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Background: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is an effective non-invasive method for management of urinary tract stones. It was introduced for the first time in Pokhara 1 year back. This study aims to study the efficacy of ESWL in removal of renal and ureteric calculus in relation to the stone size and location and potential adverse effect of the procedure. Methods: It is a prospective observational study carried out in 112 cases undergoing elective ESWL for solitary urolithiasis during a period of 1 year (August 2010- August 2011). Number of sessions required for successful fragmentation and clearance of stones were studied according to their size and position along with the complications encountered. Results: The success rate of ESWL was found to be 91.1% for solitary urolithiasis. The mean number of sessions required for success was found to increase according to increase in size of the stones whereas it was almost similar for various locations. Complications were encountered in 25% of cases. Conclusion: Stone size was found to be the most important predictor in successful outcome of ESWL and the procedure is quite favorable for stones less than 20 mm. Keywords: ESWL; renal stones; ureteric stones DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v1i1.5787 Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012; 1(1): 3-6

Background: Detection of specific antibodies to Treponema pallidum in serum is correlated with present or past Syphilis. The study aimed to know the seroprevalence of syphilis among blood donors in relation to age, sex, type of donation and times of donation.Methods: A total of 24,000 blood donors were screened to detect the presence of specific antibodies against T. pallidum by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to standard test kit protocol. Initially reactive samples were reconfirmed by repeat testing and repeatedly reactive samples were considered seropositive for Syphilis.Results: The seroprevalence of specific antibodies to T. pallidum among blood donors was found 0.42% (95% CI= 0.3-0.5%). There was an increasing trends of syphilis as the age of the donors increased (Cochrane-armitage test, P < 0.001). The seroprevalence in males was 0.45% and in females was 0.24% (P >0.05), in first time donors was 0.36% and in repeated donors was 0.48% (P > 0.05), among volunteer donors was 0.41% and among replacement donors was 0.50% (P > 0.05).Conclusion: The similar seroprevalence in first time and repeat donors as well as in volunteer and replacement donors urges the need of more effective donor education and counselling. Key words: Blood donors; Seroprevalence; Specific treponemal antibodies; Syphilis.doi: 10.3126/jnhrc.v6i2.2212Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 2008 Oct;6(13): Page: 98-101

Background: Rubella is a viral infection. Congenital rubella syndrome is the most serious consequences of rubella which has been observed in pregnant women. This study has been done to reveal the association of rubella infection in women. Methods: The serum specimens were collected from women during their regular antenatal check up, in, was included in the study. Specimens were tested at NPHL every week following standard operating protocol of NPHL utilizing Human ELISA (German) kits and reagents. The results of the tests along with the clinical histories collected from the patient on a proforma file carried by the patients were analyzed following standard statistical tools. Results: During the three years study period, 320 serum samples were collected in 2006, 372 in 2007 and 400 in 2008, out of which 38 (11.87%), 72 (19.35%) and 49 (12.25%) of the women visiting NPHL during their antenatal checkup were found positive to anti-rubella IgM antibody respectively, indicating recent infection. Almost above 80% of the positive cases were from age group 20-30 years. Conclusions: The study showed the significant association of recent rubella infection in women which emphasizes requirement of adolescent or adult immunization with rubella vaccine at the earliest. Key words: anti-rubella IgM; congenital rubella syndrome; pregnant women; rubella. DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3010 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 76-79

The present study was conducted during a period of two years from 2001 to 2003 in trans-Himalayan region from Mustang to Dolpa region of west Nepal. The indigenous people were found to be rich in ethnoecological knowledge regarding environment and plant resources. The locals catagorised six types of ecological land patterns such as Nakri (forest land), Penhri or pangri or Thakri or dakri (land pattern), Sim (marshy place or wetland), Lung (agricultural land) and Khangri (Snowy land). The people also had the knowledge of plants in population level and species level and had their own way of classifying them on the basis of different criteria like presence or absence of flower, habit, habitat, morphology, etc. Key Words: Ethnobotany; Indigenous knowledge; Folk nomenclature; Folk classification Banko Janakari Vol.15(2) 2005 pp13-18

The PDF of this file is 1,679 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v8i0.1128Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.8 2003 p.204-217

This study examines the constraining factors for sustainable management of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in both community and private forests in Dang, Rolpa and Pyuthan Districts of mid-western Nepal. Four CFUGs were selected from each of the study districts, and NTFP inventory was done. A total of 259 households were randomly sampled for household data collection. Two Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were held in each district and Key Informant survey was done to assess preliminary information and data. Two regression models were fi tted to investigate the causes of sustainable management of NTFPs. The report revealed that Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) cultivation initiated by local farmers in the past have indicated that farmers have planted some species of NTFPs (such as Cinnamon tamala, Swertia, Zanthoxylum, Sapindus) in their farmlands and other community forest lands in the study districts. A regression analysis of constraining factors explored in a household survey revealed that cultivation of NTFP species is significantly influenced by household labour force engaged in cultivation in agriculture on marginal lands and their affiliation with community based local institutions (R2 = 56%). While constraining factors for sustainable management of NTFP in government and community forests are distance from home to forest, food production; active labour force, training on forest management, and household labour force involved in agriculture (R2 = 66%). Recommendations are made for sustainable management of NTFPs in forest and private lands.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v4i0.5532The Initiation Vol.4 2011 14-27

This study presents wind energy resource assessment and financial analysis of a 15 MW wind farm in Mustang for utility scale power generation. Hourly meteorological data at Kagbeni and Thini measured at 10 m and 20 m height from 2001 to 2005 have been analyzed and annual average wind speed and power density at 75 m above ground level at Kagbeni 8.05 m/s and 851 W/m 2 whereas the same for Thini are 6.99 m/s and 337 W/m 2 respectively.WAsP analysis showed that the wind speed and wind power density in the study area (20 × 20 km 2 ) varied from 2.72 m/s to 44.51 m/s and 0.23 kW/m 2 to 173.27 kW/m 2 . Optimized layout of a 15 MW wind farm that comprised of twenty five S52 -600 kW turbines, developed by open Wind software yields annual gross energy 63.58 GWh, and net energy 41.66 GWh with capacity factor of 31.68 %. The economic analysis of the farm suggests that the unit energy cost stands on range NRs 4.57 to NRs 6.10 under different energy availability scenario to meet the project MARR of 16.1%. Based on the results, it is apparent that the wind resources at Mustang are suitable for harnessing wind energy especially for the purpose of utility scale electricity generation. Site accessibility is a major challenging factor to establish a wind farm currently. Key words: WAsP; wind energy; wind farm DOI: 10.3126/njst.v11i0.4139 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 11 (2010) 159-166

Not Available.TU Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1, September 2009 Page:139-146

Understanding the causes of rarity has become increasingly important for the conservation and management of plant species. In this study, we compared spatial distribution, habitat characteristics, and population size and structure of two closely related species of poppy occurring in the Himalaya, the rare and endemic Meconopsis napaulensis and the widespread common congener M. paniculata in order to explain the causes of rarity of the former species. This study was carried out in Langtang National Park, north-central Nepal covering six populations of M. napaulensis and four populations of M. paniculata . Analysis of the habitat features revealed greater tendency of M. napaulensis to exhibit high habitat specificity. It was restricted to nutrient-poor, open and rocky habitats at >3700 m asl. Sites where M. paniculata were sampled showed high variability in terms of edaphic and topographic features. Mean ‘area of occupancy’ tended to be high for M. paniculata compared to M. napaulensis. M. paniculata showed larger population size and greater abundance as compared to M. napaulensis . The poor representation of younger life stages in M. napaulensis despite high proportion of reproductive adults indicated lower recruitment potential. The present study has illustrated that the rarity of M. napaulensis is strongly related to a combination of ecological and geographical constraints, which prevent reproduction, dispersal and colonization. It further demonstrates that the maintenance of population size of rare species largely depends on the survival and abundance of plants of younger stages. Thus, management directed towards reducing the impact on plants of young stages and protecting reproductive individuals from flower and fruit harvesting would help to maintain population size. Finally, development of action plans and guidelines incorporating scientific findings and accommodating local peoples’ socio-economic and cultural factors associated with the extinction risks is imperative for the conservation of rare and endemic species. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v8i0.5959 Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2011) 8: 57-69

Background : The most serious patients requiring advanced organ system support are admitted in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of hospitals for achieving better outcome. B.P.Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) hospital ICU is the only multidisciplinary unit that has been catering care for the whole of the eastern region of Nepal. Medical audit of ICU provides important feedback for improvement in care and policy making. Objectives : To audit the indications analyse and outcome of patients admitted to the multidisciplinary ICU of BPKIHS in a period of one year. Methods : Data of all the ICU admitted patients for the period of one year were analyzed retrospectively from the ICU register and patients’ folder. The variables analysed included age, gender, diagnosis, duration of ICU stay and outcome. Results : Altogether 255 patients were admitted in the study period; 150 (58.8%) males and 105 (41.2%) females. Majority (49%) were surgical patients followed by medical (39%). Mean duration of stay was 8 days. Discharge rate was 61% and the mortality rate was 26%. Thirteen percent of the patients left against medical advice (LAMA). Admission from operation theatre and emergency ward was associated with better outcome while admission from general wards was associated with poor outcome. Peritonitis with sepsis was associated with the worst outcome; organophosphorous poisoning was associated with good outcome. Conclusion : The most common patients admitted in the multidisciplinary ICU of BPKIHS are mostly general surgical and general medical. Significant fractions of the patients admitted in the ICU are taken home by their relatives against medical advice. Keywords : intensive care unit; organ support; audit; BPKIHS. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v9i2.4978 Health Renaissance 2011: Vol.9 (No.2): 83-87

Viral hepatitis and malaria, both are the diseases with noticeable disease burden in Nepal. Malaria is seasonal with high disease burden during post rainy season. Severe malaria also shows similar symptoms to viral hepatitis. This is collaborative study has been conducted during June - September 2006 with the objective of determining the prevalence of hepatitis B and malaria in Nepalese blood donors to find out the need of routine malaria testing in each pint of donated blood. During the study period, screening of malaria and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were done in 1200 blood samples collected from blood donors at Kathmandu, Nepalgunj and Biratnagar Blood Banks. Malaria diagnosis was done using one drop of blood from each unit of blood using Giemsa stained thick and thin smear microscopy, while hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected using commercial ELISA. Of the total 1200 blood samples analyzed, 600 were collected at Kathmandu and 300 each at Nepalgunj and Biratnagar blood banks, situated in malaria endemic southern districts. Among the total 1200 samples, 1% (12) of the sample was found reactive for HBsAg; while only 0.33 % (4) samples were positive for malarial parasite. 1.33% (8) samples from Kathmandu and 1.33% (4) samples from Nepalgunj were positive for HBV. 1% (3) samples from Nepalgunj and 0.33% (1) sample from Biratnagar were found to be positive for malarial parasite. None of the samples from Biratnagar were positive for HBsAg, while none of the samples from Kathmandu were positive for malarial parasite. All of the malaria cases were due to Plasmodium vivax. All the infected cases were male. Co-infection of malaria and HBV was not observed during the entire period of study. However more extensive study is needed in other endemic areas of Nepal, the study indicated that the continuation of screening each point of donated blood for Hepatitis B, while screening of malarial parasites in donors of endemic terai districts may be useful in preventing transmission of malaria through transfusion. Key words: Hepatitis; Malaria; ELISA; Blood donors; Blood transfusion. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v5i5.2661 Scientific World , Vol. 5, No. 5, July 2007 81-84

Not uploaded.Key words: Cyclospora; Epidemiology; Human Immuno Deficiency virus; NepalDOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v6i1.2441Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol. 6, No. 1, Issue 12, April, 2008 Page: 28-37

Pseudoaneurysm of peripancreatic vessels is a rare complication of chronic pancreatitis. Being close to the pancreas, splenic artery is the most frequently affected vessel whereas right gastroepiploic artery pseudoaneurysm is very rare. Rupture of such pseudoaneurysm is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. We report a patient of chronic pancreatitis with past history of pancreatic duct stenting who presented with massive upper GI bleeding and stent migration. Bleeding from pseudoaneurysm of right gastroepiploic artery was detected in angiography. Coil embolization was done but later rebleeding occurred and was managed with laparotomy and ligation of the pseudoaneurysm. Patient improved during postoperative period. Keywords: chronic pancreatitis; embolization; pseudoaneurysm DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joim.v32i2.4946 Journal of Institute of Medicine, August, 2010; 32: 47-50

Aim: To study, open myomectomy operation for uterine myoma/s as of present day practices in women of reproductive age attending TU Teaching Hospital. Methods: This is a retrospective study where we reviewed the medical records of myomectomy cases from 2060-2065(2003 April-2009 April). Result: Total 40 cases of myomectomy performed in TU Teaching hospital for myoma size varying from ≥ 10 weeks (5), 12-16 weeks (15), 17-22 weeks (5), 23-28 weeks (5) and unknown (2) in women of reproductive age [ 30-34(16), ≥ 29 (13), 35-39 (9), 40- 44 (1) and ≥ 45 (1)] in 13 (unmarried); nullipara (17); P 1-2 (15) P3-4 (1) for reasons of infertility(12), dysmenorrhea (12), menorrhagia (8), urinary problems( 7) abdominal pain (3). At caesarean, myomectomy has been done in special circumstances for subbersous pedunculated myoma and broad ligament myoma, one each. Solitary myomas were 29 and multiple myomas were 8; a case each of broad ligament and cervical myoma (1), was later removed vaginally. Rests had abdominal procedure and was facilitated by Bonney's hood incision and posterior incision 8 each, anterior 7, fundal 2, using multiple incision technique in 11 along with secondary tunneling incision (3). Uterine cavity was opened in 3 resulting in blood loss up to ≥ 500ml in 2. Degeneration were noticed in 11 [cystic (4), fatty (2), calcification (2) red (2) and myxoid (1)] and none with post operative morbidity. Pregnancies were recorded in 3 cases. Conclusion: Open abdominal myomectomy, for uterine myoma/s has been a recognized procedure for infertile women in the past; but in view of less morbidity as shown by this present study myomectomy can be safely practiced in women desiring uterine preservation besides infertility care. . Key words: Degeneration; dysmenorrhoea; menorrhagia; myomectomy DOI: 10.3126/njog.v4i1.3326 Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology June-July 2009; 4(1): 15-18

Background: Alcohol drinking is cardio-protective; however its beneficial and harmful effects depend on the amount consumed. This work is designed to assess the impact of prolonged non-moderate drinking in left ventricular mass index and left ventricular ejection fraction and the correlation of their severity with total lifetime intake amount. Materials and methods: Fifty non-moderate drinkers (>25 g/day) for last 10 years and 50 non-drinker-volunteers were selected. Detail echocardiographic assessment was done and findings were compared and severity was correlated with lifetime amount. Results: Mean daily intake, duration and lifetime intake amount of alcohol were 64.1 g, 21.9 years and 501.9 Kg respectively. The mean ejection fraction and left ventricular mass index were 47.2% and 105.3 g/m2. There was significant difference when compared with controls. Eighty-two percent drinking subjects had abnormal echo, most common were regurgitations (52%), diastolic dysfunction (46%), raised ventricular mass (44%), systolic dysfunction (40%), and dilated left atrium and ventricle (38%). Thirty-four percent of subjects had echo features consistent with dilated cardiomyopathy. Palpitation and dyspnea in combination were the only symptoms associated with severity of echo changes. There was strong negative correlation of lifetime intake amount with ejection fraction (r = -0.91, p0.05). Conclusions: Prolonged non-moderate drinking causes significant echocardiographic abnormalities mainly systolic dysfunction and increased left ventricular mass index. The total lifetime and daily amount of alcohol are well correlated with systolic dysfunction; however their relationships with the left ventricular mass index were non-conclusive. Key words: Alcohol; left ventricular mass; cardiomyopathy DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i1.3598 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol. 6, No. 1, 18-28

A post menopausal lady presented with vague symptoms of swelling in lower abdomen giving an impression of left adnexal mass clinically, with detection of similar finding on USG and CT scan, and an additional feature suggestive of liver metastases. On laparotomy this looked like a fallopian tube carcinoma and it was confirmed histologically, which showed infiltration of both the ovaries, left broad ligament, and cervix. FNAC of lymph node depicted metastatic adenocarcinoma, although the tumour markers and Pap test were negative. Patient's refusal to undergo chemotherapy turned down all the efforts made in making the diagnosis of this advanced malignancy. Key words: Adnexal mass, fallopian tube carcinoma, tumour markers doi:10.3126/njog.v2i1.1481 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 63 - 66 May -June 2007

This paper points out that to understand development processes, examining aid impacts at local level is as important as studying the impacts of development at the macro level. Studying development at local levels entails understanding the different societal processes triggered off by aid including the undesired and unplanned consequences. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v11i0.3038 Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.11 2009 221-243

This paper presents spatial heterogeneity of the plant communities in terms of population and species diversity in the Barandabhar Corridor Forest, Chitwan. The study was carried out in 2000 in the northwestern part of the forest, adjacent to the local settlements. Standard quadrat sampling method was used for the study. Vegetation analysis showed that the Sal (Shorea robusta) dominated forest consisted of a total of 190 plant species. Among them, 7 species were in the canopy layer while 54 species were found in the middle layer and 183 species in the ground vegetation. The average density of plant communities of the canopy layer, middle layer and ground vegetation showed significant negative correlation (r = -0.67, r = -0.66 and r = -0.94 respectively) with the distance into the forest of plots from the outer part of the forest. The result concluded that the degree of degradation of the forest is higher in the core regions (Government forest area) than in the outer regions which lie within the community forest. Key words: Plant communities; Sal; density; species diversity; degradation Banko Janakari Vol.16(2) 2006 pp.58-63

Background: Preoperative 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) can provide important information on the state of the patient’s myocardium and coronary circulation. Routine screening ECG preoperatively in all adult patients seems cumbersome and unnecessary. Objectives: To find out the incidence of ECG abnormality of patients above 40 years of age presenting in the preanaesthetic check up (PAC) clinic and to observe any associated co-morbid conditions. Methods: This is a prospective observational study done in the PAC clinic of the department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, at B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan from June2010 to August 2010 over a period 3 months. The study enrolled 360 patients aged 40 years and above. Laboratory investigations such as hemoglobin, blood grouping, urine routine and microscopic examinations along with biochemical parameters like blood urea, serum creatinine, fasting and post prandial blood sugar were reviewed. A 12-lead ECG was obtained for all patients included in the study. Results: Out of 360 patients, 168 were male and 192 female. Abnormal ECG was observed in 38 (10.5%) patients. Frequency of abnormal ECG increased with increasing age. Diabetic, hypertensive and smokers had higher incidence of abnormal ECG. Conclusion: A preoperative screening ECG for all adult patients aged 40 years visiting PAC clinic is relevant and desirable for risk- stratification. Keywords: abnormal ECG; preoperative evaluation; preanaesthetic check up; smoking habit; hypertension DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v9i2.4976 Health Renaissance 2011: Vol.9 (No.2): 73-77

This study aims to assess and evaluate the number of commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) found in the trade and explore their distribution pattern and conservation measures along the Himalayan elevation gradient of Nepal. The species data for this study are based on primary as well as secondary sources, where as elevation range data are based only on secondary sources. The number of MAPs species and number of conservation sites present in each 100 m elevation band is estimated by interpolation. The assessed numbers of commercial MAPs are assigned in to different life forms group to find the life form spectrum of commercial species. The number of MAPs species and conservation sites present in each 100 m elevation band are evaluated as a response variable where as elevation gradient is the predictor. The relationship between them is elucidated by scatter plot as well as generalised liner models. In this study, we have assessed 143 species as commercial MAPs. The variation of MAPs species is found related to elevation. The MAPs species richness increases with increasing the elevation up to 1000 m then decrease with further increasing the elevation thus unimodal type of pattern is observed. The maximum numbers of MAPs are found at 1000 m but maximum numbers of conservation sites are found above this elevation range. We did not find the significant pattern between conservation sites and MAPs species richness along the elevation gradient of the Himalayas. The conservation sites of Nepal are less concentrated where MAPs species diversity is rich. Key words: Medicinal and aromatic plants, elevation gradient, species richness, generalised linear model Banko Janakari Vol.16(1) 2006 pp3-13

Not uploaded.Key words: Multidrug resistant; Prevalence; Staphylococcus aureus.DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v6i1.2442Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol. 6, No. 1, Issue 12, April, 2008 Page: 38-41

Two groups, each containing 10 lactating cross bred Jersey cows were used to evaluate their feeding response on their milk production level and its quality in the mid hill’s livestock production and management system. Ten infertile Jersey cows were also selected for infertility study. The objective of the study was to evaluate on the response of Urea Molasses Mineral Block (UMMB) feed supplements in two management systems on the milk production, composition, and correction in infertility problem. Two sites of different management system, namely Saaradabatase and Naala in Kavrepalanchok district, were used to conduct the research for two years. Research was conducted during winter from February to April 2007 and 2008 for 60 with 7 days adjustment period in each site. Ten lactating dairy cows were supplemented with UMMB and ten without UMMB for 30 days. In each location, both groups were recorded for their milk yield and milk quality (milk fat and SNF %). After 30 days, group A was stopped to offer block group and B was started to supplement UMMB for 30 days. Two kg blocks were fed in UMMB feeder (wooden made) to control the intake. In Ugrachandi Nala site i.e site A 25% green grass was offered. But in Saaradabatase, site B, rice straw was used as basal diet with or without small amount of green grass as per availability. Among the total 8 repeatedly breeding Jersey cattle, 25% i.e. 2 animals, came into heat and conceived due to the positive effect of UMMB. Body condition score was improved from 3.5 to 4 due to the effect of UMMB supplementation. A simple economical calculation was done to find out the net income. A net daily profit of NRs 10.77 per animal in Saaradabatase and NRs 5.96 in Nala was recorded with the UMMB fed group compared to control group. Study has concluded that UMMB as a feed supplement in the mid hill management is economical for winter feeding. UMMB supplementation is one of the means to correct infertility problem and for better condition score in dairy cattle. Key words: infertility; management system; milk production; rice straw; UMMB DOI: 10.3126/njst.v11i0.4126Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 11 (2010) 71-78

This study investigated the feasibility of chemically modified apple juice residue as a novel type of adsorbent for lead removal from aqueous medium. FTIR studies were carried out to understand the type of functional groups in unmodified and modified apple juice residue responsible for metal binding process. Equilibrium adsorption data were fitted in terms of monolayer adsorption at pH 4 by batch method. The kinetics was studied for biosorption processes and data were described by pseudo second order model. The equilibrium constant and Gibbs free energy of the adsorption at 25°C were determined. The mechanism of sorption was found to obey the ion exchange and complexation method. Keywords: Heavy metal; Biosorption; Xanthate; Iion exchange; Complexation DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v26i0.3632 Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 26, 2010 Page: 53-60

In continuation of Nepalese medicinal plant screening research, we have examined the antibacterial property of 40 methanol crude extracts in vitro using disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis . Overall, 95 % of the extracts showed antibacterial activity against at least one Gram-negative bacteria and 90 % of the extracts against at least one Gram-positive bacteria examined. Twenty-one extracts including Artemisia caruifolia , Dicranostigma lactucoides , Rauvolfia serpentina , and other plants showed antibacterial activity with all the tested bacterial species. The laboratory results are promising because several plants showed broad-spectrum antibacterial property. It is hoped that this scientific research will aware the related partners in Nepal to search for safe, efficacious, cheap alternative antibacterials of plant origin and may create an opportunity for biological conservation of the medicinal plants and cultural diversity conservation. Key words: Antibacterial activity; In vitro ; E thnomedicinal plants DOI: 10.3126/njst.v10i0.2830 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Volume 10, 2009 December Page: 83-90

Background: Injuries are a focus of public health practice because they pose a serious health threat, occur frequently and are preventable. Injuries affect people of all ages and range from minor cuts and bruises to major catastrophes that take thousands of lives. Objectives: This paper aims to find out the prevalence of injuries and to study the various epidemiological factors related to the injuries in Dharan. Materials and methods: A sample of 1398 households was taken as study sample. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the 10% households from each 19 wards. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect demographic information and information related to injuries to the persons suffered from injuries. Result: The prevalence of minor injury in Dharan was 3.5% per month. The injury was common in the age group, 40-49 years (4.6%) and majority of injured persons were farmers (6.9%). Home was the common place (55.6%) for the minor injury. Cut/stab (32.8%) was the most common types of minor injury. The prevalence of major injury was 0.7% per year and occurred more among 50-59 years age group (1.7%). The commonest place for major injury was at road (53.1%) and service holders were at more risk (1.4%). Falls from the height (46.9%) were the most common types of major injury. Conclusion: The injuries related to lifestyle profession and road traffic accidents (RTA) is the commonest burden revealed in the study sample. Promotion of safety and education for protection at work and safe driving can prevent the major socio-economic loss to the family and community at large. Key words: Minor injury; Major injury; RTA; Epidemiological factors. DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i4.2762 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.4 Issue 28, 402-407

Aim: To study laparotomy as second intervention for hemoperitoneum following primary surgery in obstetric and gynecology. Method: Eleven years retrospective study going back from Dec 2006 embracing all the cases of re/laparotomy for intraperitoneal bleeding were carried out in TUTH, Nepal. Results: Of the 24 cases complicated by intraperitoneal hemorrhage for which relaparotomy had been done 12 each were formed by gynaecologic and obstetric cases: 11 were caesareans (CS) and a laparotomy following vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC). In gynecology the preceding surgeries undertaken were [diagnostic laparoscopy (1), laparotomy (3), hysterectomies 8 (3 being vaginal)] Massive hemoperitoneum occurred in ¼ cases; extensive hematoma in a third having altogether with associated risks factor in 9(37.5%).Source of bleeding were disligated/abraded infundibulopelvic vessel (3), cuff bleeding (4), cardinal ligaments (1), uterine cornua (1), uterine angles (6), vagina (1) and placental bed (1) which were duly managed by 5 obstetrics hysterectomy. Laparotomy >2 times were repeated 4: obstetric 2 [(1) for vault bleeding following hysterectomy done for scar rupture after VBAC and other for slippage of ovarian vessel following hysterectomy and internal iliac ligation] and same number in Gynecology 2 [(1) after vaginal hysterectomy first for laceration of infundibulopelvic vessel and then for generalized ooze and hematoma]. Next was following a diagnostic laparoscopy, complicated by unexplainable intraperitoneal bleeding first devised by internal iliac ligation, then finally by hysterectomy that died. Conclusions: Careful tying of the blood vessel, choosing right technique and appropriate ligature in the first place is as important as proper closure of all the surgical incision/ inflicted cut taking note of the rise in the pulse rate and fall in the blood pressure in overall postoperative cases such that related morbidity and mortality from late diagnosis leading to delayed second surgical intervention can be obviated or minimized. Key Words: Intraperitoneal bleeding, hemoperitoneum, relaparotomy doi:10.3126/njog.v2i2.1458 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol 2007 Nov-Dec; 2 (2): 63 - 68

A cheap, efficient and environmentally friendly bio-adsorbent is prepared from orange and apple juice residue by saponification process. The measure of adsorption capacity of such adsorbent is its total amount of exchangeable protons which differs drastically depending on the conditions of saponification. The most optimum condition of saponification process rendered exchangeable protons of about 2.6 mol/kg. The adsorption of heavy metal ions like lead, iron and copper has examined on the prepared bio-adsorbent at different pH values.DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v22i0.521Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 22,2007 pp. 41-46

This review article illustrates the pros and cons of using bioremediation process for the remediation of petroleum contaminants in soil. Bioremediation along with other processes have been used to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in soil in past. The major constituents of most crude oils are biodegradable, so bioremediation has proven to be cheap and efficient than others techniques. Different organisms are employed using various technique of bioremediation according to hydrocarbon present in the contaminated soil. Bioremediation is simpler, less labor intensive and public attitude toward bioremediation are generally favorable, the lack of knowledge about microorganisms and their natural role in the environment could affect the acceptability of their use. However, bioremediation can be considered one of the best technologies to deal with petroleum product contaminated soil. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v8i1.6056 KUSET 2012; 8(1): 164-170

The present investigation is to investigate the potential and effectiveness of two types of biosorbents as cation exchanger, functionalized with carboxylic acid and xanthated groups onto apple waste. Both the adsorbent materials exhibited highly selective behavior for heavy metal treatment and followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity evaluated for iron, cadmium, zinc and lead onto them have shown their potential ability in the treatment of heavy metals from aqueous medium. Dominant sorption mechanisms are revealed to be ionexchange process. Key words: Adsorption; Biopolymer; Ion exchange; Saponification; Xanthation DOI: 10.3126/njst.v10i0.2949 Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 10, 2009 Page:135-139

Background: Head injury is one of the common causes of surgical admission in Western Regional Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. With no neurosurgeons available, most of the cases are managed effectively with adequately trained general surgeons. The aim of the study is to study the epidemiology, incidence and pattern of head injury and their outcome in a setting of a general hospital where they were managed by general surgeons. Methods: This is a prospective analytical study of 1847 head injury patients. The study defines the patterns of head injury, their management by general surgeons and outcome in surgery ward, Western Regional Hospital, Pokhara for about five years (1999 to 2003). Results: Head injury comprised 15.5% (1847) of total admissions (11901) in surgery ward. Out of those, 80.5% (1487) were mild, 10.4% (192) moderate and 9% (168) severe head injury cases, based on Glasgow coma scale. Majority of cases (42.1%) were young adults between 21-40 years. 70% (1294) of cases were male and 30% (553) were female. 7.5% (138) cases were associated with skull fractures. Most of the cases showed good recovery. Only 2% required surgery; 3.7% were referred; 2.8% died and 0.8% left against advice. Conclusion: Most of the cases of head injury can be managed by general surgeon in a General Hospital provided basic facilities like high dependency unit, Intensive care unit and a dedicated team are available. Keywords: Glasgow Coma Scale; head injury; traumatic brain injury DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v1i1.5791 Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012; 1(1): 19-22

No abstract available. Himalayan Journal of Sciences 1(2): 103-106, 2003

Available with full text Key words : Sandwiching Recoil; Chromatographic Tribhuvan University Journal Vol XXI, No. 2, 1998 Page: 17-26 Uploaded date : 22 April, 2011

Background: Nepal is categorized as a country with ‘concentrated' epidemic of HIV Nepal Red Cross Society, Blood Transfusion Service has implemented considerable efforts to supply the safe blood and blood products according to the increasing demand. A trend analysis might prove valuable to understand the outcome and appropriately plan for further improvements in providing safe blood supply. The study aimed to assess the trends of HIV seroprevalence over the six years in nationwide and in urbanized setting of Kathmandu Valley. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted among Nepalese blood donors through the years 2001-2007. Serum samples were tested using third generation ELISA tests, strictly following the instructions of manufacturers. The donors' information was collected through the donor record register through the respective Blood Transfusion Services. Results: The overall seroprevalence of HIV among the total blood donors in nation wide and in Central Blood Transfusion Service (CBTS), Kathmandu through the six years of review (from 2001-2007) was 0.33% and 0.4% respectively. A significant decreasing trend in HIV seroprevalence was observed both in nationwide and in Central Blood Transfusion Service, Kathmandu (P< 0.001). Conclusion: The analysis of trends in HIV seroprevalence among blood donors through the year 2001- 2007 showed a significantly decreasing trend, probably due to the cumulative effect of increasing awareness of HIV and improved screening system for safe blood donation. However, an abrupt increase in demand of blood supply was associated with significant increase in seroprevalence in the year 2005/2006. Key words: N epalese blood donors; Seroprevalence; Trends. doi: 10.3126/jnhrc.v6i2.2203 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 2008 Oct;6(13): Page: 93-97

Tomato cultivation in rainy season is being endangered and is becoming less profitable because of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) infection. Studies were conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Lumle to assess the incidence of TYLCV and associated yield losses in various commercial tomato growing pockets of the western hills during the period of 1995 and 1997. The studies revealed a high incidence of the disease in most tomato growing pockets and yield losses of 40% or even higher have been reported in some areas like Risingpatan, Tanahun and Kudule, of western hills of Nepal. Laboratory analysis of the diseased samples by Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center revealed the presence of three different strains of TYLCV: Banglore I, Banglore II and Sri Lanka in the western hills. The TYLCV vector, whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gen.), was found active throughout the crop growing period in some commercial tomato growing pockets. Therefore, research on the development of effective TYLCV management technology is needed to sustain rainy season tomato cultivation in the western hills of Nepal. Key words : Bemisia tabaci; Lycopersicon esculentum; Tomato; Yellow leaf curl virus; Whitefly DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v4i0.4856 Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol. 4&5, 2001/2002 Page: 1-4 Uploaded date : 8 June, 2011

In spite of the prevailing gender norms, which favour men, some legislation passed by the Nepali government acknowledges the role of Nepali women as irrigators. Policies which increase and strengthen women’s participation in the irrigation have been formulated. This article explores how these policies have been implemented and suggests measures which can be taken to further bolster women’s participation in this sector. Water Nepal Vol.11(2) 2004 pp.45-61

Backgrounds: Malaria is one of the major public health problems in Southeast Asia including Nepal having relatively high burden of malaria. Jhapa and Morang districts are malaria endemic plain area of South-eastern part of Nepal Objectives : The evaluate the recent epidemiology of malaria situation in Jhapa and Morang districts, which are the districts in eastern Nepal with high transmission of malaria and to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the people in prevention and treatment for malaria infection. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with volunteer participation of suspected malaria patients seeking care at the government of Nepal managed primary health care centres located in 2 malaria endemic districts in eastern Nepal. Conventional Giemsa stained thick and thin blood smears prepared from finger prick blood were examined following standard protocols. Suspected patients' / attendants' knowledge on malaria, disease symptoms, prevention and control measures were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Chi square and Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis of the data. Results: Among the total 199 malaria suspected cases studied, 32 (16.1%) cases were confirmed by microscopic findings; where, P. vivax was 12.6% (25/199) and P. falciparum in only 3.1% (6/199). The highest numbers of cases were in age group 20-29 years. Among the total positive cases 75% were male and 37.5% were labourers in occupation. Among the total cases, 32 had provided the history of recent travel to malaria endemic area in India, among them 43.8% (P

Genetic information of any genotype is necessary to manage and utilize them in conservation and breeding program. A total of 28 RAPD markers were used to relate the genetic structure among 50 Nepalese rice genotypes consisting of 29 landraces, 12 breeding lines and 9 released cultivars. Some of them are aromatic and blast resistance. Only four primers (P41, P60, P109 and P141) amplified the DNA of these genotypes with scorable bands. Primer 60 produced the highest number of bands (8). The highest number of present bands (6) was shown by primer 41 in 10 rice genotypes. Grouping of these genotypes based on the adaptation to agro-climatic zone was not observed, probably due to low percentage coverage of genome by four primers. Most of the genotypes grouped in two clusters. Kali Marsi and IR-24 formed separate individual cluster. Mansara and Jarneli were the most similar landraces (0.96). Churenodhan and Pranpyuri were the most closely related with Masuli. Only one genotype NR-285-18 has fallen in the first quadrant by principal component (PC) analysis and the fourth quadrant was empty. The highest contribution in PC1 was from the second band of primer 41. This RAPD information can be used for selecting lines and for blast resistance breeding.Key words: Genetic distance; rice; RAPDDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v2i1.5635Nepal Journal of Biotechnology Jan.2012, Vol.2(1): 16-25

Background : TB is a major public health problem. Though Investigation and chemotherapy is free of cost we are still facing poor compliance and severe degree of disease among the poorly treated ones. We have tried to explore into reasons behind it. Methodology : It was a retrospective cross- sectional study done at Biratnagar Sub-metro Politian City. Result : People accept DOTS. They visit as early as they are referred but are diagnosed lately. They have multiple reasons to quit the treatment before completion. Conclusion : We found that early diagnosis and proper counselling about the need of prolonged regime of treatment and its side effects are important factors in preventing transmission and poor compliance. Keywords: TB; DOTS; HIV; BPKIHS; cases; defaulters DOI: 10.3126/saarctb.v7i1.3957 SAARC J. TUBER. LUNG DIS. HIV/AIDS 2010 VII(1) 13-18

This paper includes a list of 207 species of epiphytic orchids from Nepal that belong to 49 genera including 5 endemic species (Bulbophyllum ambrosia, Eria baniai, E. nepalensis, Oberonia nepalensis and Pleione coronaria). Phytogeographical distribution along with altitudinal ranges of all of these epiphytic species, phenology of flowering of 199 species and host plant(s) of 148 species have been reported herewith. The aim of this paper is to assess the distribution patterns, host-epiphyte relationship and phenology of flowering of Nepalese epiphytic orchids. Key words: Epiphytic orchids, host range, phenology, Nepal doi: 10.3126/banko.v18i2.2173 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 2, 53-63

We present a study of relative flux density in and around the planet Jupiter using images taken from National Observatory located at Nagarkot, Nepal during the period from November, 2008 and January, 2010. For this Meade 16 inch LX200GPS Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope is used. We processed the image in the software ALADIN2.5. The values of relative flux density of 2,50,000 pixels are used for the study. At first, the observed two-dimensional image of the planet is divided into four quadrants. Each quadrant is subdivided into three sections. We studied the variation of relative flux density along 12 directions. The relative flux density per pixel is found to lie in the range 138.17 to 157.36. The maximum value of relative flux density per pixel is found along the eastern direction and the minimum value is found along the northern direction. Thus the absorption feature is found to be prominent along the northern direction. The emission of less amount of flux from the second quadrant is due to the absorption by the materials in this section. In addition, the role of the inhomogeneous absorption by the on-going gravitational contraction in the planet cannot be identified. Due to the inhomogeneous absorption feature, we studied the outer contours of all sections. The values of total amount of flux per pixel in the outer layers of the first, second, third and fourth quadrants are found to be 81.79, 82.37, 82.44 and 82.49 respectively. Surprisingly, this value is found to be least in the first quadrant. This suggests that the outer part is found to be selective whereas the inner part is emissive. Key-words: Observation; Telescope; Jupiter; Flux density. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v8i8.3838 Scientific World Vol.8(8) 2010 pp.4-9

Background: To evaluate the presentation of isolated para-aortic lymph node recurrence after definitive treatment, and to analyze the effect of salvage treatment on the survival rate. Methods: A retrospective study was done for patients with invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated with various modalities of treatment at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital Research Center Lahore Pakistan from December, 1999 to August 2004. Results: The incidence of radiographically detected para aortic lymph node recurrence was 3.7% by FIGO stage at original diagnosis was 3 (50 %) in stage IIIB, 2 (33.3%) in post hysterectomy status and 1 (16.7%) in stage IB cervical carcinoma. Total 4 (66.7%) patients with para-aortic lymph nodes recurrences were identified with in the first 12 months after the initial treatment and 2(33.3%) had their recurrence after 12 month. Leg swelling, low back pain and hydronephrosis were observed when inquired for the presentation in those patients with recurrence in paraarotic lymph nodes. Hydronephrosis was the commonest finding (50%) either alone or in association with other symptoms. And 3 (50%) of the patient were died within two year of the diagnosis of recurrence.Three patients are still on follow up, one with progressive disease in liver and one with chronic renal failure, and one asymptomatic. Patient who received radiation alone had overall survival of 3.16 months after the recurrence compared with >12 months overall survival for those treated with chemotherapy. Conclusions: Symptoms like leg swelling, low back pain and hydronephrosis helps a lot to detect the early paraaortic recurrence, hydronephrosis being commonest. Although the number of patients with para-aortic recurrence were very small and the follow up time was too short to make any recommendations for salvage treatment or survival advantages, as a definitive treatment for isolated para aortic lymph nodes we can offer both radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Key words: cervix; carcinoma; lymph nodes; para-aortic; recurrence. DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3016 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 103-107

Environmental justice has emerged as a new concept to address environmental problems of grassroots level from the perspectives of affected and less privileged communities or individuals of a society. This paper relates environmental justice as environmentalism of poor to their livelihood security through the access to resources, decision making power and clean and healthy environment. There are several discriminatory and unjust practices in both urban and rural areas of Nepal. Those vary from disproportionate sharing of ecological benefits and hazards in society to the unequal access to resources, healthy environment, decision-making, information and other civil rights. These injustices are mainly rooted in existing social structure with differential distribution of economic and political power. Some approaches are also discussed to correct environmental injustices, which include essential legal, political and social provisions for improved participation, access to information and access to justice. Himalayan Journal of Sciences 1(1): 47-50, 2003

The Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation is in the process of developing operational forest management mechanisms for the Terai regions of Nepal. The Sabaiya pilot scheme in Parsa is under implementation, which witnessed experiences in several issues in the process. The paper aims to share technical experiences with wider audiences. It highlights anomalies in scheme estimation and final enumeration in basic stand parameters such as basal area and volume. It presents possible reasons and provide analysis and insights for future management planning of Terai forests. The paper concludes with a need for more technical information generation, analysis and utilisation approaches in forest management in Nepal. Key words: Forest management, stand parameters, volume table, Sabaiya Banko Janakari Vol.16(1) 2006 pp32-34

This paper provides insight on hydropower development in general and mini-scale hydropower in particular, for rural electrification in Nepal. It also analyses the opportunities and challenges in the development of mini-scale hydropower to supply reliable electricity in remote rural areas of the country as an aid to poverty reduction and economic progress. Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Vol. 1, No. 2(2008) pp. 26-28

Background: Diarrhea is a major public health problem in Nepal. Recently, there was an outbreak of diarrheal diseases in different districts of mid and far western region of Nepal and the most affected district was Jajarkot. The objective of this study was to detect the causative organism and analyze the epidemic outbreak patterns of diarrhea in selected health institutions in Jajarkot district, Midwestern Region of Nepal, in terms of their demographic characteristics and laboratory findings of stool specimens. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted using secondary data from health institutions of two Village Development committees of Jajarkot. Stool samples were collected purposively to identify the agents of diarrheal diseases. Results: Out of the total 13 stool samples tested, 5 were diagnosed as harboring Vibrio cholerae. The Attack Rate and Case Fatality Ratio were calculated to be 8.2% and 1% respectively for the District. Age groups 15-44 were highly affected; male and female were approximately equally affected. Conclusions: Cholera appears to have been the most important cause for mortality in Jajarkot diarrhea outbreak. The diarrhea outbreak in any districts of Nepal should be closely monitored for the possibility of a Cholera epidemic in the future. Key words : cholera; diarrhea; epidemic; outbreak. DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3008 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 66-68

An eleven years female presented with recurrent chest infection since childhood with markedly diminished air entry on her right chest and mediastinal shift. She also had vague facial deformity with multiple auricular appendages. Computed tomography showed collapse of the left lung and on thoracotomy, complete agenesis of the left lung was noted. Goldenhar anomaly is rare and presents with variable degree of external anomaly. Its association with bronchopulmonary agenesis is extremely rare with few cases reported in the world literature. Features of other congenital should be sought for in a child with facial asymmetry, external auditory appendages, malformation of the, nose, soft palate, lip and mandible etc so that appropriate treatment can be administered. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joim.v32i2.4950 Journal of Institute of Medicine, August, 2010; 32: 60-62

Common causes for unilateral nasal bleeding in adults are benign or malignant tumors and deviatednasal septum. Here we present two cases of recurrent unilateral nasal bleeding due to leech infestation.Though it is not a common cause for nasal bleeding, a clinician should suspect leech infestation for arecurrent nasal bleeding specially in tropical countries like Nepal.Key words: leech infestation, nasal bleeding, unilateral