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Special revenue sharing in the social services is seen as offering an opportunity to eliminate federal concern for program specification and to focus instead on the achievement of nationally specified goals. Coincidentally there would need to be a federal concern for the measurement of goal achievement. This paper focuses on the ideas of national goal specification, local choice of social service interventions, local planning, and national support of a social services measurement program as the basic elements of a social services revenue-sharing proposal. Particular concern is given to the problem of measurement because so much has been promised in this regard in the past and so little delivered.

The Redbird Focus was defined in 1956, and was initially (Wood 1956) related to both Lower Loup and historic Pawnee Focus materials. Wood (1965) later took the position that Redbird was a more prob...

A multidisciplinary course for advanced physics and biology majors at the undergraduate level is described. The focus of the course is on the problem of how the nervous system receives, processes, and transmits information. Our main goals are to provide recognition of an important, interdisciplinary area of research, to elucidate some of what is presently known about this area, and, finally, to indicate the kinds of questions that must be asked in order to obtain an understanding of neural mechanisms.

The therapist employs the patient’s awareness of his need to achieve more satisfying stable interpersonal relationships as a focus for a therapeutic relationship and as a lever to motivate the acquisition of requisite interpersonal skills and the full utilization of available reality supports and potentially useful treatment modalities. Two illustrative case examples are presented.

HE 1960s might be called a Golden Era in the support of public programs in teaching, extension, and research in the U. S. The scene shifted dramatically with the arrival of the 1970s, and support became harder to get. I will discuss briefly some of the major reasons for the shift in support. The paper will focus on obtaining future support for the kinds of programs that agricultural economists conduct. The discussion will emphasize accountability, because I believe accountability will largely determine how much support agricultural economics or any other discipline will obtain in the years ahead. I will not be concentrating on administrative problems; I am convinced that accountability is a problem for every member of this profession. A secondary theme of the paper is the need for agricultural economists to be more daring, more innovative. Among other things, accountability involves using funds for valuable, productive purposes; doing so requires innovation.

The present study describes the events in the Norwegian west-coast Sognefjord in November 1972. The possible presence of an unidentified submarine presented an inexperienced government with a complicated set of strategic assessments. The choices made appear to have been based on an inadequate understanding of the chances of success as the latter were seriously circumscribed by the physical characteristics of the waters involved. Even if Norway had possessed the means of detecting and identifying the mystical submarine, serious doubts are raised about the wisdom of pursuing the maximalist objectives which the government announced. The decision-making in the crisis reflects little deliberate calculation of costs and risks, and did not focus on how losses could be cut when it became clear that the submarine would escape. The informa tion policy added to the perception of loss and tended to feed unrealistic expectations about what could be achieved.

(1973). Ideological Commitment to Change and Desired Participation in University Governance. Sociological Focus: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 74-86.

The creation of maps for the use of young children requires that the map designer be aware of the abilities, needs, and attitudes of the child. The making of such maps differs only in degree from the design principles applied by cartographers in general mapping. Map content and structure must however appeal to an audience of 9-11 year olds. It is this specialisation of design criteria applied to a study involving some 300 young children that provides focus for examining the provision of atlases for the young.

The cities of Normal and Bloomington, Illinois, provide the locale for an analysis of communication within the two communities. An inadequate water supply in Normal is the focus of the study.

There is a national imperative to forge a productive engineering career ladder from the barrios, ghettos and reservations of this nation to the boardrooms and upper management positions of American industry. Creation of exemplary systems to provide minorities a sound engineering education, meaningful post-graduate employment, and assignments to increasingly challenging positions-all critical steps along the way-will be ineffective without encouragement to and preparation of minority youth to fill the lower rungs of education. This paper describes the philosophies and activities of the ME3Task Force, a collective attempt by several groups to bring the career ladder of engineering into clear focus of precollege minority youth and to encourage and help prepare them in their steps toward the next rung-college education.

Physiological models are frequently designed to study a single-organ system or to investigate the differ ences in response of alternative representations of the same system. In this study, an interactive model portrays the human circulatory, thermoregulatory, and energy-exchange systems as an intercoupled set and serves as a means of communication between mem bers of an interdisciplinary research team. The assumptions necessary to couple these systems are described, as are the research team's techniques for using the model. The goal is to develop the model to the point of accurately simulating the real-world behavior of the coupled systems in normal human beings and in those with certain diseases. The model serves to focus the team's attention on areas requiring additional experimentation, which in turn leads to modifications to improve the model.

It is nearly a decade since the excellent collection of reprints and introductory chapters entitled Mathematical Physics in One Dimension was published (1), and in that time enthusiasm for the study of both oneand two-dimensional (hereafter 1-D and 2-D) systems has grown rapidly. But it is probably fair to say that a current book on this area, if it were to be a. representative survey (2), would no longer characterize the dominant direction as "mathematical" physics. Certainly the relative calculational simplicity of 1-D models continues to make them attractive for the analytical study of interesting physical phenomena, but in the last few years attention has tended to focus on the unique and fascinating properties of real materials exhibiting l-D and 2-D behavior. Not only has the list of such materials grown in recent years, but it has been recognized that subtle effects in 3-D crystals are trans­ formed into major features of the behavior of these lower dimensional systems. In this article we restrict ourselves to the consideration of crystals whose magnetic properties are dominantly one or two dimensional, i.e. where the magnetic moments are strongly coupled in linear chains or in planar sheets magnetically well isolated from one another. It is not our intent to give an exhaustive documentation of all the 1-D and 2-D materials and the related experimental and theoretical studies. Rather, we focus on a relatively few specific examples, try to point out the salient features of 1-D and 2-D in contrast to 3-D, and give a critical evaluation and discvssion of some of the experiments and theories. It is thus inevitable that some important papers will not be referenced here. We prefer, however, within the space limitations, to treat a

(1974). Signs, Symbols, and Interaction Theory. Sociological Focus: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 101-111.

Summary The increased availability of disaggregated information over time provides opportunities for a more complete analysis in economic research. It also poses the problem as to how to make a more efficient use of such data. Different methods of pooling time-series and cross-section data have been proposed. Some consider the problem of obtaining extraneous information from a cross-section sample in order to incorporate this into a time-series. Other methods focus on a specification of the error structure of the model. These methods are not mutually exclusive. This article reviews the different methods, outlining both their merits and limitations.

The purpose of this article is to identify apparent inconsistencies between research and application in the field of Production/Operations Management. The authors focus on three key areas: Assembly...

This bibliography contains valuable annotations of works in business communi cation and closely allied areas. Its main focus is business writing; it avoids the fields of psychology, linguistics, management information systems, and commu nicatioa theory. The editors hope to offer bibliographies in such other areas in the future.

During the past two decades there has been a natural and continuing application of computers to problems in the functional area of Production and Logistics Management. These are important management problems, ranging from the design of operating systems to the development of control systems, which require the use of Computers for analysis. Therefore it is important that students in Production and Logistics Management courses become involved with the computer. The approaches to this problem run from a passing mention of the computer to an in-depth computer experience. We have experimented with several approaches, varying from the use of preprogrammed models to requiring student-developed programs. We have devised some compromise devices, including computer augmented cases and games, that help to focus the student's attention on the functional problem analysis and not on the computer technique alone. This paper presents examples of these devices and our experience in using them.

(1974). “The development of learning modules for the training of content teachers in reading: A focus on process”. Reading World: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 44-48.

Conformation analysis of proteins is complicated by the presence of thousands of atoms which often are involved in multiple interactions. As a result, complete molecular models of proteins contain a relatively high information density. Computer graphics provides a means of controlling the flow of information by permitting the construction of large numbers of models containing different amounts of structural detail. The multiple option FORTRAN IV program described in this report permits the observer to focus on specific interactions and/or regions of a protein model with all or only specified amino acid side chains present on the backbone. The models can be readily translated, rotated, and adjusted in size, and constructed with specified visibility limits. Minor adjustments in the basic program provides complete families of stereoscopic pairs for three dimensional analysis of the models.

The researcher studies two variables: pupil dilation and eye direction. The focus is on the effect of these factors on advertising in visual media.

No review can be all things to all people, the requirements of each reader being unique. In this case, the mission is two-fold; on the one hand, the author is sounding the alarm that the “anaerobes are here;” on the other, he is attempting to focus on the events that led him to this conclusion.

Current questions about lead exposure focus on the consequences of levels too low to have erupted into blatantly discernible defects. The present paper addresses two sets of interrelated problems d...

To measure the effectiveness with which 3 methods of presenting visualized instruction facilitated Ss' achievement when prior to receiving their instructional treatments Ss were told precisely the type of information they needed to perform successfully on the criterial measures, each S received a pretest, participated in his respective visualized instructional treatment, and received 4 individual criterial tests. Analyses indicated that, when Ss are instructed as to the type of information they should obtain from an instructional presentation: (a) the need for visualizing the content is diminished and (b) the use of questions to focus Ss' attention on essential learning cues in the visuals is not an effective instructional technique for improving achievement.

This article studies children's levels of understanding of television commercials and the associated effects upon attitudes and purchase request tendencies. Attribution theory, with its focus on perception of intent , is the research framework. The results suggest that when a child attributes persuasive intent to commercials, he believes them less, likes them less, and is less likely to want the products advertised.

This is a case study of a successful school consultation in which it was proposed to the Board of Education that the initiative for change be handed back to the faculty. Focus was upon the initiation of certain processes, with product being a secondary consideration.

Administrators and planners are often guilty of academocentrism, that is, they focus to such an extent on theories generated by their own logic and methodology that they fail to recognise the existence of other logics. In practice this can produce a very distorted view of social reality. The author illustrates how a truer picture can be obtained when the purpose of the researchers converges with that of the people in the community studied.

(1973). The Industrial Sociology of Fred Cottrell. Sociological Focus: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 126-135.

The traveling‐wave theories are traced historically from their earliest formulation to modern times. Special consideration is given to the weighty influence on the later developments of these theories exerted by Bekesy's direct visual observations of the movements of cochlear structures in response to sounds. Finally, a resume is given of the characteristics of the tonal patterns and their dependence upon the physical variables operating within the cochlea, according to Bekesy's experiments on mechanical models and specimens of human and animal ears. Hereby are brought into focus the many conditions that a final theory of hearing must meet.

The rapid increase in the number of children without families is nation-wide and world-wide, reflecting a ferment of social, economic, and cultural change. Statistical studies in this country show a steady increase in the number of broken homes and of children born out of wedlock, while the availability of adoptive and foster homes has lagged far behind. During the last decade, partly in response to this challenge, the interest of members of the child-caring professions in the broad area of maternal deprivation has deepened. So extensive has this problem become, that we have limited the focus of the Institute to children under six , to facilitate discussion in depth.'