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The article focuses on the positron, the antiparticle of the electron which is an instrument of exploring the nature and properties of matter. When positron collides with the electron, they annihilate and their mass is converted into pure energy in the form of gamma rays which yields unique information on the atomic structure of substance. The same process sets when a positron and electron annihilate in condensed matter either in solid and liquid. This positron-electron system illustrates the basic conservation laws found in nature.

The article provides information on electron and positron annihilation. Energetic collision between electrons and positrons would give rise to the discovery of new particles which may elucidate the structure of familiar particles. Though by conventional standards they would decay to less massive particles in a period , The new particles have lifetime about a thousand times longer than other particles of comparable mass.

The article focuses on the expansion of Bethlehem Steel Co. signaling its intention to take over two percent of the market that is expected to break out of its 13-year ceiling in 1964. A brief background on the company is provided starting with the purchase of Bethlehem Iron Co. by Charles M. Schwab and of the patents of English inventor Henry Grey. The effect of several factors is discussed including the abundance of raw materials, the changing market in relation to its being a broad-line producer, and the entry of atom and electron in munition making.

The article discusses the chemistry of the solvated electron. It is released into solution when specific metals are dissolved in a liquid such as ammonia. It can be released, too, by ionizing radiation, and it will likely play a role in many chemical reactions. Recently, research on solvated electrons was limited to solutions of highly reactive alkali metals such as sodium, lithium, potassium, etc.

Focuses on electric currents in organic crystals. Electrons involved in the conduction of an electric current from one molecule to another; Composition of molecules inside the anthracene crystal; Difference in conductivity between substances.

The article discusses the predictions made by Brian D. Josephson, a graduate student in physics at the University of Cambridge, based on purely theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of superconductivity. One of his predictions states that a "supercurrent" composed of correlated pairs of electrons can be made to flow across an insulating gap, which is small enough, between two superconducting bodies.

The article presents information on the recently discovered muonium atoms and a research related to the electromagnetic interactions of these atoms. A muonium atom, which bears some resemblance to a positronium atom, consists of a positive muon and an electron. The research found that the electromagnetic interactions of these atoms show the properties of heavy electrons.

The article focuses on the electron-diffraction technique for studying the structure of crystal surfaces. The discovery that electrons behave as waves and produce diffraction patterns when they interact with the atoms in a crystal was made in 1927 by C. J. Davisson, Lester H. Germer, and George Thomson. For electrons with energy range from five to 500 volts the penetration is limited to the outer layers of atoms, and the diffraction pattern of electrons scattered back from the crystal discloses the surface structure.

The article discusses the changes in electronic structure of atoms in a solid matter when applied with high pressure. The occurrence may be detected by probing the electric and magnetic fields of the atoms The magnetism of an atom comes from the orbital momentum of the electrons and from the spin angular momentum. An experiment was conducted on ferromagnetic iron at high pressure, which made possible the forming of a clearer image of the distribution of electric charge and magnetic spin in solids.

The article discusses the behavior of electric field of the laser light wave on electrons in the quartz crystal.. Free atoms form a series of discrete shells when there are several electrons. When atoms are close to another, valence electrons are shared by or transferred to other atoms. This process occur in order to completely fill the outer shells of adjacent atoms which are bounded together. Crystals like sodium chlorides are termed as ionic while diamonds are called covalent.

The article focuses on the fermi surface of metals. It notes that it is not a real surface but a picture of how the electrons in a metal behave. These pictures explain such properties of metals as luster, ductility and the conduction of electricity and heat. Fermi surface is the sphere that represents the boundary between occupied and unoccupied velocities for the electrons in a gas. The velocities of electrons in the electron gas are represented by points in the velocity space bounded by the Fermi surface.

The article focuses on the synthesis of elements which now extends up to element 103. Eleven radioactive elements heavier than uranium have been created by man since 1940. The general procedure for creating a new heavy element is to add one or more protons to the nucleus of an already existing element. Another method is to add one or more neutrons to an existing nucleus. By a radioactive decay process, a neutron inside a nucleus can emit an electron, become a proton and raise the atomic number by one.

The article examines the weight of the muon, a fundamental particle weighing 200 times the mass of an electron. It resembles in every aspect to be a relative of the electron except its instability. Combining the mass of muon with the magnetic moment to obtain the g-factor is the most accurate method of measuring the mass of the muon.

The article discusses the role of ionizing radiation in the modern physics and allied sciences. The ability of ionizing radiation to displace electrons in atoms and molecules and penetrate matter is presented. And its most salient property is their great energy which permits the physicist to deal with single atomic particles, like alpha particles.

The article focuses on the exclusion principle authored by theoretical physicist Wolfgang Pauli, which states that each quantum orbit of an atom contains no more than two electrons. It acquired its importance for helping to clarify the atom's internal structure. The principle also underlies the periodicity of chemical properties in the sequence of atomic species in the table of elements.

The article discusses on how to recreate the apparatus that would measure the charge of the electron. The principle of balance against the gravitational force that acts on a small drop of oil is where the experiment is based. The interaction of the charge on the drop, with the charge on the electrodes of the apparatus, will determine the electric force. A voltmeter can directly measure the charge on the electrodes. A careful construction of the apparatus is needed in order to maintain accuracy.

The article discusses the significance of oxidation in certain biological processes. It was discovered that animals take up oxygen from the air and would transform it into carbon dioxide. It has also been concluded by a scientist that animals that produce body heat through the combustion of food with oxygen. Such discoveries were not supported with reasonable explanation, until a late confirmation arrived. The process will be completed through the activation of oxygen by a catalyst.

The article discusses on the possibility of the existence of anti-matter. The author asserted that if an anti-electron could exist, then there is a possibility that anti-matter could also exist. However, the author argues that there can be no anti-matter on the earth due to the annihilation of particles and anti-particles when they meet.

The article focuses on the experiments on magnetically confined plasmas which are composed of electrons and ions. These experiments generated remarkable bodies called plasmoids. The properties of plasmoids stem from two physical phenomena. One phenomenon is that the plasma can conduct electricity. The other phenomenon that governs the behavior of plasmoids is magnetism.

The article focuses on the structure of the red blood cells. Four methods have been used in measuring the accurate thickness of the red-cell membrane to determine its structure: (1) chemical analysis (2) leptoscope (3) study of ghosts with the electron microscope (4) direct electron microscopic study of sections of red cells. The interior arrangement of the molecules have been explored through x-ray beams.

The article focuses on the atomic structural material that holds the universe together known as pions. In 1947, Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa has been rewarded for his prediction that the mass of a pion is about 270 times that of the electron. The energy equivalent of the mass of a pion is 135 million electron volts. Pions were first distinguished in the debris from cosmic ray collisions and manufactured in high-energy accelerators by bombardment of nuclei.

The article presents a study about artificial atom in which an electron is replaced with a meson. Mesons are middleweight particles which are about the weight between an electron and proton, and are be connected with the forces inside the atomic nucleus. Scientist Niels Bohr points out that if energy is supplied to the atom, the electron may leave its orbit and jump momentarily to an orbit farther from the nucleus.

The article discusses electrochemical machining wherein hard alloys that are difficult to cut into complex shapes can be worked to a smooth finish in an electrolytic cell where the hard metal is the anode and the tool is the cathode. Some of the advantages of this process is that it does not induce stresses in the machined metal surface, another is that the process can produce complex shapes that are almost impossible to by grinding through the properly designed cathode.

Discusses about metal-vapor lasers. Developments that led to the concept of metal-vapor lasers; Information on energy storage in metal-vapor lasers; Kinds of collision between the electrons and the atoms.

Discusses the identification of crystal electrons and atoms in metals as insulator, semiconductor, conductor or superconductor. Determination of the energy structure in metals by particles; Fundamental property of a crystal; Creation of fermions by the motion of electrons within crystals.

Deals with the collective-effect approach to accelerating positive particles to high energies. Features of high-energy accelerators; Limits imposed by the laws of physics on beam performance; Information on collective self-fields generated by intense beams of electrons.

The article discusses the determination of the actual values of fundamental physical constants. Experiments designed to redetermine the numerical values of these quantities to ever greater levels of accuracy can yield information concerning the overall correctness of the basic theories of physics. The importance of accuracy of fundamental constants such as the velocity of light, the charge of an electron and the mass of an electron is explained. Some problems related to fundamental physical constants are mentioned.

Examines the mechanism of photosynthesis. Equation summarizing the process; Description of the absorption of light energy; Chemical steps and biochemical phase of the process; Research on how the production of adenosine triphosphate is coupled to photosynthetic electron transport.

Focuses on cosmic rays as one of the main components of the universe. Information on the intensity of the cosmic ray flux; Influence of solar wind on the cosmic ray flux in the solar system; Presence of electrons and positrons among the primary cosmic rays according to James A. Earl of the University of Maryland in Baltimore.

The article discusses the interaction of light with matter. Based on the quantum theory, an atom reacts to light only when the frequency is such that the difference between two energy levels of the atom is equal to the photon energy. One of the essential features of interaction between light and atoms is the re-emission without change of frequency by replacing the atom with electron oscillators.

Provides an overview of the magnetic properties of materials. Concept of ferromagnetism; Kinds of electron magnetism; Theory underlying the development of permanent magnets.

The article describes how the new theory of microinstabilities differs from hygromagnetics and shows how the theories can be used to explain the leakage of magnetic bottles. Magnetic bottles containing a plasma of ions and electrons are used by theorists to study the leakage problem in fusion reactors. It emphasizes that all kinds of magnetic bottles have been devised but all of them leaked. The ways to prevent plasma from streaming out of a magnetic bottle are through open-end or mirror device and closed or toroidal device.

The article examines the scattering of high-energy electrons by nucleons. A number of physicists pointed out that the electromagnetic structures could be accounted for if the electrified clouds contained two new kinds of meson in addition to the ones already known. These new particles would presumably appear in the debris of energetic reactions.