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The change in the structure of amorphous cellulose containing drawn amorphous cellulose, by heat-treatment, has been investigated with the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared spectrometry.The exothermic peak observed from 100 to 180°C in DSC curves of undrawn and drawn amorphous cellulose was assumed to come from the formation of hydrogen bonding by free OH groups formed during the preparation of amorphous cellulose from cellulose triacetate. It was also inferred that some of the orientation of the cellulose molecules observed in drawn cellulose triacetate was retained in drawn amorphous cellulose even after the saponification, since the apparent heat of formation (ΔH) values of drawn amorphous cellulose samples were lower than those of undrawn amorphous cellulose.It appeared that the exothermic peaks observed in DSC curves correlated well with the band at 1590cm-1 in infrared spectrometry. This band, which appeared with the heat-treatment of amorphous cellulose was supposed to be due to OH groups, which tend to form hydrogen bonds in amorphous cellulose. X-ray diffractograms of undrawn and drawn amorphous cellulose, heat-treated under dry nitrogen atmosphere, did not show crystal formation despite the formation of hydrogen bonding.

A distribution function of ion energy parallel to a magnetic field is measured to be deformed along a diverging magnetic field in a single‐ended Q machine. The deformation is well explained by the orbit theory for a collisionless plasma.

Volume changes under pressure up to 5000 kg/cm2, at various crystallization temperatures, were investigated for two unfractionated and five fractionated polyethylenes. The shapes of the crystallization curves in the pressure range from 1000 to 2000 kg/cm2 were similar to those at ordinary pressure, and they were scarcely affected by the character of the samples. The n value calculated from the Avrami equation varied from 2 to 3 and was in good agreement with morphological investigations. In the pressure range from 4000 to 5000 kg/cm2, the crystallization was accelerated by the pressure in the first stage of crystallization. The n values varied from 1 to 2, in excellent accord with the presence of extended-chain-type crystals. The molecular weight distribution of the samples played an important role in this pressure range. Fractionated samples with narrow molecular weight distribution were crystallized in two stages over a wide range of temperatures and molecular weights. It is suggested that the ...

The effect of drawing on the glass-transition temperature of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been studied. The Tg decreases to a minimum at a draw ratio of 1.5, then increases to a maximum at a draw ratio of about 2.0, and again decreases with increasing draw ratio. The relationship between the change of structure and Tg is discussed in terms of the configurational entropy and the rate of molecular motion in local-mode relaxation. On the basis of configurational entropy, the decrease of Tg at the beginning of drawing depends on the increase of configurational entropy, while at draw ratios above 2.0 it depends on the increase of entropy associated with intermolecular interaction. From the point of view of molecular motion, it is concluded that the change of Tg is determined by local oscillations in the amorphous region.

The compressibility and expansion coefficient of polyethylene were measured under the pressure up to 5000 kg/cm2 and the temperature up to 250°C by dilatometry. The used polyethylene was an extended-chain type crystallized under high pressure. The value of compressibility coefficient of this sample coincided well with the theoretical value of pure crystalline polyethylene. The experimental volume was applied to theClausius-Clapeyrons equation and enthalpy of fusion of polyethylene up to the pressure of 5000 kg/cm2, and consequently entropy of fusion were evaluated. It was found out that the entropy decreased with pressure. The results seem to suggest that some structure change occurred under high pressure in the amorphous state of polyethylene.

小岩井農場ホルスタイン種牛群の1953年より1968年までに得られた初産より3産までの連続記録をもつ119頭について初産次体重,初産への補正FCM量平均値およびFCM/K[{FCM/2(6W+FCM)}×100]相互間の関係を検討した.主な成績は次のごとくである.1) 初産後5ヵ月時の体重および体高の平均値はそれぞれ558kg,体高139.0cmであり,初産への補正FCM量平均値4,479kg,FCM/K28.5%であった.2) FCM/Kの母娘相関により推定した遺伝率は0.51であった.3) FCMとFCM量との相関は-0.045で,両者の間には関係がなかった.4) FCM量とFCM/Kとの相関は0.895***であった.5) 体重とFCM/Kへの単純相関は-0.466***であったが, FCM量を一定とした偏相関では-0.955***となった.6) 個体によって異なるが,一般に550～630kgの中型の牛はFCM量の多い傾向があり,またFCM量が多くなくてもFCM/Kで優れている場合が多く,比較的に有利であるといえる.

The recrystallization of amorphous cellulose at various relative humidities was studied to clarify the relation between the amount of adsorbed water in cellulose and the molecular motion by the DSC method. The initial recrystallization kinetics of amorphous cellulose at various relative humidities were observed on the basis of the exothermic peak between 380° and 470°K in a DSC curve. The recrystallization occurred easily by conditioning at higher than 80per thousand R.H., but hardly by conditioning at lower than 65per thousand R.H. These facts suggest that the conformation of cellulose seems to be easily changeable if cellulose has a moisture regain which is approximately comparable to capillary water. When the Avrami equation was applied to the slope of calorific value versus conditioning time at higher than 80per thousand R.H., it also appeared that the mode of recrystallization growth of amorphous cellulose exposed to water vapor is one-dimensional.

樹木の呼吸量の測定方法をより妥当なものとするために, 従来採用されてきたアルカリ吸収による密閉法 (静置法) と赤外線ガス分析計による方法 (通気法) との比較検討を2, 3の樹種について行なった。また試料の処理の問題として, 樹木を切り取ってから後の呼吸測定に影響を与えると思われる要因のうち, 気温湿度, および幹を縦方向に割ることの影響について調べた。結果は下記のとおりである。1) 密閉法では測定時間が短かい場合, アルカリ液表面積の大小がその炭酸ガス吸収速度に律速条件となるため, 妥当な呼吸量測定値を得るには, 一定面積以上のアルカリ液表面積を必要とする。その吸収面積比は密閉式測定容器底面積の15 - 20％程度であれば十分であった。吸収面積比22. 4％で測定した結果では, 密閉法と赤外線ガス分析法との間に5％水準で統計的有意差は認められなかった。2) オオシマザクラの葉が切り取り後異常呼吸を起こすまでの時間に対する温度および湿度については, 一般に高温, 低湿の条件ほど短時間内に異常呼吸をもたらした。高温条件下でも100％湿度のもとでは異常呼吸の誘引は顕著ではなかった。3) オオシマザクラの切り取り幹については, 湿度は幹の異常呼吸に影響をもたないように思われた。しかし温度については, それは高ければ異常呼吸をおこすまでの時間は短縮され, 低ければ長時間異常呼吸の発現をおさえることができると思われた。切り取り幹の呼吸が異常呼吸を起こすまでの時間は30℃の場合には20℃の場合のほぼ半分に短縮された。これの幹を縦に割った場合には割らぬ場合に比べ, 異常呼吸を起こすまでの時間にも, またその大きさにも変化は認められなかった。幹直径24cm程度のミズキの材料でも, 6時間の測定時間内では割る影響は認められなかった。

In order to compare the plasma amino acid ratio recommended by Whitehead plasma tyrosine and valine levels and the Phe/Tyr ratio with those of healthy children, 24 subjects of 2-4 years old from 3 districts in Iwate Prefecture were selected. The children in these districts were in a sub-optimal state of protein nutrition as is evident from their detardation of growth, especially in Iwaizumi district where more than 15% were below the Japanese standard in body weight. A correlation between those estimations and the change in body weight was observed. The average amino acid ratio in Iwaizumi showed 2.1, whereas in case of healthy children the ratio was 1.7 in average and in the other 2 districts remarkable differences were not observed from that of healthy children.The amino acid ratio was found to be related to the change in body weight, with a coefficient of -0.75 while the Phe/Tyr ratio and valine content in plasma were somewhat less well correlated with the change in body weight, whereas the tyrosine content of the plasma was only slightly correlated.The results show that Whitehead's method is simple and widely applicable in field work and may be useful for the early detection of sub-clinical protein deficiency.

This investigation confirmed that undernourished infants and children who were in a state of mild-moderate protein-calorie malnutrition showed significant cognitive growth when their diet was supplemened with lysine-threonine tablets for more than 3 years. In children over 3 years of age a rise in D. Q. might be less pronounced as compared with the cases of children under 3 years of age. Thus it is suggested that nutritional improvement of children in undernourished areas may somehow influence mental development, while it is certain that social, and environmental factors have a very important influence on brain function.

The thermal behavior of random copolyamides which are used as model polymers with hydrogen bonds has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. The quenched copolyamides have only halo patterns in their x-ray diffraction photographs. A random copolymer of nylons 6, 66, and 610 (in a composition ratio of 3: 4: 3) was found to have 20% of unbonded amide groups immediately after quenching. When the sample was kept at the glass transition temperature (20°C), no change in x-ray diffraction was observed after the treatment. The free amide band in the infrared spectrum at 3450 cm-1, however, was decreased in intensity by keeping the sample at the glass transition temperature. The transition peak height observed in a DSC curve also increased in the same experiment. Large glass transition peaks were found in DSC curves after annealing of the random copolyamides in the vicinity of the glass transition temperature. It is probable that the free amide groups in the amorphous chains were rearranged and formed new hydrogen bonds during the heat treatment at the glass transition temperature. Packing and restriction of the amorphous chains due to the increase in hydrogen bonding seemed to increase the height of the transition peak in a DSC curve. It is inferred from the above results that in the case of the random copolyamide, structures corresponding to a given enthalpy of the glassy state can be related to the number of hydrogen bonds.

The investigation on the toxigenic fungi growing in “home-made” miso was carried out. 173 samples from the farmhouse in Tohoku area were collected and surveyed but not so much contaminated with fungi. Citreoviridin from P. citreo-viride, viridicatin and viridicatol from P. cyclopium, rugulosin from P. rugulosum, and a new tremorgenic toxin, fumitremorgin from A. fumigatus were detected respectively as the important mycotoxins. A strain of Stachybotrys which was strongly toxic to mice was also isolated. However, from the EtOAc extracts of 25 strains of A. flavus-oryzae and 5 strains of A. ochraceus, neither aflatoxins nor ochratoxins were detected by TLC analysis.