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The article examines the factors to be considered in eradicating the consequences of animal diseases on the health and social well-being and their consequences in developing countries. The major lethal diseases of cattle in developing countries such as viral disease, hemorrhagic septicemia and protozoal blood parasites were discussed to show some of the problems in order to arrive at decisions of control and eradication. By weighing the various interests and claims of the whole economy, and the social organization of a particular country, a sensible decision to follow a control or eradication policy in a developing country can be achieved.

The article discusses the policy problems and policy perceptions in the National Health Service of Great Britain. It is stated that the policy making studies seems to me to be the failure to develop a basic descriptive vocabulary as the first step towards the development of analytic theory. It is suggested that, in the case of health service policy in Great Britain, the various modes of explanation are all useful, while their explanatory power varies considerably from situation to situation. It is further suggested that a way of conceptualizing policy-making as a sort of multi-dimensional chess is needed by the NHS.

Presents abstracts of research on health services delivery. They include "Policy formulation in health: Some considerations of government constraints on pricing in the health delivery system," by Howard A. Palley, "Health planning in the U.S.S.R.: Are there lessons to be learned?," by Robert S. Daniels and "Medicine in China," by Paul T.K. Lin.

In this paper a behavioral model consisting of sociodemographic, economic, ecological, need, and social psychological variables is developed and used to account for differential patterns of health and illness behavior among members of a pre paid medical group. Data from a sample of students who were enrolled in a university health plan were used to estimate parameters of structural equation models for males and females. The model suggests that social-psychological factors, such as symptom sensitivity and students' appraisal of the services provided, affect the extent to which they seek outside medical care. While medical need and insurance coverage both directly affect the choice of health services, sociodemographic and ecological factors appear largely to affect utilization indirectly through their effect on intervening social-psychological variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A description is presented of how an urgent need for a specific testing procedure was met by a pooling of laboratory planning resources to coordinate a regional laboratory operation under the auspices of a regional health association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses several myths and misconceptions underlying nutritional and health care programs in the U.S. Medical myths have led to the development of health care programs as well as the abolishment of some programs believed to have negative physiological effects. Many health programs developed by the federal government and medical organizations are believed to prevent diseases and responsible for the marked drop in mortality rates and the population boost. However, these myths and misconceptions have greatly affected the design and execution of health programs which has real medical relevance.

The article focuses on the importance of having national surveys and other sources of data needed in planning for comprehensive fertility-related health services in the U.S. The author stated that, it has been called by the Commission on Population Growth and the American Future to implement a system of fertility-related services. However, an aggregate national data that would estimate those in need of the said facility as well as the social cost of providing them must also be taken into consideration. He explained that, the data would serve to prevent the possibility of data gaps.

This study reports on the representational composition of several areawide and subarea comprehensive health planning boards in New York State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes an approach to the management of schools of public health in the U.S. Schools of public health face an uncertain future. Once the gateway and route to careers of leadership in health agencies, they are rapidly losing ground to other educational institutions that prepare young men and women for managerial and policy-making positions. With health organizations increasingly recruiting personnel from non-medical backgrounds, schools of public health are experiencing growing competition from other graduate schools, and even some undergraduate programs, in particular, from schools of public administration, business administration, and management science.

The article offers a critical appraisal of the American public health professions and their loss of influence during the nineteen-seventies. Americans are becoming conscious with regards to health care and are putting emphasis on the performance of all the participants in health and medical affairs. Experts believe that the realization of the entire complex, expensive system of personal health services rests squarely on public health professions. And the advances in public health made during the twentieth century have permitted this nation to make its remarkable commitments to individual personal health services.

A study of Title 19 programs in 54 states and U.S. territories was undertaken to ascertain the extent and manner of implementation of programs to provide health care to children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of an information system for a state health department is considered in terms of cybernetic and information theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study that probes the effectiveness of the public health model created to decrease the availability of firearms to suicidal persons in the U.S. Whether such a program would be worth continuing would depend in part on whether it resulted in a significant reduction in the suicide rate. If there were no significant reduction in the suicide rate, then this program should be terminated. According to the researchers, decreasing the availability of the major means of committing suicide, in the public health model proposed, could be integral to this effort.

Several health care legislative proposals now before Congress are evaluated with regard to their provisions for consumer input, access to health occupations, financial availability, and access to services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functional committee model was developed out of a study intended to enhance the operations and facilitate the development of an area plan for health. The model has been found useful and is considered adaptable for general use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interesting overview is presented of the education of health personnel at various levels in the U.S.S.R. The basic principles underlying the education of physicians and other health workers are elucidated and discussed in relation to the health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the potential of a Cooperative Extension Service to create a new context for the provision of health education services and offers a plan for the use of this potential in the health education of the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many areas of life, court decisions have proven to be our most valuable guidelines. Presently, there are no important landmark cases in the area of health planning. Several minor court decisions have been rendered, however, which have made a few ripples in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a reappraisal of the decline of mortality in Ceylon with special reference to the effects of malaria control after 1945. Before the Second World War there was an association between the level of mortality and the prevalence of malaria by district in Ceylon. There was a rapid decline in mortality during the post-war period which was associated with an island-wide malaria control campaign, an extension of the health services, an improvement in nutrition and some economic development. During this period, the previous inter-district differentials in mortality were eliminated and death rates became homogeneous throughout Ceylon. From a regression model correlating the proportional decline in district mortality with the prevalence of malaria, it is estimated that the malaria control program contributed approximately 23 percent or 23 per thousand to the decline in the national crude death rate, and malaria control was the major factor responsible for the elimination of the pre-war variation in district mortality levels. The conclusions drawn from the present analysis are critically compared with the results of previous studies on the mortality decline in Ceylon.

Operations-research workers have not met with much success in being accepted as integral members of regional-health-planning teams, owing in part to a lack of understanding by health planners of the skills the operations researcher has to offer and in part the analyst's inability to demonstrate that he can close the gap between theoretical modeling and the implementation of his results. This paper explores the growth of regional health planning in the United States and highlights its important problem areas. The literature of operations-research applications to health planning is reviewed critically with respect to the feasibility of models and the appropriateness of assumptions. Specific problems with the types of studies currently in the literature are identified and recommendations are made for improved coordination between operations-research workers and health planners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the health policy issues become increasingly more salient to political scientists as a whole series of major decisions about future causes of action in health emerge before the U.S. President and Congress. State and local governments are also responding to the continued pressure of rising expenditures in health, especially for care of the poor and the medically indigent. On the current national legislative agenda are such items as a major expansion of national health insurance, restructuring of local and state health planning, continuing the commitment to health research and increasing health manpower training support.

Reports on the decision of International of Council of Nurses (ICN) Board of Directors to include a non-discrimination statement in their constitution. Basis of decision on the report from the ICN Special Committee on Constitutions and Regulations; Names of the members of the Special Committee on Constitutions and Regulations; Examination of each section in its constitutions.

Improvement is required in the theoretical bases of health planning in order for needed advances to occur in health planning practice. Four major planning strategies are utilized in other public policy sectors: the rational, the incremental, the mixed scanning and the radical strategies. All four strategies are potentially useful in health planning and their impact is suggested in a health planning situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Department of Health, Education, and We/f are carries major responsibility for implementation of the recommendations made by the President's Panel on Mental Retardation. The department's mental retardation program includes activities related to research, studies, demonstrations, training of professional personnel, services, construction, planning, and income maintenance. Many of these programs are included in the 1963 mental retardation legislation; others operate under authority existing prior to the enactment of these laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insurance against medical care costs has evolved in the United States since the 19th century through a variety of channels, and in California this development has been particularly rich. Evaluation of the numerous plans now in operation requires a conceptual framework which has been constructed along two dimensions: (1) sponsorship of three types (providers of service, cons-timers, and commercial middlemen); (2) medical service pattern of two types (individual and group practice). One or more plans of each of the resultant six types are found in Los Angeles County, where comparative analyses will be made. Outcomes will be explored from the experience of matched populations in each of the plan-types in terms of four sets of variables: (1) quantity of care received, (2) quality of care, (8) attitudes of patients and physicians, and (4) expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of consumer participation on the programs of health plans was studied by comparing six consumer cooperative medical groups with six private physician health plans. General membership participation was found to be minimal. The consumer plans which had greater membership participation and more influential boards of trustees, also had the strongest overall programs. Physician plans generally had stronger medical staffs in terms of specialty coverage. Consumer plans generally had more liberal policies relating to individual enrollment and eligibility for benefits, offered more extra services, and devoted more attention to complaint procedures. Since consumers, physicians and administrators may emphasize different aspects of the health plan, the overall program appears to be strengthened when all groups are represented in policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the major distinctive characteristics of medical services that are medical care as a need, uneven and unpredictable incidence of illness, lack of knowledge, non-profit motive, medical service and education as joint products, and external benefits. In addition to the distinctive characteristics of the services and the unusual features of organization in the medical care industry; the personal experience of the economist constitutes a further problem in his dealings with the health field. Almost every economist who has expressed views on medical care, whether as a result of systematic study, by way of incidental comment, or in illustration of a general principle, has had some exposure to doctors or hospitals, personally or through his family or friends. The reaction is either favorable or unfavorable; it is seldom neutral. Like most citizens the economist also tends to be impressed by technical advances in medicine and to accept at face value the claims of modern medicine to diagnose and treat illness and even to prevent it. He views lack of care as a deprivation, rather than possibly as a form of "conservative" treatment, helping nature along.

In the health insurance movement, the provision of drugs has been one of the medical needs least well met. One prepaid medical care plan has pioneered in an effort to meet this need, and its precise experience is reported in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on public works program. The planning of public works must be closely related to general national planning for the use of human as well as physical resources. Following the liquidation of the National Resources Planning Board in August, 1943, the Budget Bureau by Executive Order 9384, October 4, 1943, was made solely responsible for the advance planning of a national public works program. Such a move is of great interest not only because of the importance today of the federal budget in the national economy, but also because of the Budget Bureau's function as the general administrative staff of the President. The article outlines the developments prior to the issuance of Executive Order 9384, the meaning of the order itself, and what has happened since its issuance, all to the end of knowing whether a federal public works program will be planned and available for use if and when needed. A striking parallel between the status of public works programming at the close of World War I and its status today in the final phases of World War II is further discussed.

This article discusses trends in the development of voluntary health insurance in the U.S. Despite the fact that this an account of events rather than issues, it seems desirable, at the very outset, to define what is meant by the term voluntary health insurance. As generally used, it refers to those plans in which groups of persons make periodic payments into a pooled fund for themselves, and frequently for their dependents, which is utilized in their behalf for medical services when needed. Several plans came into existence as a result of numerous and complex causes. While their essential framework can be traced far back into early Roman history, a rather good case can be made for the argument that the die was really cast when man exchanged status for contract, when the world was emerging from feudalism. The end of feudalism brought with it the end of personal responsibility, where it existed, of the overlord for those bound to him. Great shifts of population took place; new occupations replaced old ones.

This article presents abstracts of health and medical care. It includes "Planning for Social Change: Dilemmas for Health Planning," by John G. Bruhn, "Health Care in China: Put Prevention First," by Susan B. Rifkin, "Medicine and Public Health," by Victor W. Sidel, and "Chinese Herbal Treatment: A Science under Siege," by Anthony Griggs.

The article presents abstracts of articles on health and medical care including "Problems and Prospects for Comprehensive Health Planning," by Cyril Roseman, "The Future of Medical Care Delivery Systems," by Robert S. Daniels, and "The Health Insurance Industry: A Questionable Record," by Allen Y. Zack.

The article presents abstracts related to health and medical care. They include "The City and the Region: A Critical Relationship in the Distribution of Health Resources," "Training Health Students in Comprehensive Health Planning," and "Critical Issues in the Use of Physician Associates and Assistants."

The article presents abstracts of various research on health services. They include "Economics of Health and Public Policy," by Rita Ricardo Campbell, "The Implications of the Differing Perceptions of Urban and Suburban Citizens for Environmental Comprehensive Health Planning" by Roslyn U. Fishman and "Economic Effects of National Health Insurance" by Sylvester E. Berki.

This article explores the significance of community-wide planning for family health and welfare. The astonishing variety of health and welfare services abounding in American communities today bears witness that the intent to "promote the common welfare" has maintained vitality in our society for nearly two hundred years. Continuing nurture of this valuable community asset, however, is a matter which today calls for critical reassessment. A comprehensive look at the great welter of voluntary and tax-supported services shows several disquieting sights. The cost of supporting these services threatens to reach a saturation point. Since 1913, the annual cost of public and voluntary health and welfare services has risen from less than fifty million dollars to an estimated twenty billion. The most disquieting fact of all is that the services are still, on the whole, essentially ameliorative rather than rehabilitative and preventive. It is also true that considerable knowledge has been accumulated which may be applied for preventive purposes.

This article discusses the psychogenic illness and delinquency in childhood. A hungry child is a lonely, irritable, cantankerous, unreasonable child, in other words a hungry child is a sick child. It makes little difference whether the hunger for food, or for affection, security, and a place in the world. His reactions may be the same when he lacks any of these. There seems to be much greater resistance to accepting emotional illness in children than in adults. To many adults it does not seem possible that illness in children can be due to emotional disturbance. And because it does not seem possible, it is difficult for adults to accept the fact. The almost conscious use of illness may show itself in other ways. A child with lower than average intelligence or capabilities may be unable to withstand the constant pressure of his adult world which insists that he succeed. When the pressure becomes overpowering, he may become ill to take off the pressure. Delinquency is much in the news these days and the term, although widely used, has different meaning to different people, and has different causes. In some cases there is organic brain damage or deficit which results in children showing lack of judgment and poor control of their impulses.

The article reports on the study being conducted on the habilitation forecast in mental retardation. Clinical experts identified particulars of their subjective search strategy for mental retardation habilitation forecasting. These particulars were not seen as especially consistent with the cue components for the direction of actual habilitation outcome of clients.

The article focuses on the medical services as provided for persons with mental retardation. Included in the list that are of help to patients are the diagnosis, planning for treatment and programming, prognosis and family counseling and casework. This medical services are considered indispensable, specially upon detection of early identification on the part of the patient in order to address his mental status.

The article presents views and insights of the author on the various aspects of family care placement for mentally retarded children in New York. The Rome State School, an institution of the state Department of Health receive mentally retarded patients of all intelligence levels. The family care program is a foster care initiative assumed by the Department of Mental Hygiene wherein it is responsible for selecting and approving the family care homes. The author discusses the selection criteria and process of mentally retarded children. Several cases of family care placement of mentally retarded children are presented.

The article focuses on the enhancement of patients adjustment through the implementation of group sessions with attendants at the Boy's Home in the U.S. Significantly, the study aims to present an analysis of an experimental attempt at enlightenment for a volunteer group of attendants. Furthermore, the sessions were made as an effort to modify attendant-patient relationships. The growth and movement of the group toward becoming more group-minded through the renovation of the wards and facilities and the significant role of the group leader in the implementation of the program. The author cited the recommendations and suggestions regarding the proper handling of patients by the attendants. Finally, group sessions seem to be of considerable value in the improvement of attendant-patient relationships wherein the result was an improvement in patient behavior.

The article reports on the success of the Family Care plan at the Belchertown State School in the U.S. The continued expenditure of interest and energy are the result of individual well being and happiness of patients. To provide beds for the 42 patients whose admission was made possible by placing 42 patients on Family Care, no capital outlay has been necessary.

The article outlines in detail dimensions of programme development model for health planning. It discusses dimensions of physical or mental health. Social dimension concerns any level of group activity in society which has a significant bearing on the individual. Meanwhile, political dimension deals primarily with the responsibilities and commitments of political leaders, the stability of the leadership situation, and the relative dependence of the leadership upon the electorate of the group. It also explains spiritual, ethical or religious dimensions, as well as economic and financial dimensions.

Since June 1963 official groups in all fifty states, plus the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, have been participants in the most exciting and comprehensive attacks on the problems of mental illness and mental health ever to be attempted in this nation on the state level. With the financial assistance of the federal government, each of these mental health planning projects will be engaged in the process of developing a comprehensive mental health plan. This nation ride effort has stimulated the attention of many citizen and professional groups. To social work, which still looks to the heritage of the settlement movement, there is a familiar ring to the concept of meeting the nation's mental health needs in the community. This paper reports the early stages of the effort in one state, Massachusetts. It is not intended to reflect directly the situation or experience of other states, but much of what is reported will sound familiar. Though the focus will be local rather than national, the Massachusetts Mental Health Planning Project can best be examined within its historical perspective.

This article comments on the article "Minimum Premium Health Plans: Insured Non-Insurance," by Robert D. Eilers, featured in the March 1969 issue of the "Journal of Risk and Insurance." Under the Mini-Met plan, the cash flow and the financial position of both the insurer and the employer are the same. Furthermore, the risk undertaken both by the employer and by the insurer is the same under the arrangement and the conventional group insurance plan. The author argues that under the circumstances, it is difficult to understand how one can be considered insurance and hence subject to premium tax, and the other non-insurance and free of premium tax.