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THIS TOPIC needs no justification. Years of informal discussions, formal seminars, and publications have endowed it with legitimacy. With the use of a dexterous mix of research, administrative, educational, legislative, and judicial processes, society can determine its own economic organization. Such social determinations are not new. Consider what our forefathers accomplished with the Northwest Ordinances of 1785 and 1787, and later with the Homestead Act. Enough people now are aroused to force organizational decisions of a similar magnitude between now and 1985.1 Present research and education efforts have

parisons,1 and analysis of such issues as factor roles and shares, structure, interindustry dependencies, economic well-being of participants, industry capacity and utilization, and industry productivity. This discussion adopts the same definition of the food and fiber system that was used in the preceding paper. The system is composed of farming, marketing, and direct input supplying subsectors.

A scanning transmission energy analyzing microscope (STEAM) and an automated microprobe are described and their use explained. In the former instrument the image is scanned across an aperture and quantitative information recorded. In the latter the movement of the beam can be programmed and the x-ray data taken into storage. ImagesFIGURE 1.FIGURE 4.FIGURE 5.FIGURE 6.FIGURE 8.FIGURE 10.

In this short note we show, by using the $$\tfrac{1}{4}$$ -Theorem of Koebe-Bieberbach, that every domain in ℂ is Banach-Stein in the sense of G. Fischer and, as a consequence, a holomorphic fiber bundle over a Stein space whose fiber is an open subset of ℂ is Stein.

I. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is primarily to present a “state of the art” survey of the role played by static electricity in the textile and fiber industries. The current situation, including the problems and suggested solutions, both successful and unsuccessful, will be reviewed. Finally, useful applications of electrostatics in the industry will be described.

This paper considers the quantitative description of intracellular and extracellular fields of a single circular cylindrical fiber resulting from the propagation of an action potential (AP). Several formulations are noted, but one, which permits identification of free-space source-sink relationships, is examined in some detail; the physical models which it gives rise to are described and developed. Desirable approximations are considered and the conditions of their validity are discussed. A convolution integral formulation to field patterns (from their sources) is presented. Axially symmetric anisotropic media are also considered.

In Bhedetar village in the eastern Sunsari district, rai, magar and tamang people, indigenous to the eastern hills of Nepal, have found an ingenious use for the allo plant (Girardiana diversifolia). They have culturally and socially determined uses for the plant as food, fodder and medicine, but they have also been earning their livelihood by making fabric and clothing from this plant. At the local level, they derive allo fibers from the plant to make sacks, bags, coarse clothes, fishnets and namlo (headstraps to carry load) which is sold in the local market or in some cases is bartered for food or other necessary items in some rural communities. On a more macro level, the allo fibers are outsourced to the capital city of Kathmandu where various items made from allo fiber are prepared and exported from Nepal as handlooms and handicrafts. Keywords: Handloom; allo; fibers; Sunsari district; Nepal. DOI: 10.3126/kuset.v5i1.2853 Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.5, No.1, January 2009, pp 136-142

The objective here is to prove a Whitney Duality Theorem in the topological (nondifferentiable) situation, thus giving the dual classes a geometric interpretation in terms of an appropriate "normal bundle" associated with "locally flat" imbeddings of the topological manifold M in an (n + k) -manifold S. We construct first a theory of Stiefel-Whitney classes for topological manifolds (not necessarily compact or triangulable) using essentially the tangent space of Nash [10]. We then associate to every "locally flat" imbedding M C S a "normal fiber space" and prove the Whitney Duality Theorem in this setting. We include also a proof of Wu's

As the number of uses for variously reinforced plastics has grown, the design engineer's need for dependable approaches to property prediction for these systems has grown tremendously. It is quite clear now from experiment that one has to know not only the volume fraction of reinforcement, but also how to account for the effects of reinforcement shape and distribution in space. Most importantly, having accounted for the significant variables, any workable prediction method must be straightforward enough to use in designing without consuming huge amounts of expensive computing time.

The study of yarn structure and positioning of the constituent fibers to form a continuous strand has attracted the attention of many workers who have used an idealized helical structure as a basis for these studies. The existence of this structure has been criticized as being unuseful and not manufacturable. Studies of the actual arrangement of fibers in the yarn have been carried out and different theories explaining the behavior of fibers in the process of yarn formation have been given. In this paper, a study and comparison of these theories is carried out illustrating the agreement and controversy between them. The factors that affect the position of the fiber in the yarn are outlined and discussed with regard to fiber, yarn, and processing factors to assist those dealing with blended yarns. Suggestions are advanced for further, more funda mental studies.

Methods used in actual plant operations for finishing of cotton goods for special fashion effects are surveyed. It is pointed out that by combining two or more treatments an unlimited number of fashion effects can be obtained. Many concrete examples of fabrics produced in such a manner are discussed and illustrated. Cotton lends itself to a greater number of finishing methods than any other fiber. This point is emphasized, and the versatility of cotton is demonstrated by a diversity of high grade finishes on fabrics.

No cerebellifugel fiber connections which reach farther forward than the midbrain were found.

Introduction On the basis of the physical characteristics of the visual receptor cells, it can be anticipated that the transmission of light in one visual cell will be influenced by the presence of neighboring visual cells. It is the purpose of this paper to attempt to determine a first estimate of the significance of these optical interaction * effects upon vision. When the surfaces of two light conducting fibers (such as two inner segments of retinal receptors) approach to within two wave-lengths (of the energy they are conducting) of each other, or less, light leaks from one fiber to the other. For the purposes of this paper this phenomenon is known as optical interaction. This effect tends to reduce contrast and resolution in the image.† Because of the small size of the visual receptors, it becomes advisable to resort to models in order to study these phenomena. An effort will be

A stochastic theory is proposed which takes into account changes in the transfer probability at a carding point upon collection by a worker and redeposition on the cylinder. This theory reduces to an earlier work of Monfort, if such changes are ignored. The theory explains quantitatively the observed nature of fiber movement in roller-top cards. This new approach is then coupled with the work of Baturin to successfully predict the behavior at different speed conditions. The present theory "fits" the observed speed effects over a two- to three-fold range of worker velocities, while the older theory yields a systematic deviation between the observed and calculated collection probabilities. Indices are formulated which describe blending, mixing and equalizing as it occurs in the carding process. These formulations, based in part upon previous literature, are modified in the light of the new theory developed in this paper.

When working with fibrations, there are times when standard topological constructions involving identifications are useful. The problem of course, is to show that identifying fibrations in the proper way yields a fi brat ion. This paper establishes a fairly general result concerning attaching Hurewicz fibrations over a fixed base space with a fiber preserving map. This can be applied to obtain many common topological constructions. In particular a theorem of P. Tulley on mapping cylinders is strengthened, which in turn strengthens the main theorems on strong fiber homotopy equivalence and extensions of fibrations obtained by P. Tulley and S. Langston. In addition, these results are applied to obtain a stronger version of Dold's pasting lemma, an important step in the construction of classifying spaces for fibrations.

In (12), Montgomery and Samelson conjectured that an MS-fibering of polyhedra with total space an n-sphere must have a homology sphere as its singular set. Mahowald (11) has shown that, indeed, an orientable fibering with n ≧ 4 must have a Z2-cohomology sphere as its singular set, while Conner and Dyer (4) have shown this for n arbitrary provided the fiber itself is a Z2-cohomology sphere. We show that if the singular set is tame, then it is a Z-homology sphere if the fiber is also one. This result together with those of Stallings (15), Gluck (7), and Newman and Connell (13) are applied in the case where the singular sets are locally flat and tame. It is shown (Theorem 5.2) that MS-fiberings of spheres on spheres, with closed connected manifold fibers and singular sets, are topologically just suspensions of (Hopf) sphere bundles. In a subsequent publication, the case where the singular sets are finite shall be considered. The reader is invited to consult (3) and (18) in this case.

The general linear two-factor nerve-excitation theory of the type of Rashevsky and Hill is discussed and normal forms are derived. It is shown that in some cases these equations are not reducible to the Rashevsky form. Most notable is the case in which the solutions are damped periodic functions. It is shown that in this case one or more—in some cases infinitely many—discharges are predictable, following the application of a constant stimulusS. The number of discharges increases withS, but the frequency is a constant, characteristic of the fiber and independent ofS.

A study was made of the effect of the drawing frame variables, sliver weight, total draft and doublings, draft distribution, back roll setting and weighting, and top- bottom second roll spacing on fiber parallelization, fiber hooks, and processing per formance. Sliver weight had a significant effect on fiber hooks, fiber parallelization, and processing performance, whereas the other processing variables had little practical effect, even though the effects observed were in many instances statistically significant. Fiber hooks increased and fiber parallelization decreased as the sliver weight fed to drawing increased. This led to an increase in spinning end breakage. An increase in draft and doublings increased fiber parallelization, but decreased sliver uniformity. The increase in fiber parallelization overshadowed the decrease in sliver uniformity, resulting in a decrease in spinning end breakage. These findings demon strate the need for achieving fiber parallelization, as well as sliver uniformity measure ments, to develop processing organizations that will result in optimum processing per formance and improved quality control.

The author of this paper, admittedly interested in the utilization of wool, has made a study of present scientific and technical knowledge concerning the functional requirements of clothing and the properties of textile fibers. He discusses some of the principal factors governing fiber and fabric relationships as they relate to the requirements of apparel fabrics, such as bodily comfort and protection as well as appearance and style. The paper should be of value to all persons who are inter ested in the development of improved apparel textiles irrespective of their interest in particular types of fibers.—Editor

As a generalization of Seifert spaces we consider flberings over surfaces with a toric fiber and possibly with special singularities. If the class of the base or the number of singular fibers are sufficiently large, it is found that also in the higher dimensions these spaces are defined by their fundamental groups and carry in fact only one Seifert fibering.

The classes w2i+l, for 2i+ 1 < n, are Z2-reductions of classes that we shall write as t2i+l, defined over a local coefficient system Z whose group is Z (the integers), the local system being determined by the orientation of the fiber, [1, p. 195] (incidentally, this also holds for wn, in case of even n). With j? denoting the Bockstein operator for the sequence 0-----Z--+Z2---0, one has then, according to [I], the formulae

It is proved that the components of degenerate fibers of three-dimensional algebraic manifolds fibered into rational surfaces are rational or irrational ruled suriaces. An example is constructed of a three-dimensional algebraic manifold, fibered into rational surfaces, whose degenerate fiber contains an irrational ruled surface which cannot be eliminated by birational transformations that do not alter the common fiber.

The work presented here is a part of a fundamental study on the nature and origin of structural reversals in cotton fibers and their relation to mechanical properties. Special attention is drawn to the reversal distance distribution. In a first attempt, the observed distribution is adjusted to a combinapon of two Poisson distributions. The rather arti ficial systems which have to be visualized in order to relate the parameters of this com bined distribution with a possible growth model and the fact that no evidence could be found for the existence of two distinct causes for reversal generation, gave rise to certain suspicion about the validity of the proposed adjustment. A more thorough analysis of the observations leads to the conclusion that the observed frequency distribution shows significant periodicities which are presumed to be inherent in the generation of reversals. The distance between two consecutive modi in the fre quency-distribution curve is of the order of 200-250 microns. From these observations and from information in the literature, a fiber growth model has been sugegsted. If this model can be accepted as true, it shows that between visible reversals there must be places in the fiber with structural properties similar to the structure of the visible reversals. In order to corroborate this statement, a new and improved technique has been de veloped to perform more than one tensile test on the same single fiber, with jaw space at zero gauge. Sufficient data have been gathered which indicate that the strength ob served between reversals is about 25% higher than the strength of the same fiber at reversals.

From [2], we can derive a criterion for determining when an action of a Lie group on a locally compact space leads to a fiber bundle. Here, we present an equivalent criterion which can be stated purely in the language of actions of groups on spaces. This is Theorem I. Using this result, we are able to give a version of a result of Home [1] for dimensions greater than one. This is done in Theorem IV and Corollary IVA. In Theorem II, we show that if a vector semigroup acts on a space X, then whenever the map t ↦ tx is 1 — 1 from onto x, it is in fact a homeomorphism. Also, is a closed subset of X. This is also a version of a result in [1].

A transducer system is described which enables the transverse frequency of resonance of strings to be determined with great precision. The theoretical discussion enables the magnitude of the output to be calculated, and a practical system used by the author is given. The excitation and detection of movement of the fiber is purely electrical, depending on the fact that a charged fiber vibrating with a small amplitude between two electrodes causes a charge movement at the electrode proportional to its displacement.

The most common method used to analyze the drafting process is the so-called “geometrical” method. Many theories on the drafting have been developed by this method or by following its geometrical concept. It is common knowledge that the irregularity of slivers thickness has statistic characteristics. It is very difficult to clarify by the geometrical method the relation between this statistic irregularity and the drafting process. This articles deal with an “analytical” method which we have built up (instead of the geometrical method) to solve these complex problems and to calculate some characteristics of the irregularity found in drafted slivers. The analytical method has made it clear, among other things, that the drafting process has an oscillatory behavior; that its resonance wave length is about 2_??_3 times the mean fiber length; and that the oscillatory behavior differs according to the staple diagram of drafted slivers and is most conspicuous when square-cut staple fiber are drafted.

Following our programme on non determinist mathematics, we show here how the concept of fiber-space can be framed into this line of thought.

The size of tracheids in conifers and of fibers and vessel segments in dicots has been a subject of investigation for nearly 80 years. Foresters have been interested in woody cell size because of the real or assumed correlation between it and the strength properties of wood and paper, while botanists have been equally interested from the standpoint of its possible relation to evolution, growth and senescence. The present report is a review of the literature from the morphogenetic viewpoint. Special attention is given to the data published rather than to the conclusions previously drawn in an effort to assess the possible interrelationships between cell size of trees and developmental factors of growth and senescence. Because most of the available data apply to the tracheids of gymnosperms, emphasis will be placed on these, but data will be brought in on dicotyledons wherever possible.

To generalize and simplify basic analytical means of studying various processes of stretch- breaking, the authors suggest fundamental formulas which express and correlate several characteristics of changes in fiber quantity during stretch-breaking with two pairs of rollers. They also give and discuss examples of calculation.The relation between input and output of the probability density of fiber leading ends on a front roller is obtainable if the probability density of the breaking points and the probability density of the delivery points are given. The probability density of fiber length and the staple diagram are obtainable in the same way.From the output of the probability density of fiber leading ends and the probability density of staple length is obtainable the sliver thickness at each hour. From the output of the probability density of fiber leading ends and the relation between stress and strain of single fibers in the stretch-breaking process, it is possible to obtain the stretch-breaking force at each hour.For an example of solution to obtain the above-mentioned characteristics practically, the relations presented by simple formulas in Laplace transform are shown if the probability density of the breaking points and the prebability density of the delivery points do not vary with time. And, 1) The staple length, the sliver thickness and the stretch-Breaking force, which vary after tow is fed to the stretch-breaking zone, are shown concretely. In these examples of calculation, the usual correlation between the sliver thickness and the stretch-breaking force is relatively low.2) Even if there is no distribution of breaking points, the stretch-breaking process which has distribution of delivery points (which has distribution of breaking eongation of single fiber for example”. is “stable.” This is becuase the probability density of breaking points and the probability density of delivery points act equivalently to the realtion between input and output of the probability density of fiber leading ends.3) Sliver thickness and stretch-breaking force a long time after tow is fed to the stretch-breaking zone can be obtained easilily by using the last value thorem in the Laplace transformation.4) Some other interesting examples of calculation are given.

D URING the last few years all of us have witnessed an increased interest in expanding the demand for food and fiber. We have seen a rash of studies concerned with many aspects of merchandising, displaying, and packaging of products. There have been surveys of various types to obtain opinions of consumers and users of products and services. Some attempts to study consumer motivation have been made. Much of this work was stimulated by the surplus situation in some products and by the emphasis for research of this type in the RMA Act of 1946.