,種類組成から,この海域でも海氷による生産があったのかもしれない

東オングル島には小さい池が20あまりと小さい川が2つと到る所に湿地がみられるがこれらには次のように淡水藻が豊富にみられた.1.池 池底の砂の中には大抵の池にはSynechococcusが普通にみられ,Oscillatoria,Anabaena,Nodularia,Nostoc,Phormidumなどのラン藻類が多くみられた.2,3の池では緑藻のChlamydomonasがかなり沢山みられ,Peniumも時々みうけた.ケイ藻ではNaviculaが比較的に広く分布しており,Hantzschiaも普通にみられた.2,3の池では池底の石がラン藻のDichothrixのために暗青色を呈していた.また2,3の池ではラン藻Nostocのコロニーが沢山集まっているのがみとめられた.池の藻類は種,量共にラン藻が大変多く,Synechococcus,Dichothrix,Nostocが優占種であった.2,3の池では緑藻Chlamydomonasが優占種であった.ケイ藻のNavicula,緑藻のPeniumは亜優占種で比較的広くみられた.2.川 1つの川では藻類が豊富で,底の石には緑藻のUlothrixが附着し,ケイ藻のNavicula,Hanlzschia,ラン藻のNodularia,Oscillatoria,Phormidiumがかなり沢山附着していた.他の川では藻類は大変少なかった.川の藻類は緑藻が優占種でケイ藻,ラン藻は亜優占種であった.3.湿地 残雪や池の周囲にみられるもので,ケイ藻のHantzschiaが優占種で,ケイ藻のNavicua,Pinnularia,ラン藻のAnabaena,Aphanothece,Nodularia,Oscillatoria,Synechococcus緑藻のPeniumがみられた.湿地ではケイ藻が優占種であった.

This is a report on the investigations of 13 algal materials given by Dr. T. TORII, reader of wintering team, 4th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. Dr. T. TORII collected 4 bottles of algae at Ongul Kalven Island in Lutzow-Holm Bay on July 10, 1960, 2 bottles at Hamna in the Antarctic Continent on August 27, 1960 and 7 bottles at Bybog Osane on August 9 and 27, and September 2, 1960. Ongul Kalven Island The writer could not find any diatom in 2 bottles, out of the four. In the rest, 4 kinds of diatoms were found. These were Achnanthes gainii, Charcotia australis, C. irregularis, Coscinodiscus furcatus, the number of individuals being few. Hamna in the Antarctic Continent Diatoms were not found in the materials collected from the icebergs there. Bybog Osane in the Antarctic Continent The place located on the south of the Honhorbrygga Glacier. The materials were collected from the pond. All of the 7 bottles contain diatoms, though the number is different. Amphora sp. and Navicula muticopsis f. murrayi were common but the other (Amphora sp. and Nitzschia dubia v. australis) were very few. The one bottle was Amphora sp. association and the other Navicula muticopsis f. murrani association.

This short note describes the ionospheric effect of 1 keV-electrons incoming possibly from the magnetotail. The rate of the ionization produced through the impact of these electrons is calculated as a function of altitude, and the maximum is found to be 1.85 × 10^3 cm^ s^ at the altitude of 154 km for the isotropic incidence of a flux of 10^8 cm^ s^ ster^. The height profile of the electron density in the equilibrium shows the minor maximum of 8.5 × 10^4 cm^ at the level slightly above the level of the maximum production rate and the major F2 peak of 2.3 × 10^5 cm^ at about 300km. The lifetime of the ionization is estimated to be about 43 minutes for the F2 peak, while the lower layer will fade out shortly after the ceasing of the electron precipitation.

第3次南極観測隊の持ち帰った標品(無菌的に取扱われた)を基として,改変Detmer及び改変Bristol培養液を用い,低温下(5℃),人工光(螢光灯光)のもとで培養を試みた結果,主として緑藻及び藍藻の生育を見た.これらの中,主な固定種はNostoc borneri L. Gain,Phormidium foveolarum(Mont) Gom,Phormidium tenue(Menegh.) Gom.及びChlamydomonas antarctic Willeなどであった.