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The article reports on the geographic divisions of the wholesale trade. 'Wholesale trade' is defined as trade between middle men or from merchants to retailers. The two most important concerns to wholesalers with regard to trading area are: determining the most appropriate trading area, and measuring the market potential in a specific territory. Trading areas are formed based on the size of a business, the type of product which is sold, and with regard to the geography of the region. The author states that industrial development needs a local population base for support. Denver, Colorado is discussed as a distribution center, as opposed to a regional industrial base.

The study reported here attempts to demonstrate the value of geographic mobility as a dimension for segmenting consumer markets. After offering a tentative theory of geographic mobility, the author provides evidence showing geographic mobiles to be high in purchasing power, important customers for particular products and services end likely to engage in product, brand and store switching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts about research technique in the field of marketing. They include "How Good is the Business Census," by Richard M. Clewett, "Economic Areas as a Tool for Research and Planning," by J. H. Lorie, and "Marketing Research Institute," by R. Bartels.

The article presents information about laws of retail gravitation. The original law of retail gravitation states that two cities attract trade from an intermediate town in the vicinity of the breaking point approximately in direct proportion to the populations of the two cities and in inverse proportion to the squares of the distances from these two cities to the intermediate town. The author presents a new law using four as the distance factor of the home town. Examples of applications of this formula are presented.

The article reports on the market for wholesale goods and the need for improved research in the field of wholesale trading. Past studies have primarily focused on geographic areas, while the author wishes to see further work in the field of market density. A market pattern study is described in which sales were tracked by county. The market areas for several products are evaluated; the products include dry goods, drugs, confectionary goods, tobacco and grocery traders. The article specifically focuses on the Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland and New York market region. Data from the U.S. Department of Commerce is presented in the article.

The Northern Ireland linen complex declined sharply between 1950 and 1970. Demand and supply conditions deteriorated, localization economies altered in origin, and the focus on linen declined. Internal material linkages dropped as the complex became more capital intensive and organizationally integrated. Poor performance and passive adaptive behavior reflected and reinforced entrepreneurial and structural constraints. Technological and market changes raised requirements for larger firms and greater integration. The complex made few profits, despite technical progress and improved productivity. Its isolation continued to be more than geographic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominant role of multinational corporations has strongly influenced the geography of the petrochemical industry in the United Kingdom. Certain oil companies have encouraged development of integrated oil refinery/petrochemical complexes. Despite similar motivations, these companies have adopted different approaches in their moves from oil refining into petrochemical manufacture. These differences have affected position of the complexes, both functionally and geographically, at local, national, and international scales, within the corporate systems to which they belong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population and economic power of France are concentrated east of a line from Le Havre to Marseille, and especially in the Paris agglomeration. A policy of aménagement du territoire has attempted to counter the weight of Paris by encouraging decentralization of factories and offices. Regional metropolises, or métropoles d'équilibre, can provide more effective leadership and better prospects for a new national equilibrium than reliance upon the largest center in each of the twenty-one planning regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Locational phenomena are examined under the assumption that firms have perfect foresight. In the short run, competitive and cooperative price equilibria may be found; the competitive solution is equivalent to Hotelling's duopolistic equilibrium. In the medium term, prices are set as a function of location patterns, such that profits equal zero. In the long run, the assumptions of free entry and perfect foresight do not yield unique locational equilibria: such an equilibrium requires naive beliefs on the part of firms. Doubt is therefore cast upon the usefulness of the assumptions of certainty and homogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a literature review of the recent market studies in geography, since 1965, and to recent developments in central-place theory and methodology. This literature aims to explore the economics of marketing systems through the context of anthropology. It includes a highly selective group of anthropological work on marketing, particularly in China, United States, Canada, Philippines, Germany, Guatemala, Roman Britain, and certain parts of Africa. This review was undertaken in the light of the belief that attention to developments in a sister discipline would stimulate more interesting and sophisticated work on marketing systems by anthropologists.

An important type of firm location decision is the in site or in place locational adjustment. The dynamic nature of the economic milieu necessitates continued reassessment and reorganization of internal resources by the firm. Economic geographers have become increasingly interested in the in site adjustment process and the conditions associated with various types of "adjustment paths" followed by firms. This study of twenty-one Pacific Northwest iron and steel firms during an eight year period identifies two types of in site locational adjustments made under varied conditions of economic growth by firms of different size, product mix and competitive position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the use of central metrics in calculating the geographical distance. Reduction of the transportation cost; Simplification on the search of optimal location; Analysis of the urban phenomena.

Traditional interpretation of the Ante-Bellum southern economy has assumed a widespread and chronic shortage of food, especially pork. Comparison of pork production with estimated consumption, however, reveals that the level of subsistence varied markedly within the South. The major areas whose production was far below their needs were Louisiana and coastal South Carolina. Other areas with lesser shortages were some western Mississippi counties adjacent to the river, the Gulf Coast counties of Alabama and Mississippi, the Black Belt of Alabama, and parts of the Georgia-Carolina Piedmont. Although a number of counties were deficient, the greater part of the area produced pork sufficient for local needs. In fact, the Hill South sent huge surpluses to market in both the East and the South. The pork deficiencies were made up either by shipments of live animals overland from the Hill States or by western pork via the Mississippi waterway. South Carolina and Louisiana were the major markets for extra-regional pork, and they accounted for most of the pork that moved into the region. A number of factors affected the level of subsistence in the deficit areas. Undoubtedly, the presence of an intense commercial crop economy with its associated large labor force placed a strain on local supplies. More important, a remunerative cash crop provided income enough to pay for imported pork. Urban populations, too, were nodes of high consumption. The total population of the twenty-five largest cities in the area approached half a million in 1860 and they could have consumed over half of the pork moving into New Orleans at that time. Finally, the deficient areas were located near established trade routes where extra-regional pork was readily available. On the whole, pork production in relation to consumption was extremely variable in the South. There were a number of ’regions’ in the area with each fulfilling its meat needs as its situation permitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to assess the effects that pelletization has had on the iron ore production patterns in the United States between 1950 and 1965. To achieve this, the output of usable tons of iron ore, on a county basis, was mapped in order to describe and analyze the pattern of iron mining over the fifteen-year-period. It was found that pelletization engendered significant geographic and economic change in the domestic iron mining industry. The Lake Superior Region continued as the major domestic producer, followed in order by the Western Region, the Northeastern Region, the Central and Gulf Region, and the Southeastern Region. The importance of many mining districts either decreased (Southeastern Region) or increased (Western, Central, and Gulf regions) subsequent to the development of pelletization. Imports of foreign ore continued to affect some districts, but where pelletization was fully operative, imports had little effect. A major finding of the study was that in regions where pelletization was employed, the average increase in value-per-ton of iron ore over the fifteen-year-period increased proportionately more than for areas where ore was not pelletized. In 1965, areas where pelletization occurred recorded the highest values per ton of iron ore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publication trends provide insights into the changing character of geographic research and the evolution of national school of geography. Analysis of articles appearing in the Annales de Géographie, a major French geographical publication, reflects changing patterns of emphasis of French geographers. Systematically, topics of Physical geography have been consistent in their importance. Topics of economic geography have increased sharply at the expense of cultural geography. Regionally, articles on metropolitan France have invariably been greatest importance. Africa and other parts of western Europe have been of secondary importance, whereas Asia and Latin America are proving increasingly attractive as research areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes postwar research of urban geography of Soviet Union. The rapid urbanization of Soviet Union has quite naturally resulted in a sharp increase in volume of Soviet urban geographic research in postwar years. The literature and methodology, methods for studies of cities, systems of cities of the country as a whole and of its regions, and of individual cities of Soviet Union is abundant. Urban geography is viewed by the Soviets as a branch of population geography, which in turn lies within the general field of economic geography.

.Focuses on the growth of interest in geographic problems from a point of view that uses concept from both economics and geography. Discussion on the association of location with space economy; Interpretation of the spatial structure of agriculture; Concepts on plant location problem from an engineering point of view.

Presently available geographical literature on the underground coal mining industry of the Appalachian Plateau is inadequate. Source materials are available, and have been utilized here, to remedy a part of the deficiency for the Pennsylvania portion of the Plateau. Among the significant findings are the following. Coal seams utilized, among the several score available, are limited in number, and groups of mines tapping each of these seams exhibit distinctive and explainable distributional patterns. Mine entries include both shaft and slope types, as well as the better-known drift type, and regional variations in the distribution of the several types vary with the geology of the area. Mines utilize seams having a wide range of thicknesses; areal differences in thickness are largely a function of the specific seams being tapped. Mine output and mine employment are predominantly on a small scale; a limited number of large- and medium-scale mines, which are concentrated in the southern half of the producing area, are chiefly market oriented rather than resource oriented although the latter factor plays a secondary localizing role. The once-dominant Pittsburgh seam is losing significance, as the impact of changing geologic conditions upon the advancing mining front necessitates more costly operations. Finally, the bituminous coal resources of Pennsylvania, despite long and intensive usage, remain largely intact; but future mining operations must employ less desirable seams at less desirable places. This article by no means represents a comprehensive analysis of the underground bituminous coal mining industry of Pennsylvania. Significant facets of the industry remain unstudied. These include mine-by-mine differences in quality of coal, kind and degree of mechanization, length of work year, labor efficiency, unionization, and coal shipment methods. Data presently are not available to analyze many of these topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the position of Beira, Mozambique as gateway of trade to Central Africa. Historical development of Beira as a gateway; Physical characteristics of the place that enabled it to function as a gateway; Significance of the position for both Beira and Central African trade.

Explores the preoccupation of economists and other social scientists with the phenomenon of economic development in the U.S. Display of an extraordinary diversity of interpretations and hypotheses regarding the development; Areal differentiation of economic conditions and prospects; Role of natural resources in economic development.

Studies the economic geography of Mokil, a Micronesian atoll. Geographical location and physical characteristics; History; Industries; Demography; Problems confronted by the place.

Discusses the essential features of a program of training for students intending to conduct researches in economic geography. Data on the nature of economic geography; Focus on earth sciences, social sciences and geographical techniques; Influence of the academic and practical objectives in the training.

Presents several abstracts for articles on economic geography. "Unity and Diversity in Southeastern Asia," by Jan O. M. Broek; "The Annual Thermal Cycle of Lake Michigan," by Phil E. Church; "Asia's Post-War Geography," by George B. Cressey; "Vincennes, Indiana: A Study in Urban Geography," by Alden Cutshall.

Examines the impress of effective central authority upon the landscape in the United States. Phenomena of economic geography; Security as a product of effective central authority; Features of boundaries; Expressions of governmental activity.

Discusses key issues concerning the agricultural geography of Jamaica in 1932. Historical background; Physical features of the land; Climate.

Discusses key issues concerning the science of geonomics, which pertains to the economic aspects of geography. Economics and economic geography; Distinction between economic geography and geonomics; Implications on geographical studies.

The article focuses on the disconformities between the agricultural region and the statistical area in California. The author asserts that this problem of economic geography is acute in this country. He mentions the regional system set up by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics in the U.S. Department of Agriculture which aims to help correct this problem.

The article discusses the developments on modern elementary geography in United States. The books "American Universal Geography," by Morse, "Methods of Telling about Geography," by Peter Parley as well as "Universal Geography" by Woodbridge and Willard are some of the finest examples of place and book geographies. While Guyot, Parker and McMurray are the ones who have brought some of the industrial phrases in physiographical geography and human relations. Moreover, the establishment of schools of commerce and chairs of geography in several universities in United States brought out the need to have a better understanding of industrial and economic geography.

The purpose of this paper is to offer: (1) an explanation and critique of the present methods used by the ICC to delimit the boundary of the Interstate Commercial Zone; and (2) to suggest a new method of delimitation that could be quickly and in- expensively implemented by the ICC and could rectify present inequities by providing for simple extensions to the Zone boundaries when reasonable requests are submitted for judication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief essay is an attempt to suggest that geographers might wish to add to their contribution by a slight shift of focus, not a change of focus, and build more deeply into their more or less physically determined concepts of "region" some "technological" aspects which they are probably better equipped than most to document. I would like to suggest, in other words, that geographers use the descriptive and analytical tools of their profession to go on from the formulation of more purely geographic regions to the delimiting and laying down of regions which are geared to the concept of technological homogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic integration in East Africa has been discussed throughout the past 50 years or more, although—until recently—only in terms of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Almost as soon as Kenya and Uganda became established as political entities, close economic links were established between them, and when British administration was extended to Tanganyika after 1918 that country was brought into close relationship with its two northern neighbours. Thus a customs union between Kenya and Uganda was established in 1917, and Tanganyika was gradually incorporated within it between 1922 and 1927. The links were strengthened as economic development advanced, and were formalised under the East Africa High Commission from 1948 onwards: so they became an important part of the inheritance of the three states as they gained political independence in the years 1961–1963.1 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the scope and method of teaching economic geography for the high schools in the U.S. The Elements of Geography, Economic Geography and Commercial Countries are the three unit courses in geography identified by the author to be discussed in every high school. The topics to be discussed in the geography of trade are presented.

Examines interrelations between problems of small and medium-sized cities and the location of industry in the Soviet Union. Description of the negative aspect of the concentration of industrial output in large and major cities; Effect of the concentration of industrial production in large and major cities on the development of small and medium-sized cities; Discussion of capital investments and manpower supply with respect to the location of industrial concentration.

The article focuses on the need for transforming the content of social studies in the U.S. Selecting the content for social studies in elementary schools is a difficult task. Children also find it boring to attend social study classes. However, economic geography and American political history have provided enough content for the upper grades. Educators can draw ideas from social sciences when it comes to focus the social studies on human interactions.

This article presents a list of books related to economic history and geography. Some of the books mentioned here are: "The Economic Development of India," by V.P. Anstey; "Social Thought From Lore to Science," by H.E. Barnes and H. Becker; "Bibliographies in American History: Guide to Materials for Research," by H.P. Beers; "Economic Planning in Corporative Portugal," by F. Cotta; etc. The book by Cotta gives an admirable statement of the organization of Portuguese corporative entities, their powers, their functions, and their problems. Nevertheless the book is an obviously sympathetic description of a "beautiful movement" dominated by a "retiring, silent, non-violent dictator" who "gently, yet how efficiently" directs a nation in which "auto-direction" will eventually govern the economy. Cotta implies that all favorable economic changes are the results of the corporative movement and not of world economic conditions, that remaining unsatisfactory situations are mere vestiges of the preceding system, and that the accident of government control will pass away. Cotta views that economic planning in a small nation with a simple economy is very different from that in a huge and complex one.

This article presents information about books related to economic history and geography. The book "Economic Conditions in Southern India (1000-1500 A.D.)," by A. Appadorai is not a history of economic development but a description of conditions in a period in general during which there must have been great changes. The book "Toward Economic Control in China," by H.D. Fong traces what has been accomplished, partly by private enterprise and partly by the government, in the development and control of transportation, of foreign trade, of public finance and currency, of agriculture and of industry. It is an interesting story of developments most of which have hardly been mentioned in American newspapers, but which fundamentally are far more important than many China incidents which make the headlines. The book "Brookings: A Biography," by H. Hagedorn is an interesting and authoritative narration of the life of the founder of the Brookings Institution. Of special interest to economists are the chapters describing his aid to Washington University and the founding of the research organization which bears his name. The book "An Introduction to the Economic History of the British Empire," by C.M. MacInnes presents a number of novel features. All histories of the development of British overseas dominion must needs deal with many phases of economic history, but the treatment is incidental and incomplete.

This article presents information about books related to economic history and geography. "Financial Foreign Policy of the United States," by J.W. Angell. This is a report to the Second International Studies Conference on the State and Economic Life, held in London in May and June, 1938, and was prepared for the American Committee appointed by the Council on Foreign Relations. Financial foreign policy is defined as "those actions of the government which have influenced the exportation of American capital, either by encouraging or by restricting it, or which have been directed at its protection when once exported." Although tariff policy and governmental attempts to control the prices of certain commodities are intentionally excluded from the discussion, the field which remains to be covered is a broad one. Some of the other books enlisted are: "Hitier's Reich: The First Phase," by H.F. Armstrong; "British Regulation of the Colonial Iron Industry," by A.C. Biming; "Chinese Government Economic Planning and Reconstruction Since 1927," by G. Chen; and "Soviet Economic Policy in the East," by V. Conolly.

This article presents information about new books, published in the December 1931 issue of the journal "American Economic Review." One of the books is "Virginia Iron Manufacture in the Slave Era," by K. Bruce. In this book the author of the book describes the place and importance of the iron industry in Virginia from Its origin to the close of the Civil war. The treatment, as the author suggests In the preface, is historical rather than technical. Some of the books enlisted are: "What England and Germany mean to the United State," B.M. Anderson; and "Economic Geography of Europe," by W.O. Blanchard and S. Visher.

This article presents information about books related to economics. The book "Economic Power for Canada," by J.A. Aikin is a well-informed discussion of current economic problems in Canada. The author has studied thoroughly the public discussions of present-day Canadian problems, and presents a useful summary along with certain proposals of his own. "Economic History of the American People," by E.L. Bogant is a new book, not a mere revision of his economic history of the United States. The older sources have been studied afresh and the new material integrated with the old. This book is likely to find a ready welcome among teachers, since it is a restatement of the economic history of the United States along traditional lines. It includes some other books, such as, "Work-Book in Economic History of the American People," by E.L. Bogart and R.B. Browne; "Social and Economic Geography," by L. Brettle; "Problem Studies in Economic Geography," by L.E. Chase; and "An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early Railway Age, 1820-1850," 2nd ed., J.H. Clapham.

The article presents information on some books on economics. The book "Industrial and Commercial Correspondence of Alexander Hamilton, Anticipating His Report on Manufactures," edited by Arthur A. Cole, brings light to new material, available to students everywhere, this highly valuable body of correspondence which may very properly be considered as original data for a broad industrial survey of the U.S. in 1790-1791. It is at least a sort of all consensus of manufactures, since no data were collected on that subject for the census of 1790. The question has sometimes been raised in recent months as to what field the new society was to cultivate, how business history was to be disguised from economic history. The industrial development of Russia in the last decade is etched in with skill which insures the permanent value of the account. The beginnings of reconstruction, the creation of state trust and syndicates, the new roles for the trade unions and the cooperatives, are all described with illuminating reference to contrasts in the reconstruction programs of other countries.

This article includes work on economic history and geography. One of the book is "Essai Sur L'industrie au Canada, Sous le Régime Français," vol. I and II, by J.N. Fauteux. This book has an interesting exhibit of assembled statistical data relating to a single state. The figures are taken from the latest official publications, and the monograph as a whole deals with present conditions. The social and economic factors presented include population, health, education and the various branches of industry, taxation and debt. Another book is "The Economic Progress of Poland," by E. Kwaitkowski. Another book is "The Encyclopedia of the Labour Movement," vols. I-III, edited by H.B. Less-Smith. Another book is "An Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages (800-1300)," written by J.W. Thompson. One of the book is "Le Monde économique, 1918-1927," by A. Vialatte. Another book is "Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India," written by E.H. Warmington. There is also a series of slight essays on the following subjects: Japan-a growing factor in Canada's prosperity; Canada's potential trade with British West Africa; Canada's optimum of population and how it may be obtained; Does Canada need a federal farm loan system? Economic possibilities of the Maritime Provinces.

The article presents information on economic history and geography published in 1925. Some of the books included in are, "Production in India--A Comparative Study in National Productivity," by Rajani Kanta Das. India is country concerning which concerning which almost every American has a mass general information, but very little knowledge in quantitative form, for statistical data concerning that country are scattered through numerous government publications, most of which don't come to the attention American statistician or economist. The author of the book has done valuable service by bringing together this widely dispersed information and putting the essential facts concerning production in India in compact form. "The New History and Social Studies," by Harry Elmer Barnes. No one can question the reality of the influence of the various social sciences upon history; it is evident on every hand. The general thesis of the book will thus be widely accepted. The author assumes that the newly acquired interests must needs destroy the value of all the older work.

The article presents a list of books related to economic history and geography. "The New World. Problems in Political Geography," by I. Bowman. Bowman has advanced the cause of geography and enriched the fields of history and economics by using these three fields of knowledge to help explain the complex of national and international problems outside of the U.S. which have made the world so uneasy since Armistice Day of 1918. Other books include the following. "Underlying Factors in the Business Situation," by B.M. Anderson. "Jay's Treaty. A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy," by S.F. Bemis.

This article presents information about books related to economic history and geography. The books include "Business Geography," by Ellsworth Huntington and Frank E. Williams; "The Populist Movement in Georgia," by A.M. Arnett; "The Mirrors of Moscow," by L. Bryant; "Storia del commercio," by R. Cessi; "Industrial America in the World War," by G.B. Clarkson; "The Cincinnati Southern Railroad and the Struggle for Southern Commerce, 1865-1872," by E.M. Coulter; "The Russian Turmoil. Memoirs: Military, Social and Political," by A.I. Denikin; "History of the James River and Kanawha Company," by W.F. Dunaway; "The Geography of New England," by P. Emerson; "Au Canada," by Marshall Fayolle; "A History of Land Tenure in England," by J. Ghosh; "The Continental System: An Economic Interpretation," by E.F. Heckscher; "Recent Economic Development in Russia," by K. Leites; "Modern Industrialism: An Outline of Present-Day Industrial Organization," by F.L. McVey; and Henry Ford: An Interpretation," by S.S. Marquis.