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Possible programs for helping low-income families rise out of poverty include training women to obtain jobs. This Volume III of the study takes a close look at one small poverty-ridden community in an attempt to provide a better understanding of the problems confronting such families. Several years of close anthropological observation went into this report. The approach and success of women's employment programs will depend on understanding the problems and possibilities. The other volumes are available as VT 014 885-014 886. (CD)

Using data from personal interviews, participant observation in a rural poverty area, and intensive case studies, this study compared 1,325 women according to welfare, marital, and employment status. Working mothers in general were found to have a more effective home life and self-concept, but with some marital problems and concerns about their relationships with the children and the care of their homes. The unemployed had more home and health problems and anticipated more problems if they were to work. Recommendations included improved training and day care opportunities. This volume I of the study summarizes findings and implications from the data. Two other volumes are available as VT 014 886-014 887. (BH)

Results of a six-year pilot program in community resource development, carried out in the five-county Central New York planning region are summarized. The program, administered by New York Cooperative Extension, involving Extension Service of U. S. Department of Agriculture and Colleges of Human Ecology and Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell University, utilized community education regionally to improve effectiveness of comprehensive regional planning and development. The program was scrutinized closely and evaluated thoroughly on several occasions. Much of the final year was devoted to analyzing and projecting program results. This study reports on one aspect of this evaluation - testing the program's experience for transferability to other regions. Conclusions are reported from: (1) impressions of the transferability of MIDNY's experiences, (2) implications to New York State Cooperative Extension, and (3) suggestions to the Ad Hoc Committee on Regional Development in the Greater Egypt Region of Southern Illinois. (Author/NF)

This study documents findings concerning rural planning of the six-year MIDNY pilot project in community resource development. Subject headings are: Setting; Planning For Rural Areas (Background); Rural Planning Lessons From The Central N. Y. Experience. Results show that no organization or agency working alone can be as effective as several working together. Experience indicates that rural concerns can be meshed into institutionalized planning process and that more significant reforms, such as developing new planning processes and including non-traditional planners on planning staffs, may be possible. (Author/NF)

The author concludes that there is no convincing evidence of differential occupational returns to education, except for effects of race and farm background. There is an interaction effect of fathers' occupational status, as well as race, with the returns to work experience in an equation for income. Findings are either negative or inconclusive between socioeconomic background and education among urban white men. In this major segment of the population, the benefits of education appear to go to those who have it, regardless of their social origins. (DM)

In this paper, trends in the occupational mobility of black and white men are compared. Emphasis was placed upon the effects of occupational origins on the changing occupation distributions of blacks and whites and with the possibility of convergence between the occupational mobility of blacks and whites. It was found that there has been some degree of convergence from 1962 to 1970 in the occupational distribution, due mainly to racial differences in changing effects of first occupation on current occupations. (DM)

As part of a continuing study by home economists, in three contiguous New York State counties, of ways to identify and respond to the needs of low-income families, an interview-questionnaire was administered to 150 low-income homemakers who had children at home. The purposes of this data-collection technique were: (1) to identify some of the characteristics of low-income families; (2) to determine some of the homemaking practices and needs of low-income homemakers; (3) to discover what low-income homemakers consider as problems related to food and clothing; and (4) to suggest ways to respond to these problems. The data collected were analyzed by frequency distribution. Results of the study show that the primary concern of these homemakers is getting enough food for the money they have to expend; the same concern showed in clothing problems. A need for help with financial planning is clearly evident. Impressions of the families, as shown by interviewers' notes, are presented; these "word portraits" relate to family characteristics, health, income and money management, and housing and housekeeping. The resolution of these problems will require the efforts of other agencies, as well as Cooperative Extension. (CK)

A primary purpose of the present study was to further investigate the effects of children upon parents in order to gain a better understanding of the interactional relationship between parents and children. Subjects were 42 middle and upper-middle class parents and their daughters. Mothers and fathers were first observed separately with their child in structured and unstructured interaction situations. Each parent was also interviewed separately concerning child-rearing attitudes and behaviors. Interviews were videotaped. As predicted, children's task behaviors (both dependent and independent) resulted in different parental responses. Mothers and fathers interacted more, both verbally and physically, when the children acted dependent. Fathers seemed to reinforce daughters' dependent behaviors more than mothers did, but were less controlling than mothers when the child acted dependent. The differences in parental response may relate to parents' differential involvement or expectations for their children. Whatever the explanation, both mothers and fathers should be studied directly to gain understanding of the similarities and differences in parental behavior and the parent-child relationship. [Filmed from best available copy.] (Author/MK)

The families served in the Cornell-OEO Project in South Brooklyn are described from three points of view: on a one-to-one basis, as selected subgroups, and in terms of educational work with groups. The one-to-one approach was used most. Demographic data for those served this way include family size, ethnic characteristics, residence location, welfare status, sex of household head, and employment status. A three-level typology based on family problem loads was developed. Thumbnail sketches of 75 families representing the three levels are given. The families were divided into subgroups with unique service needs as elderly, one-visit, and prolonged service. Workshops were held in both formal and informal sessions which formed a significant part of the project activity. Critical factors in their success were personal contact, relevance of content, accessibility, and provision of child care. (MS)

The site of the Cornell-OEO project in South Brooklyn is described in terms of physical characteristics, ethnic composition, family composition, age of residents, income, and other qualities. Two large housing projects in the area are described. The charging character of the neighborhoods and its impact on the residents is outlined. Tables and maps supplement the text. (MS)

To explore ways of adapting cooperative extension education to help urban poor families solve their home management and consumer problems, the Cornell-OEO project trained and then employed 38 South Brooklyn women as family assistants to work with over 500 local families. The dynamic program changed frequently during its 2 year term as its range broadened to include provision of information links between existing available services and the families (an expeditor role), shifting emphasis from wide-scope personal service to a more strictly educative function by the family assistants, and preparation of the family assistants to take on community leadership roles after the project ended in June 1971. Basic assumptions regarding the ordering of priorities and the ability of education to solve problems were found to differ widely between professional and community residents. Staff development was hampered by ambiguities of role and organization structure, ethnic mixtures, and the pressures of urban life. A major finding was that families with extensive problems were unable to utilize project help, but those with less severe problems were receptive to lasting aid. It is concluded that urban extension operations can be effectively carried out but should not be counted on as a base for faculty research or student training. (MS)

In evaluating Federally-funded adult consumer-homemaking education programs in New York, ten programs were selected. A sample of participants was drawn through a process of random, unannounced visits. Evaluation techniques included interviews, systematic observation, ratings, and recording critical incidents. Several instruments were created for use in the study including the Consumer-Homemaking Descriptive Rating Scale and the Participant Interview Schedule. Results included these: significant gains were made by individual programs in all areas with most progress registered in clothing/textiles, in foods/nutrition and in relationships; those who persisted in the program were found to be less-educated, older, and of lower income; most participants came "to learn," were satisfied with the congenial atmosphere and opportunity to meet and be with others, endorsed the program as worthwhile, and trusted the teachers; little difference was found in comparing experienced and inexperienced paraprofessionals; teachers were found to understand the feelings and problems of the participants; and programs seemed to be reaching those for whom they were intended. Recommendations were made. (A 30-item bibliography is listed; appendixes presenting measures used in the study comprise half the report.) (SC)

This document assesses college effects on earnings 8 to 10 years following graduation from high school. The sample group included male Wisconsin high school seniors in 1957 who had some college experience between 1957 and 1964 and who were alive, not enrolled in any school, and not on active duty with the armed forces in 1964. A total of 1198 men with college information available met the eligibility criteria. Results concerned: the variations in earnings from one school to the next; how these variations compare to institutional differences in the chances of graduating from college or entering a high-status occupation; the effect of institutional environment on earnings as compared to the effect of background, ability, or high school experiences; the extent of college differences in earnings; the mechanisms by which colleges affect earnings, and the effects of colleges on earnings as a reflection of differences in institutional quality. (MJM)

We have tried to address two questions: "What has been the trend of socioeconomic opportunity for black and white men in the U. S. during the past decade?" and "what has been the trend of racial discrimination in the socioeconomic achievements of black men?" Using 1962 Current Population Survey data, we estimated a simple three-equation model of socioeconomic achievement for black and nonblack (hereafter, white) men at ages 34-44, 45-54, and 55-64. The model takes educational attainment in years of schooling to depend on father's occupational status, father's educational attainment, respondent's farm background, and respondent's number of siblings. Respondent's current occupational status depends on the four background variables and on educational attainment. Finally, the respondent's income depends on the background variables, educational attainment, and occupational status. We have found that the socioeconomic opportunities of all men in the labor force, and especially of blacks, have increased in the past decade, but the opportunities for white men to hold high status jobs may have leveled off. Black-white differences in educational attainment, occupational status, and income have been reduced substantially, but there remain large residues of discrimination against blacks in all three areas of achievement. These made up as large a proportion of the total racial gap in schooling, occupational status and income in 1972 as they did in 1962. (Author/JM)

This annotated bibliography contains 208 entries on educational and other kinds of assistance to low income homemakers. Section 1 contains theoretical analyses of intervention strategies. These strategies are then illustrated by accounts of programs in home management instruction, homemakers' services, special programs for "chronic" poor housekeepers, housing and urban renewal, consumer education, and parent education regarding preschool and school age children. Subsequent sections are on the role of social service agencies, multiservice programs, and community development; literacy education, manpower development, and general aspects of adult education; the training and use of indigenous nonprofessionals; descriptive and evaluative research on poverty; and urban extension through universities, the Ford Foundation, and Urban Four-H. Periodicals, conference reports, and special journal issues are reviewed in the last section. (ly)

This project was designed to compare three preschool curricula, with staff model and program operation held constant. The curricula were (1) a unit-based curriculum emphasizing the social-emotional development goals of the traditional nursery school, (2) a cognitively-oriented curriculum developed by the Ypsilanti Perry Preschool Project, and (3) the Bereiter-Englemann language training curriculum. All three of these programs have carefully planned daily activities and clearly defined week-by-week goals. The subjects for the study were 3- and 4-year-old functionally retarded disadvantaged children. There was a no-treatment control group. Teachers conducted classrooms and home teaching sessions within the curriculum style they chose. The results of pre- and posttest tests (including the Stanford-Binet and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) are highly unusual. The gain scores of the treatment groups are remarkably high (significantly higher than the control group's scores), but there is no significant difference in scores among the three different curricula suggesting that the variables held constant in this experiment (staff model, method of project operation, and specific task orientation of the curricula) are at least as important as curriculum content in producing favorable developmental gains. (MH)

The 4 reports contained in this document present the results of a pilot study of differential coping behavior among siblings. The IRGOP researchers proposed to investigate the factors related to why some children achieve well in school and thereby take the first step in moving out of poverty. Four areas of concern -- human development, sociology, education, and home economics -- are combined in this interdisciplinary approach to study teenagers' school coping behavior. The reports address themselves to data gleaned from the pilot study in which 196 single-parented teenagers from Tompkins County, New York, were interviewed. The paper by Nellie Brodis explores child-rearing practices which may cause dissimilar school achievement among welfare and non-welfare children. Michael Rogoff's paper describes in detail the measurement of academic achievement used for this IRGOP study. Rose Anne Negele attempts to identify the kinds of maternal behavior and aspirations which are essential for high academic performance in fatherless adolescent girls. The final paper, by Philip Lewin, discusses the importance of teenagers' housing satisfaction and school success. (DK)

This is an account of the first three years of the MIDNY Project, a pilot community resource development project in the five-county Central New York Region surrounding the city of Syracuse. The project was set up in 1966 by New York State Cooperative Extension with special funds provided by the Federal Extension Service. It was one of the first Cooperative Extension attempts to apply its community resources development strategies to a complex metropolitan area. The project is still in operation, under a three-year extension of its educational and people-oriented tradition to contribute importantly to the resolution of social problems (urban problems in particular) related to comprehensive planning and decision-making processes. Specific objectives included: development of the sense of a region, initiation of county planning programs; establishment of working relationships with various organizations; training of extension agents in community development; establishing contact among individuals and organizations with common interests; and making research findings available to regional decision makers. (PT)

This paper is the first in a series on family day care produced as part of a project to design and test an informal continuing education program with family day care mothers. The initial impetus for discussion of day care problems in Tompkins County, New York, grew out of the concern of professionals from counseling agencies. Investigation and discussions revealed that there was no central agency that could provide information about day care. Finally, a Gathering Place was established to help implement the concept of centralized support services. It served several purposes. It provided a central place for at-cost sales of arts, crafts and snack supplies to cooperative nursery schools, day care centers, play schools and family day care mothers. A major goal of the Day Care Service is to develop a comprehensive network of good day care services for children of working parents. The service has moved a long way. Twenty-five percent of the children in Tompkins County are in organized day care facilities as opposed to ten percent in the nation. It is being called on to share its ideas and accomplishments with many other areas of the state. The approaches used by the Day Care Service to involve the day care mothers and to develop their self-image were as follows: to involve them in the planning for training programs and workshops at the Gathering Place and to encourage and work with them in developing an autonomous organization that provides an opportunity for day care mothers to share common problems. (CK)

Using data from personal interviews, participant observation in a rural poverty area, and intensive case studies, this study compared 1,325 women according to welfare, marital, and employment status. This appendix contains the tables of data used in the study. The other volumes are available as VT 014 885 and VT 014 887. (BH)

Reported are reviews of the Cornell-OEO Project in South Brooklyn by the family assistants--women who lived in the community and worked with the families served. The collection of statements are presented as they were dictated or written. When the statement was in Spanish it was translated to English. These statements of the family assistants indicate the benefits they felt they derived from the project as well as evaluating the effectiveness of the project from their point of view. (MS)

The report evaluates the impact of paraprofessionals in a program of planned change, the Cornell-OEO Project in South Brooklyn, which employed and trained local women to serve as family assistants to increase the competence and knowledge of low-income homemakers in the area. Findings indicate that programs where paraprofessionals communicate knowledge can have broad impact, both on the contacted individuals and on their community involvement. Personalized interaction seems to be a significant stimulus to change, perhaps because it involves paraprofessionals who are closer to the people, more sensitive to their problems, and better able to establish rapport than professional outsiders. Programs of planned change may have new opportunities for success by recognizing the role of paraprofessionals in the dynamics of social change. (MS)

Forms used for data collection in the Cornell-OEO Project fall into the categories of recruitment and selection, family assistant training, in-service training, supervisory records of family assistants, service-family contacts and visits, reports on visits to Cornell-OEO Project, work with groups outside the project, and analysis forms. Twenty-five forms are included with a statement of their purpose, use pattern, and by whom they were to be completed. Some of the problems encountered in data collection were timing, data transmission delays, language barriers, reluctance to report negative data, and incompatibility of forms and work content. (MS)

Ten papers were translated: Maximum permissible concentrations of noxious substances in the atmospheric air of populated areas; Some aspects of the biological effect of microconcentrations of two chloroisocyanates; The toxicology of low concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons; Chronic action of low concentrations of acrolein in air on the organism; Study of the reflex and resorptive effects of thiophene; Sanitary-toxicological appraisal of the combined effect of a mixture of benzene and acetophenone vapors in atmospheric air; Maximum permissible concentrations of phenol and acetophenone present together in atmospheric air; Sanitary evaluation of the combined action of acetone and phenol in atmospheric air; On the combined effect of low concentrations of acetone and acetophenone in air on the organism of man and animals; and On the comparative toxicity of benzene, toluene, and xylene. (Author/RH)

Twelve papers dealing with the meteorological aspects of air pollution were translated. These papers were initially presented at an international symposium held in Leningrad during July 1968. The papers are: Status and prospective development of meteorological studies of atmospheric pollution, Effect of the stability of the atmosphere on the dissemination of gaseous pollutants, Method of determination of average impurity concentration near an electric power plant by means of an electronic computer, Methods of calculation of the surface concentration of a gaseous impurity discharged from an elevated source, Results of experimental study of smoke plumes from thermal power plants, Atmospheric diffusion and structure of the air flow about a nonuniform underlying surface, Procedure for calculating the pollution of the atmosphere with discharges of industrial plants and thermal power plants, Statistical forecasting average atmospheric pollution, Method of calculating the degree of atmospheric pollution, On the determination of diffusion parameters for actual locations, Turbulence in the lower 500 M layer and diffusion of impurities, and Atmospheric turbulence at small heights. (Author/RH)

Fifteen papers were translated: On the removal of impurities from the atmosphere by clouds and precipitation; Some aspects of the adoption of automatic methods of determining atmospheric pollutants; Recording of sulfur dioxide content at the outskirts of a city. Comparison of measurement results for a valley and an elevation; Theoretical and Experimental study of the aspiration coefficient of aerosols; Mechanism of photochemical pollution of the urban atmosphere; Procedure for determining the content of trace elements in precipitated water; Content of heavy metals in the air of certain regions of the USSR; On the design of a measuring network for air pollution in the German Democratic Republic; Content of photooxidants in urban air; Study of air pollution and atmospheric precipitation resulting from artificial modification of clouds; Microclimate characteristics and hygienic evaluation of the relative emplacement of industrial and residential complexes in the regions of Siberia; Numerical characteristics of meteorological conditions associated with periods of heavy atmospheric pollution in western Siberia; Experience in simulating the propagation of noxious substances in the surface atmospheric layer over plant sites and surrounding grounds; Special cases of Vertical currents; and Synoptic conditions of formation of a very stable atmospheric boundary layer. (Author/RH)

1. 京都大学芦生演習林の植生をWhittakerの環境傾度分析に準じて分析した。2. 本地域は海抜高差で500m程度の巾をもつにすぎないが, 温帯落葉樹林帯の代表であるブナの下限と温量指数からみて, 約600mを境として温帯落葉樹林帯と暖帯落葉樹林帯とに区分しうる。ただし, 600mを境として交代するのはブナとウラジロガシ, ミズナラとコナラなど少数に限られ, 大多数の種はほとんど全域に分布する。3. 乾湿度勾配に対応して種はそれぞれ特有の二項分布型の分布曲線を示す。ピークの位置, 曲線の型は種によってそれぞれ違い, 相互に広く重なりあっている。それ故, 植生は湿性から乾性に向って環境の変化に対応して連続的に変化していく。4. 分布曲線のピークが違うことは種のスミワケを示すが, 同時に相互に重なりあい, トモズミの関係を示す。このことから, 森林は個体―環境系の連鎖として成立しているものだといえる。5. 下層の種もまた乾湿度勾配に応じて連続的に変化しており, 上層木との組合せもまた環境の変化に対応して連続的に変化する。6. 少数の種ないし陽性の種の存在様式からみて, 天然生林はモザイク状, 部分的に破壊と再生を含む動的平衡系である。7. 高木の優勢な種に注目すれば, 水分環境に対応して, 最も湿った側から, トチ, ブナ, スギをそれぞれ代表とするグループと最も乾性のネジキ, クロソヨゴ, ヒノキ, ヒメコマツッを主とするグループに分類できる。本地域では海抜700mをこえると準平原地形となり, 弱乾性のスギを代表とするグループの占める割合が多くなる。

1. The study on the vegetation of natural forest was conducted in Kyoto University forest located at Ashiu (Kyoto Prefecture). 2. The elevation of the area ranged from 350 to 950 m in altitude, and cover about 4000 ha. About a half of the area is covered by climax natural forest. In view of vertical distribution, it can be divided into two forest zones, that is, the warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest below 600 m altitude, and the cool temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest above 600 m. The boundary was decided based on the lower limit of distribution of Fagus crenate and the warmth and coldness index. But the boundary is significant for only few species such as Fagus crenate, Cyclobalanopsis salicina, Quercus serrata and Quercus mongolica var grosseserrata. Many of tree and shrub species distribute almost every elevation. 3. When the stands were arranged in the order of moisture gradient, all species were found to form binomial curves of occurrence, and curves for different species overlap broadly, but peaks for species and limits of their distribution were well scattered along gradient. Consequently, the stands formed continuous series, and there were no distinct groups of species which could be differentiated from other groups on the basis of floristic composition. It is presumed that each of tree and shrub species distribute essentially independently, and the forest stand is organized as a complex chain of individual tree-environment system. 4. The distribution pattern of shrub species growing as understory was quite similar to that of overstory tree species. There was no distinct evidence that distribution of shrub species of understory were unilateraly regulated by overstory tree species. 5. Climax forest include some intolerant species though low in their population. It would be concluded that the climax forest is the system in dynamic equilibrium including destruction and regeneration in locally or mosaicly. 6. It is able to classify the vegetation