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A computer-assisted instructional (CAI) program is being used at the University of Michigan School of Dentistry to aid in the teaching of oral diagnosis to dental students. The program is designed to simulate a real life situation--i.e., the diagnosis of patient illness-which would not be otherwise available to the student and to demonstrate to the dental student the need for correlating a thorough case history with a clinical examination and laboratory tests. The computer program is branching and non-linear, with a small specialized dictionary. It provides the student with a series of 15 case histories and a list of laboratory studies from which to choose. For each case, the student receives and verifies the results of the tests he specifies and then makes a diagnosis. Field test results show that the program meets student needs, saves them time, and that they prefer the CAI mode. At the suggestion of the students, plans are being made to expand the program to include a greater number and variety of cases and to offer more difficult challenges. (Author/LB)

One of the results of almost 2 decades of research and theoretical development in the area of professional socialization has been the focusing of interest on the evaluation of interpersonal influences upon students in professional schools. Based on data from the first 2 years of a 6-year longitudinal study of students at a new dental school, this paper deals with relationships between students and other significant persons in the educational environment, especially the faculty. Particular emphasis is placed on a comparison of students' initial professional attitudes with those of the faculty and the modification or reinforcement of students' views over time. Also examined are the relationships between students' professional orientation and (1) self-conceptualizations and (2) levels of academic performance. (Author/HS)

This paper provides a progress report on a study of a new dental school that departs from the traditional approach to professional socialization by channeling its students into clinic experience early in the first year of training. Based upon data from the first 2 years of a 6-year longitudinal investigation, the study focuses on the first class to enroll at the school. The basic issue examined is the influence of early and extensive patient contact through structured clinic experience on students' professional orientations and self-conceptualizations. (Author)

The present study was conducted and designed to: (1) evaluate the adequacy of existing dental manpower supplies in New York State; (2) analyze and make projections of trends in New York's supply of dentists and in the demand for dental services; (3) determine whether or not a shortage of dentists is to be expected in New York; and (4) make recommendations for meeting any predictable shortage in New York's supply of dental services. It was found that the State is confronted with 2 major problems in planning for the dental manpower supplies that will be required to meet the future care demands of its residents: (1) the geographic maldistribution of private practitioners in the State; and (2) an increasingly greater reliance on out-of-state schools to provide dental training for future New York practitioners. The first problem, that the majority of dentists living and practicing in the urban communities, could be solved by active recruitment efforts of dental school graduates to outlying areas to attract them to those areas in need of dentists. With regard to the second problem, if out-of-state schools were to adopt admissions policies that would effectively be seriously jeopardized. It is suggested that dental training facilities in the State be expanded to meet the demand for more dentists. (HS)

Because the demand for health services exceeds the supply, information concerning the aspirations, interests, and motivating factors which lead individuals to choose a health career and the obstacles in the path of health career development are of vital concern to counselors and guidance personnel. This paper reports the findings of three studies which utilized data from the Project Talent Data Bank to identify similarities and differences in personal traits of dentists, pharmacists, and physicians. Specifically, the focus of the dentistry study was on the process of career development with attention to the stability of career choice, while the pharmacy study was concerned with time of career choice. The physician study considered the modifying effect that family-community environment and high school have upon final career choice. Findings, presented separately for each study, suggest certain considerations for career counselors and for admissions personnel. The first is the individual's self assessment and perceptions of occupations open to him. The second is the selection of applicants by professional schools. (JS)

The United States Training and Employment Service General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), first published in 1947, has been included in a continuing program of research to validate the tests against success in many different occupations. The GATB consists of 12 tests which measure nine aptitudes: General Learning Ability; Verbal Aptitude; Numerical Aptitude; Spatial Aptitude; Form Perception; Clerical Perception; Motor Coordination ; Finger Dexterity; and Manual Dexterity. The aptitude scores are standard scores with 100 as the average for the general working population, and a standard deviation of 20. Occupational norms are established in terms of minimum qualifying scores for each of the significant aptitude measures which, when combined, predict job performance. Cutting scores are set only for those aptitudes which aid in predicting the performance of the job duties of the experimental sample. The GATB norms described are appropriate only for jobs with content similar to that shown in the job description presented in this report. A description of the validation sample is included. (AG)

With an emphasis on planning and manipulating the supply of health personnel, this report suggests a method of determining state health manpower needs within the context of uncertain demand and incomplete control over supply. Using Illinois as a case in point, the report suggests that health manpower planning, especially at the state level, should provide for flexibility and give attention to: (1) estimates of demand for medical care, (2) predictions of future medical production functions, and (3) advance estimates of the results of policy decisions. It also suggests that health planning should design supply systems that can respond to changes of demand or to short-run predictions of demand change. The report discusses a number of policy instruments that may be useful at the state level for affecting the numbers and distribution of health personnel, including physicians, dentists, nurses, and allied health professionals. (JS)

Application and recommendation forms, numerous evaluation forms, questionnaires, and responses to taped interviews are some areas of information presented in Appendices I-XIV contained in Volume II. See also Volume I of the Harvard Health Careers Summer Program (TM 000 760) and the Report Summary (TM 000 762). (AG)

The 49 studies contained in this volume, which were originally published and distributed as individual State Dentist Manpower Reports, are the first reports to be drawn from survey data gathered through a national data compilation system designed to collect essential information on the dental manpower supply from all licensed dentists at the time of their annual or biennial registration with state licensing boards. This initial nationwide survey of dentists began with the 1965 registration period and covered a period of approximately 3 years. Information is provided on the location, age, and current professional activity of dentists in each state (except Alabama and California), their professional background, and selected practice characteristics, including the area of specialization and utilization of auxiliary personnel. (Author)

This paper discusses the advantages of using both qualitative and quantitative methodological procedures in investigating attitudinal and perception changes in the population studied. This project is part of a 4-year longitudinal study involving 24 dental students and 29 faculty members of a new southern dental school. The paper reviews some of the literature on this socioanthropological approach; outlines the procedures used for this study, which included questionnaires, interviews, document analysis, field observation, and field diaries -- primarily qualitative methods of inquiry; and some of the limitations of this approach. The methodology was used to ascertain changes in student perception of the role of the dentist and to study the motives of students for entering the field of dentistry. (AF)

This manual covers basic policies and procedures governing four student loan and scholarship programs administered within the Bureau of Health Manpower, National Institutes of Health. An introductory chapter provides definitions, procedures, and reporting common to all programs, and this is followed by chapters describing: (1) The Health Professions Student Loan Program, (2) The Health Professions Scholarship Program, (3) The Nursing Student Loan Program, and (4) The Nursing Scholarship Program. The remaining chapters provide information on repayment plans, collection procedures, accounting for funds, reporting, and auditing. Information in the manual is provided in consecutively numbered subchapters and subsections. Federal legislation, forms, schedules of repayment plans, sample letters, and checklists pertinent to the loan and scholarship programs are appended. (SS)

This report presents the results of the implementation in the State of Illinois of a methodology for analyzing the relationships between health education and health manpower supply, and the relationship between supply and service, specifically in the field of dentistry. The major findings show that: (1) in analysis of the geographic distribution, there is a significant variation in the distribution of dentists relevant to the population; (2) increasing the productivity of dentists is a potentially powerful way to increase service availability; (3) the number of full-time equivalent dentists per 100,000 will increase gradually and slightly by 1980; and (4) the growth of dental manpower supply in the state will only keep pace with population growth despite significant planned increases in dental manpower training. (HS)

This paper is the report of a research project that focused on the professional socialization of dental students in the context of interaction with faculty, other students, the structured curriculum, and patients. Four sets of questions regarding the advantages of dentistry, the disadvantages of dentistry, the characteristics of the dental profession, and the characteristics of a good dentist were issued to the dental students 3 times in a year and once to their professors. By comparing student median response categories with the faculty median, the extent of professionalism of the students was obtained. The results show that student opinion coincided with faculty belief on only one question in the set dealing with the advantages of dentistry. For the set dealing with the disadvantages, however, student and faculty response were in total agreement as was the result of the set of questions regarding the characteristics of the dental profession. The final set of questions about the characteristics of a good dentist found the students and faculty to be in almost total agreement. From these results, it would appear that the significant factors involved in the acquisition of beliefs about the profession are related to experiences prior to entrance into dental school. (Author/HS)

This study attempted to examine dental manpower and variables related to it in Pennsylvania in the context of the national dental manpower. Findings include: (1) Optimum demand, based on dental care for all in the next decade, would require 2,495 additional dentists. (2) Women find a career in dentistry to be very satisfactory but only one-half percent of the dentists in the United States are women. (3) Changing to a 3-year instead of a 4-year dental school curriculum could produce 232 to 320 additional dentists in 1973-80 and meet more than half of the need for more dental manpower. (4) If the water supply were universally flouridated in Pennsylvania, the manpower need for dentists would be reduced, thus providing manpower for improved care. (5) Projected dental manpower needs for Pennsylvania for 1973-80 can be met without increasing dental school facilities by (a) enrolling more Pennsylvania students in Pennsylvania dental schools, thus reducing nonresident admissions, and (b) increasing the use of dental auxiliaries, particularly dental assistants. Related tables are included in the appendices. (Author/PG)

Recommendations for meeting health manpower and training facility needs in Maryland are made, based on the included Coggeshall report. Demand for health personnel is contrasted with estimated future supplies. A third medical school should be planned and dependence on foreign physicians reduced. Rural areas should improve their own health services. The nursing shortage will be reduced by expanding associate degree programs but other degree and licensed practical nurse programs should be continued. An increase in the number and productivity of dentists can be made by the creation of a second dental school and encouragement of auxiliary training. Information on the needs for allied health professionals should be gathered. Appendixes include demographic tables on doctors and nurses; a list of institutions offering instruction in allied health professions; a counter statement by the State Medical and Chirurgical Faculty; a supplementary pharmacy report recommending expansion of the School of Pharmacy, reduced dependence on out-of-State pharmacists, and development of experimental training programs; a proposal for a State college of allied health sciences; and an admissions report of the Medical School of the University of Maryland. (MS)

The Detroit MEDLINE Consortium is an experimental pilot project which is intended to extend use of the on line retrieval system to the hospital environment. The consortium was initiated to increase the capacity for bibliographic information retrieval supportive of the delivery of patient care in the hospital environment. Secondarily, it addresses itself to the information needs of the dentist as manifested in both institutional and non-institutional relationships. Both purposes address themselves to the extension of MEDLINE services at the local or "Basic Unit" level as the hospital is now termed, and to the needs of the health practitioner in his clinical setting. This extension, conceptually, was possible through the introduction of MEDLINE into the hospital environment with the consortium arrangement as an experimental methodology for such extension. The data and observations in this report help to identify the members of the consortium, and provide a rationale for their selection for this experiment. The broad outlines of the selection required, 1) involvement with dentistry, 2) diversity of services and teaching programs, 3) adequate libraries, 4) a history of community services, 5) an immediate capability for initiating MEDLINE service, and 6) an acceptance of the consortium concept. The report also contains a chronology of the development of the consortium. (Author/SJ)

The fields of dentistry, dietetics, medicine, medical technology, nursing, occupational therapy, pharmacy, physical therapy, and social work are defined in the handbook. The entrance requirements, educational institutions, and licensure regulations in Texas are treated for each major and allied support field. The functions or types of specialization and career opportunities are described. Professional associations, both national and in Texas, are examined and their addresses are given. (MS)

This report surveys Minnesota laws relating to the use of health manpower. It presents a summary of Minnesota licensure laws as they apply to categories of health personnel and paramedical personnel currently unrecognized by the law. An analysis is also made of malpractice decisional law to examine whether such laws prohibit or inhibit optimal utilization of health personnel. Licensure laws have this effect by defining the limits of functions performed by licensed personnel and by proscribing the use of persons who are not licensed in a particular category. Medical malpractice law limits optimal utilization of personnel by exposing health care practitioners to possible liability if they deviate from laws, customs, and accepted standards of care. Alternative proposals for changes in the law are set forth that would permit more latitude in the use of health care personnel, if such a goal is deemed necessary. A 68-item bibliography is included. (Author/MS)

Fourteen categories of manpower, comprising 75 percent of the total health work force requiring formal training of six months or more in Alabama, are studied in this preliminary report. They are physicians, dentists, optometrists, pharmacists, medical technologists, certified laboratory assistants, sanitarians, medical records clerks, radiologic technologists, family practice physician assistants, nurse midwives, registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and physical therapists. Manpower needs, supplies, and goals are tabulated for each category by Alabama county and district. Approved medical education programs in the state, with their student capacities and requirements, are listed for each occupation. A series of priorities and implementation responsibilities for the state as a whole and in each category has been drawn up. Several projects in innovative health manpower development are described. The appendix contains the number of hospital beds by county and district and tables of selected demographic data. A listing by district of vacant health manpower positions in hospitals is also given. (MS)

A developmental project created and field tested a computer-assisted instructional (CAI) unit in dental diagnosis. The main objectives were to determine 1) if, after having received CAI, the dental student could determine whether a patient had a clinical need for space management and 2) if the dental student's attitude toward CAI and space management remained favorable. Senior dental students and dentists already in practice took cognitive and affective pretests and then received the CAI product in which pediatric space management cases were presented via various media. A typewriter terminal connected to an IBM 360/50 computer provided control of the instructional sequence and immediate corrective feedback to the subjects' typewritten diagnoses. The computer program was written in the PILOT author language. Posttest results indicated that both objectives were successfully achieved, for the subjects met the minimal standards for diagnosis and their attitudes remained as positive as they were at the beginning of the project. (Author/PB)

This paper reports contributions that students have made in the development of self-instructional materials in dentistry. It begins with a description of forces that encourage utilizing students as members of the instructional development staff and reports the role students have played in attempts to develop an individualized curriculum in dentistry. At the University of Michigan School of Dentistry, preclinical dentistry courses are laboratory analogues of clinical dentistry; that is, students perform on simulators the procedures they will later perform on patients. The body of this paper is concerned with the efforts of the preclinical team in developing curricula. A substantial portion of this course is now in self-instructional modes and the entire course will be prepared when it is required for students who enter in the fall of 1974. (Author/PG)

This report supplies summary statistics for 70 health occupations in 35 different health fields. The data was collected from such sources as educational programs, places of employment, and records of certification, licenses to practice, registration, and association memberships. In 1967 there were 34 million persons in health occupations. There were 305,500 physicians, 98,700 dentists, and 659,000 registered nurses and the remainder were in allied health occupations which required either specialized education or on-the-job training. This report is divided into seven different parts. The first two discuss how to measure the supply of health manpower and the sources of manpower statistics. The other five consider the health manpower situation in medicine, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, and hospitals and nursing homes. (BC)

This publication is a compilation of statistics on supply and education of health manpower in medicine and osteopathy, dentistry, optometry, pharmacy, podiatry, veterinary medicine, nursing, public health, and eight selected allied health occupations. The material is organized by occupations and the following information is presented for each occupation (when available): (1) trends in the number of schools or programs, students and graduates, (2) geographic distribution of schools or programs, students, and graduates for a current year, (3) trends in the number of persons in the profession or occupation and in ratio to population, (4) distribution of the number of persons in profession or occupation and ratio to population for a current year, by State, and (5) projections of supply. A total of 126 tables and 16 figures are included in the report. Related documents are available as ED 018 614 and ED 021 993. (BC)

Addressed to high school and college students interested in working with the mentally retarded, the booklet describes opportunities in the field. Careers considered include 16 in health and health related services, four in education, seven in social and rehabilitative services, and six in administration and coordination of services. Research careers are also treated. For all, a description of the career is included, and educational and training requirements and sources of further information are stated; information regarding financial assistance is provided when relevant. (JD)

The data presented in this document make it possible to assess trends in the availability and distribution of medical and paramedical personnel in Louisiana. The report shows the existing situation and provides a basis for evaluating the nature and extent of problems related to health-care needs. The relation of persons per physician, dentist, and various paramedical personnel in Louisiana is compared with national average for the last 2 decades. It is concluded (1) that Louisiana is in a relatively disadvantaged position with regard to availability of all levels of medically related personnel; (2) that the state has not made a great deal of progress toward achieving national norms in the last 2 decades; and (3) that medical personnel are more available to urban people than to rural residents, making the distribution of medical and paramedical personnel in the state highly uneven. The document contains maps and tables relative to the study. (AN)

Over the past decade, there has been an increasing concern about the lack of health manpower to serve the U.S. population. The areas hardest hit by this shortage are the poverty areas in large cities and rural areas where 30% of the population but only 10% of the physicians live. Many Federal programs have begun to alleviate the problem of the health manpower shortage, especially since 1963 when the Health Professions Educational Assistance (HPEA) Program was enacted in Congress. In 1967, the Bureau of Health Manpower was formed by HEW to coordinate the health manpower training programs that were multiplying and expanding rapidly. In 1970, the Bureau adopted the name of the Bureau of Health Manpower Education and proceeded to carry out its main objective of improving the training and increasing the supply of health workers. To this end, the Bureau has set up a number of scholarship and loan programs in the areas of dentistry, veterinary medicine, nursing, and medicine. In addition, recruiting programs have been initiated to identify and recruit potential health care workers into the health education system. (HS)

Following specialized training in which naval dental assistants were taught to insert restorations in cavities prepared by dental officers, clinical tests were applied to determine how much more a dental officer can accomplish when he delegates certain procedures to specially trained assistants, to evaluate the quality of the restorations, and to determine the mental and physical effects on the personnel when operating under these conditions for prolonged periods. In the clinical tests the following systems were employed: (1) one officer and two assistants operating at one chair and utilizing conventional treatment procedures, (2) one dental officer and three assistants at two chairs, (3) one dental officer and four assistants at three chairs, (4) one dental officer and five assistants at four chairs. In the latter three systems, the assistants placed restorations in cavities. Two dental officers operating in the most satisfactory three-chair system increased their productivity by more than 100 percent; a third increased in productivity by 80 percent. Short term evaluations found restorations placed by the dental teams comparable to those placed by the conventional methods, and no adverse mental or physical effects when the three-chair system was utilized for 20 weeks. A related document is VT 005 732. (JK)

This report of one phase of a study concerned with seeking means of extending the success of dental officers through delegation of certain treatment procedures to auxiliary personnel focuses upon determining the amount of training dental assistants (termed dental technicians by the Navy) require in order to perform the treatment procedure involved. Twelve dental assistants who had had no special training beyond the Navy's 16-week Dental Technician Training Course and whose dental assisting experience ranged from less than 3 months to 23 months were trained in a 7-week course to perform several specific treatment procedures. Evaluators examined 21 restorations which had been inserted by trainees and 41 which had been done by conventional methods. Only one restoration inserted by a trainee was considered unsatisfactory and all restorations inserted by conventional methods were scored satisfactory. It was concluded that the assistants' special training had been sufficient to justify proceeding to the next phase of the study which involved clinical tests of the restorations, which are reported in a related document (VT 007 733). (JK)

The spatial distribution of physicians and dentists among population size classes of incorporated places in the upper Midwest was examined. (NQ)

Many persons avoid dentists and dental work. The present study explored the effects of systematic desensitization and social-modeling treatments with placebo and assessment control groups. Modeling was more effective than desensitization as shown by the number of subjects who went to a dentist. (Author)

The U. S. Army Dental Corps has implemented a formal program based on the concept that dental care can be more efficiently and effectively provided with treatment teams composed of one dental officer, two dental therapy assistants, one basic assistant, and the shared support of other auxiliary personnel. Such a team will use three dental treatment rooms. The major impetus leading to the adoption of this concept has been the development, during the past decade, of the expanded duty dental assistant. Dental therapy assistant is the Army's nomenclature for the expanded duty dental assistant--a new type of auxiliary trained to perform certain dental tasks traditionally performed only by a dentist. The attitude of Army dentists toward the utilization of the dental therapy assistant (DTA) was studied in a survey, using questionnaires. (Author)

A research and development activity to introduce new and improved education and training technology into Bureau of Medicine and Surgery training is recommended. The activity, called a design and verification unit, would be administered by the Education and Training Sciences Department. Initial research and development are centered on the application of multimedia instructional packages; self contained learning materials and their associated devices, designed using programed learning principles. A second stage of activities for the unit includes research and development in the use of computers for computer-managed training and computer assisted learning. Suggested schedules, activities, and milestones are presented. (The appendixes describe considerations for selecting a computer, costs and features of various information displays and other computer peripherals, specific computer languages, and the UNIVAC STAT-PACK statistical package.) (author/ly)

Discusses the meaning of dental health education and models that seem most appropriate for use as dental health education materials. (RK)