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The article presents news and notes from the Academy of Management as of June 1965. A meeting of the Eastern Management Association at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania is scheduled for May 7 and 8. Recipients of the Richard D. Irwin Foundation Doctoral Fellowships for 1965-66 include Frederick M. Adler, Donald Erienkotter, and Herbert E. Kierulff. Other news is presented.

The article assesses the economic value of the investment in the doctor of philosophy (Ph. D.) degree in economics. To derive the internal rate of return to the Ph. D. in economics, conventional cost-benefit methodology is used. A five-way classification was utilized to determine the variations in the conditions surrounding graduate work in economics. These classification are: by type of employment, method of financing, length of schooling, salary and earnings as measures of income and private and social cost-and-benefit perspectives.

The article presents the author's comment on rate of return to the doctor of philosophy degree (Ph.D.) in economics. Calculation of rates of return by field seems to be a far more sensible approach than making estimates by degree or level of education. This is especially true for graduate education in light of the apparent overproduction of degree holders in some fields. The time required beyond a master's degree to obtain a Ph.D. in economics is estimated as three calendar years for those with fellowships and those who are privately supported and four calendar years for those who are dependent on assistantships. In addition, rate-of-return estimates are made using two and three years schooling duration, respectively. The use of a maximum of four years may be an administrator's dream, but scattered evidence suggests that successful completion of a Ph.D. may require considerably longer time expenditure. If calculation of rates of return is to improve information for decision making, especially by potential graduate students and institutions considering new graduate programs, attrition rates in various Ph.D. programs should be taken into account.

In recent years a growing number of studies have been dedicated to the understanding of the system of hierarchy among institutions of higher learning and the hiring and placing of their new graduates. This interest has also been carried over to the field of sociology. Although this relationship between the prestige of doctor of philosophy degree (Ph.D.) granting departments and hiring departments tends to diminish with the passage of time and professional involvement, no doubt seems to exist regarding the first hiring of new Ph.D.s. To the men trained in minor departments, the tendency for reputations to be prematurely determined is an additional handicap. The hierarchic nature of the academic educational system is emphasized by scholar L. Hargens. Thus, the academic community and the academic marketplace are based not only on achievement criteria but also on ascriptive criteria. The individual is evaluated not according to his performance alone, but to a large extent according to the graduate school which granted his degree. Several studies tried to widen the scope of investigation into the grapevine of the academic marketplace by also taking into consideration regional ecological variables.

The article presents abstracts of several research articles published in various periodicals. The article "Rankings in Ph.D. Programs in Economics and the Relative Publishing Performance of their Ph.D's: The Experience of the 1960's," by T.D. Hogan, published in December 1973 issue of "Western Economics," presents tabulation of publishing output of economists during the 1960's in three top economics journals classified according to the degree origin of author. The analysis also explores the hypothesis that publishing performance in top-rated economics journals is a function of the quality of graduate training. Non-parametric tests provide evidence of a highly significant relationship between the quality ratings of graduate programs and the publishing output of their graduates. The article "The Quality of Life: Toward a Microeconomic Definition," by L. Wingo, published in the February 1973 issue of "Urban Studies," concerns over the quality of life uniquely characterizes the political economies of the advanced industrial nations of the world were the marginal utility of private consumption declines as income grows.

The impact of quality of department of doctoral training upon research productivity is analyzed. Using a measure developed by Glenn and Villemez (1970), the authors examined the publication records of 2,205 holders of the Ph.D. in sociology for the period 1940-1970. Quality of department is operationalized on the basis of Kenniston's 1959 study of graduate schools and the 1966 and 1970 studies sponsored by the American Council on Education. In addition, the authors developed a fourth rating system, a composite of the three studies, for the present research. Regression analysis is used to assess the predictive efficiency of the four rating schemes. Controls on possible confounding variables, e.g., sex and year of Ph.D., are instituted at appropriate points in the analysis. The standardized partial regression coefficients indicate that quality of department of doctoral training has less impact upon productivity than has generally been assumed. When the effects of extraneous variables are removed quality of department exerts little independent influence upon any of six operational indices of productivity. Possible reasons for the failure of the independent variable to emerge as a stronger predictor of publication output are suggested and briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article utilizes data from National Science Foundation to examine the extent of the male-female salary and promotion differential for Doctor of Philosophy degree in academics, in academic employment by field of specialization and where data are sufficient, in business and government as well. The extent to which lifetime choice of training and earning versus non-market work in the household influences the differential is also examined in the article. It also presents evidence on various aspects of the status of women faculty relative to men. The most important finding of the author is that academic salaries of females start out at not much less than those of males and then decline to result in a fairly substantial differential after a number of years of potential experience. In addition, it shows that women academics are more likely than men to be employed by institutions, which emphasize teaching rather than research and graduate training. These results would be expected to prevail even in the absence of direct labor market discrimination against women, for many women interrupt their careers through labor force withdrawal and/or part-time employment during child-rearing years.

This article studies the returns to investment in the graduate education of doctor of philosophy degree (Ph.D.) academicians in the U.S. The alternative income of Ph.D. faculty is an estimate of the income of bachelor's degree holders taken from an extensive survey of salaries in occupations open to the degree holders. The economic condition of all faculty employed by institutions of higher education in the country, is discussed. Lastly, this study investigates the effects of graduate school dropouts on their computed social rates of return.

This article presents a study on the training and early occupational characteristics of recent PhDs in clinical psychology. For this study, all of the 60 departments of psychology listed by American Psychological Association as having approved clinical psychology training programs were asked for the names of their clinical PhDs for the years 1961 and 1962. Fifty-two of the 60 approved departments responded, providing a total of 474 names. A questionnaire was mailed to these 474 individuals. This questionnaire had been developed and tested on a pilot sample of 62 clinical psychologists who had received their training since 1950 and who were actively working as clinical psychologists in a variety of settings.

The article presents information about academic activities of different professor in various universities in the U.S. Vaden Streetman, associate professor of accounting, is returning from a three-year leave of absence in which he completed residence requirements for his Ph.D. at the University of Southern California. Keith Davis, professor from Arizona State University, is on leave for 1964-1965. He will be devoting his time to research and publication in the field of Business and Society. Professor Davis' readings, Human Relation; has been issued in a second edition by McGraw-Hill. Karl E. Ashburn, professor from Baylor University has been added to the faculty as professor of economics. William L. Breit from Baylor University was promoted to associate professor. Donald E. Vaughn has been advanced to associate professor of business finance and statistics. David Fitch of the Finance Division of North Texas State University participated in workshops at Harvard University in July and August under a grant from the Ford Foundation.

The article presents information on a study that assesses the current and projected status of the inclusion of the behavioral sciences in medical education. The research procedures included sending a questionnaire to each medical school in the United States in operation during the fall term of 1959, data gathering visits to twenty-seven medical schools, extensive interviews with behavioral scientists and medical educators and examination of medical school catalogs, course outlines, prospectuses, and other pertinent materials. It was found that some 762 "behavioral scientists" hold faculty appointments in the seventy medical schools in the sample. Seventy-seven per cent of these hold a Ph.D. degree. Sixty-two per cent have fulltime appointments. Sixty-nine percent have their appointments with a department of psychiatry and another five per cent with psychiatry and some other department. The relatively large numbers of behavioral scientists with Ph.D. degrees now on media cal faculties is in itself rather amazing.

The article discusses the inauguration of Doctor of Arts programs in Art, English, history, mathematics, music and science in the U.S. The move is to take advancement of its new graduate programs for junior college and instructor, and curriculum projects. However, Carnegie Corporation of New York issued $1 million to the institution for the support in the integrated course and uprise the design projects. Edwin Fenton and John Sandberg, the director of the Carnegie Education Center said that the steps is to interact with the innovative team to issue the key problems of American Education.

This article discusses the findings of a survey conducted by the Center for Law Enforcement and Corrections of the Pennsylvania State University during the fall of 1996 to determine how many people in varied educational programs were contributing to the field of law enforcement. According to information presented in the August 1996 issue of "The Police Chief" journal, 128 educational institutions offer programs in the in the area of law enforcement. These include universities, 4-year colleges, and junior and community colleges and involve degrees ranging from associate degrees to doctor of philosophy degree. The findings of this survey reveal that educational programs in law enforcement are annually involving increasing numbers of individuals including those already in the field and those interested in entering the field. Associate degree programs contributed 28 percent more people in 1965 than they had in 1964. One of the major problems which must be resolved if these programs are going to remedy the severe shortage of man-power. The awareness of the necessity for improvement of the quality, number and effectiveness of law enforcement agencies has also resulted the federal government's undertaking research into the position and the problems of the field.

The article focuses on the academic problems that could be faced by emerging doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) holders in journalism in the U.S. in 1973. It cites the factors that contributed to the negative perception of the public on higher education. It mentions the efforts of journalism schools to maintain academic respectability on campus by producing and sheltering communications scientists. It details the challenges faced by journalism schools in maintaining writing and reporting classes in large Ph.D. programs.

The article presents information about several appointments and courses in colleges and universities. Irwin T. Sanders has been appointed professor and chairman of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology in the Liberal Arts and Graduate School at the Boston University, Massachusettes. He will begin his new assignment on January 1, 1960, following a trip to the Balkan countries in connection with research and writing in which he is currently engaged. A Doctor of Philosophy program in sociology has been established in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Connecticut. This includes three grantees of the National Defense Graduate Fellowships, beginning in the current academic year. Robert A. Danley has been appointed assistant professor to work on the project for the comparative study of utilization of health resources in rural and urban areas, part of which is supported by a the U.S. Public Heatlh Service Grant, at the Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

This article gives major results of a study of the training given to sociologists who were candidates for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree (Ph.D.) and who majored in the sociology of rural life in the U.S. Presented in the study are jobs held by majors in rural sociology, the major fields of concentration required for Ph.D. with a major in rural sociology and the minor course work taken by rural majors. In conclusion, the importance of teaching in rural sociology is emphasized with recommendations on how to improve teaching in this field.

This article focuses on the success and attrition characteristics of economics students entering the doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) program at the Berkeley campus of the University of California. In reviewing admission applications, a variety of factors are generally thought to be conducive to successful completion of the Ph.D. program. Information was available regarding the nature and quality of the undergraduate institution attended by the candidate, the sex of the candidate, whether a prior master of arts degree had been earned, and the time elapsed between completion of the baccalaureate degree and entry into the Ph.D. program. A doctoral program serves a variety of purposes and some attrition will always be present due to the need to satisfy conflicting objectives and to imperfect admission screening procedures. Attrition does involve significant costs to the institution and to students who may devote significant scholarly energies to the discipline only to leave the program without accomplishing their objective. Through a greater appreciation and understanding of student attrition it is hoped that, when pursuing numerous program objectives or when determining the appropriate effort to be devoted to screening procedures, these costs will be more fully recognized and evaluated in the administrative decision-making process.

The article highlights developments in education in the United States and the world as of January 1946. An article by Dr. George S. Counts has appeared in the "Chicago Sun" for November 23, 1945 which pertains to changes in educational program in Russia and the pattern of change which has occurred. The number of candidates for the Doctor's degree indicated an increase after World War I compared with the number of degrees granted before 1920.

This article presents the list of the recipients of the doctor of philosophy degree in sociology, including the academic origins of recipients, and dissertation titles from 1969-1971.

This article describes and examines the doctoral origins, that is, the school from which an individual received the degree, and the appointment patterns of editors of the periodical, American Sociological Review (ASR). A twenty-year period was chosen for investigation in order to facilitate the observation of pronounced trends in the data. The particular period 1948-1968 was selected because October 1948 marks the beginning of Maurice R. Davie's term as editor-in-chief and December 1968 marks the end of the most completed editorial period on the periodical. The American Sociological Review was selected for investigation since it is an official journal of the American Sociological Association. Empirical evidence for the importance and influence of the ASR can be found in a work in which the authors state that regarding the frequency with which references were made to various journals, in five of the six cases the rank order was ASR, AIS, and SF. Additional evidence is presented in a study in which the ASR was found to be among the most frequently cited journals in sociology. The name of every editor-in-chief, assistant editor, and associate editor was noted for the period October 1948 to December 1968.

This article describes the professional characteristics of women, married and unmarried, who have received their doctorates in four major academic divisions between the years 1958 and 1963, and who are employed full time. Such characteristics as type and place of employment, professorial rank, tenure, and salaries are compared against men who have received their doctorates in the same substantive areas and over the same period of time. It also compares productivity, as measured primarily by publications, professional recognition, and identification, among unmarried women, married women, and men with doctorates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the value adaptation and utilization of Doctor of philosophy degree (PhD) scientists into academic and industrial environments. The sets of values associated with the scientific ethos are built up as part of the educational process. For scientists, the graduate school is the primary socializing agency, but professional activities and associations maintain the set of values which are central to the ethos of science. The study presented in this article has illustrated that the phenomenon of accommodation or acculturation in values does exist during the course of a scientist's early career, and that such acculturation is to some extent dependent upon the working environment into which the scientist enters. The data do suggest that the linkage between job satisfaction and productivity may be dependent on accommodation to one's environment. This study does illustrate that there are differential attitude changes among academic and industrial scientists, and it also does serves an illustration of one approach to the utilization of longitudinal data to make predictions about significant organizational behaviors.

The article focuses on production of economic literature. The cumulative stock of journal articles doubles every fourteen years. But far from constituting a new phenomenon, the stock of articles has expanded at this rate with surprising regularity for at least the better part of this century. The supply of economists, whether measured by membership in the American Economic Association or the stock of PhDs, has also been characterized by steady growth. If there have been scientific revolutions and counter-revolutions in economics, they have not left their mark on the aggregate data. As emphasized by economist Derek Price, the fact that the number of scientists has grown faster than the aggregate population for several generations implies that there must inevitably be a retardation in the rate at which labor resources are applied to the production of knowledge. The article explores the manner in which the output of economic knowledge responds to a reduction in the supply of scholars, as might be occasioned by a fall in the birth rate, a shift in occupational taste, or a reduction in funds available for research.

The article discusses the use and implications of an alternate indicator for the condition of labor markets for doctor of philosophy degree holders (Ph.D), one not related to salary or unemployment rates. This involves the idea that manpower allocation in the academic labor market is strongly associated with institutional quality, not salary considerations. Within fairly broad limits, a new Ph.D can be expected to seek out his first job at the best university offering him employment. The quality allocation data examined suggests that average standards probably declined during the sixties as the bulk of expanding Ph.D. output occurred at lower quality levels. This trend is expected to be reversed during the seventies as more and more individuals take positions at institutions lower on the quality scale from where the doctorate was earned.

The article presents information on recommendations made by the 1964 American Accounting Association Committee on Doctoral Programs. The committee was charged to investigate and to make appropriate recommendations concerning doctoral programs with a concentration in accounting. The primary role of doctoral programs in accounting at the present time is to prepare the student for university teaching of accounting. There are indications that the future may place increasing demands upon such doctoral programs to prepare students for a research career in public or industrial accounting. The increasing number applying for entrance to doctoral programs each year makes it possible for universities to exercise greater selectivity in the choice of students. The courses in accounting should cover thoroughly the areas of financial accounting, management accounting and the analytical uses of accounting data. Doctoral courses should be based upon an educational philosophy distinct from those of undergraduate and advanced professional programs offered by a university.

The article presents abstracts of doctoral dissertations in accounting. The dissertation "The Development and Present Status of the Accounting Concept of Surplus," by Billy Lee Barnes of the University of Illinois, presented in the year 1958, focuses on the accounting surplus. Since corporate surplus emerged in the seventeenth century as an integral part of the financial structure of the business corporation, it has undergone a significant evolutionary development. A concept of total capital, adequate for the single venture, was inadequate for the perpetual business enterprise with diverse ownership. The concept of surplus had its genesis in the dichotomy of the concept of total capital into separate concepts of permanent capital and surplus. The dissertation "Legal Liability in Public Accounting Practice," by Robert Glen Berryman of the University of Illinois, presented in the year 1958, provides a complete exposition of legal liability in public accounting practice and to review measures which public accountants may appropriately adopt to reduce the risks from this source.

A list of doctoral dissertations in political economy either in progress or completed and accepted by various universities in the U.S. as of September 1937. Students with a period of non-residence exceeding three years are omitted from the list. The first list of this kind was dated January 1, 1904 and subsequent lists have appeared in various publications. This list specifies doctoral dissertations accepted by universities. Titles not marked completed are assumed to be still in progress. Some thesis titles in the field of sociology are omitted and are published in the periodical "American Journal of Sociology."

The AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION has published annually since 1904 a list of the students preparing theses for the degree of doctor of philosophy in economics as reported by the important institutions in the United States. An analysis of these lists tennis the following facts: the number of students preparing theses has increased approximately twelve-fold, beginning with 24 in 1904 and reaching 286 in 1927; the number has more than doubled in the last five years; five institutions (Columbia, Chicago Wisconsin, Harvard, and Pennsylvania) have had nearly two-thirds of the students; the six outstanding fields of thesis subjects in order of decreasing Importance are: economic history, labor problems, social problems, agriculture, accounting (including business methods, investments, and the exchanges), and public finance (including taxation and tariff). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that examined trends in the doctor of philosophy degree language requirement at Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri. Background on the survey questions administered with regard to changes in degree requirements; Reasons behind the decision of university administrators to change the requirements; Potential implications of the degree requirements for students.

The article presents a comparison study related to the institutional influences of schools in undergraduate training of those who are taking up doctoral degree in chemistry in the U.S. The information was obtained through a questionnaire given to the subject institutions. The data presented showed that several institutions decreased and other institutions elevated in rank while other schools with prestige and national recognition are superior in terms of national reputation. Writers found out that affluent institutions have more capable student body as measured by Scholastic Aptitude scores.

The article evaluates the educational background and performances of doctorates in the U.S. The climax of formal academic training is the earned doctor's degree from a recognized institution of higher education. The doctorate gives the recipient a learner's permit to proceed with intellectual explorations of his own, and the degree may therefore be said to serve as the mark of the scientist and scholar. The investigation demonstrated the effectiveness of a particular technique for gathering interesting and previously untabulated data. The objective of the study is to collect and examine a body of evidence which might yield clues as to which factors in the early life of students may have been related to their eventual academic success.

The article compares institutions in the U.S. in the undergraduate training of doctor of philosophy in chemistry in the five major occupational specializations of chemistry; biochemistry, inorganic, organic, physical and analytical chemistry. The baccalaureate origins by institution and occupational specialization were obtained from data gathered by the research staff on Scientific Personnel of the American Council on Education. When the institutions are compared by the number of baccalaureate graduates who earned the doctorate in the various fields of chemistry during the years 1936-1948, one finds that the University of Illinois ranks first in all fields except physical and biochemistry. Several schools rank much higher much higher in one field than they do in the total group or other specializations.

The article reports on the study on the high school backgrounds of some doctors of philosophy degree (Ph.D.) in the U.S. Some of the persons who were intelligent enough to earn a Ph.D. degree had, on their high school records, intelligence quotient's of 100 or lower. The 648 American Ph.D.'s were also studied by comparing the 465 natural scientists with the 183 social scientists and humanists.

The article reports on the discussion and proposals related to the scientists' interest in the U.S. education in sciences. The definite plans of action is to produce creative scientists in the field of physical science. The proposals involve similar approach to the analogy to the war effort of 1942. It is to expand the schools and colleges to have an increase in financial renumeration. There is a common denominator among PhD and that is the lack in intent interest. It has been gleaned that there is shortage in both pioneers and mature scholars specifically under the natural sciences, mathematics and sciences.

This article presents data and analyses on projected output of economist in 1970s in the U.S. According to the data from the Office of Scientific Personnel, economics includes agricultural economics. An Economist, Ewan Clague that economics would comprise 1.3 percent of all Masters' degrees and 3 percent of all PhD degrees. However, some economist reports their own forecast with a higher increment than Clague's forecast. The projection on PhD shows that it deserves special attention to serve as the basis for planning.

The article focuses on the migration of highly skilled people from the rest of the world into the U.S. The study presented in this article analyses the characteristics of foreigners in the U.S. economics profession. The analysis of the economics profession is useful in the context of the broader question of the "brain drain" involving many other professions because foreign training in economics is not as readily transferable and useful in the United States as is the training of theoretical physicists. Also, economics is not a licensed profession, which makes it easier for economists to practice in a foreign country. The findings of the study presented in the article suggests that the United States does not attract the "best" economists from foreign countries, though discrimination against foreigners can also explain at least part of the income differences. The data presented reveal that economists with Western European and Canadian high school training who obtain U.S. Ph.D.'s and stay on at the U.S. universities earn a higher income on the average than economists who were born and trained in the United States.

The article discusses the works of Ewan Clague, Morton Levine, Francis M. Boddy and Gerald G. Somers on economists of the U.S. Clague estimates that the number of economists at twenty thousand. It is good in the sense that many of these would probably not qualify as economists because of lack of training. It is doubtful that the study on which Clague partly bases his conclusion, namely, that done for the National Science Foundation, is especially appropriate because their sample includes only 10 per cent women, which is a rather small representation of women in comparison with the national figures. That a large proportion of these economists are not well trained is suggested by the fact that there were roughly about 5,500 Ph.D. degree holders in the group by 1960. The author of this article is also doubtful about counting the numbers to be adequate, for problems of productivity are relevant. There is no doubt that by reducing the number of small classes, alternating courses, and making students do more independent work, one can greatly increase the productivity of a given number of academic economists.

The article presents a discussion related to the market for economists in the U.S. The supply of economics graduates with bachelor's degrees is expected to be considerably greater than the demand for professional economists with minimal qualifications. Also, estimates of the number of advanced degrees to be awarded in economics during the sixties indicates that an adequate supply of fully qualified people will be trained during the decade. One can safely assume that virtually all the Ph.D. graduates in economics will enter the profession. But, as a recent nationwide follow-up study of 1958, college graduates demonstrates, only a fraction of the people with a master's degree in economics can be expected to enter the field. Thus, it appears that a deficit in the supply of qualified economists is probable during the sixties, unless there is a rise in the proportion of economics graduates with a master's degree entering the profession and more young people with bachelor's degrees elect to do their graduate work in this field. Otherwise, shortages may be anticipated in such fields as college teaching and research and among top economic advisers and consultants.

The article presents lists of Doctoral Dissertations in Political Economy in Progress in American Universities and Colleges, that were published in "The American Economic Review." The present study covers the ten-year period from 1941 to 1950. In some cases, summary information from the previous studies is reproduced in order to compare it with the results of the last ten years. The present study, therefore, covers more than just the 1941-1950 period, although the new information is limited to this period. It is important to point out that this is not a summary of students who have received their Ph.D. in economics; it is a study of students who have been reported by the various institutions as working toward their Doctor's degrees. Table II also shows the number of candidates at the 18 institutions which had the largest number. Table III lists the subject matter fields of the dissertations of the candidates for the Ph.D. degree in economics. Table IV shows the 31 institutions in the U.S. that granted bachelor degrees to the largest number of students who later became candidates for the Ph.D. degree in economics. Results suggests that there is significant increase in the proportion of women working toward their Ph.D. in economics during recent years.

Policy sciences is compared to other new disciplines. Its independent methodological base, research structure, and education objectives are discussed with respect to multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and disciplinary stages of development. The interrelationship of teaching and research and of application and theory as well as the continual development required from a changing domain of application suggest that policy sciences will always be a new developing, interdisciplinary field. Such features present policy sciences with both the key to its potential long-term viability and the major impediments to its introduction into the university system. The present desirability of a few highly experimental doctorate programs, with the highest level faculty, students, and financial support, is considered. Exploratory and operational research modes are described with respect to type of project, individual goals and attitudes, and organizational requirements. The suitability of formal education and exploratory research to the university and of research in the operational mode to research institutes suggests an informally structured para-academic entity which spans the university boundary. Organizational, financial, and education strategies are discussed. Suggestions for implementing the personal and organizational renewal required of an incompletely defined and continuously changing field are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides notes and news briefs concerning study and teaching of modern language in the U.S., as of October 1923. List of persons who had received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy with a major in French, German, Spanish or Italian and the titles of their theses; Highlights of a meeting conducted by the Association of Modern Language Teachers of the Central West and South in Chicago, Illinois on May 11-12, 1923.

The responses of Ph.D. candidates were compared with those of M.A. candidates on an Audio-Visual Counselor Scale. The responses of the Ph.D. candidates were found to be significantly more affective, understanding, specific, and exploratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]