Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of protein synthesis in insects. The generality of the triplet code throughout the living world indicates the analogy between mechanisms for protein synthesis in various groups of organisms. Although a complete overlap in the mechanism of protein synthesis is evident for prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, there are some differences between the two large groups. From available data, it is apparent that the mechanism is the same or a variant of the same mechanism. The information for the amino-acid sequence of a particular protein is specified by a sequence of nucleotides in the DNA. Therefore, the process of protein synthesis begins with the transcription of DNA into intermediate RNA. This information is transferred in the living world through the triplet code. The site of protein synthesis is the cytoplasmic ribosomes to which mRNA becomes attached. Therefore, mRNA has to be transported from the site of synthesis, that is, the nucleus, to the cytoplasm. To elucidate the reactions leading to protein synthesis and to delineate the steps in the translational process, a cell-free system for protein synthesis was developed. The differentiated cell is recognized by its proteins, and the process of cell differentiation is linked to the mechanism that directs specific protein synthesis rather than to the ultimate appearance of protein molecules.