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Empirical investigations have demonstrated that the location effects of business taxation and of inter-area tax differentials are not of major importance. This paper attempts to explain the above results by showing that the uncertainty involved in predicting future tax rates and tax differentials nullifies their location effects. It is then shown, both theoretically as well as empirically, that reducing the uncertainty of future tax benefits has a significant effect on industrial location patterns.

Means of reducing or eliminating the sonic boom through aerodynamic design or aircraft operation are discussed. These include designing aircraft to minimize or eliminate certain features of the overpressure signature, operating aircraft at slightly supersonic speeds so that the sonic boom does not reach the ground, and seeking reductions through the high-altitude, high-speed flight conditions of hypersonic transports. A simple computer program has been developed that determines the area development of the equivalent body of revolution required to minimize various sonic boom signature parameters.

In this paper, we considern-person weighted majority games with major and minor players. We prove under certain conditions that if the minor players split into equal “mini-minor” players the nucleolus' components which correspond to the major players do not change.

Summary A computer-based method of examining students in farm management and agricultural economics is outlined.

External seigniorage is defined as the advantage resulting, for a country, from the fact that it may impose the use of its own currency on seemingly independent countries. In 1960, the United States had to resort to this device as a consequence of the dollar glut. Since then, European countries were gradually compelled to hold on to 20 billion dollars, receiving short-term interest rates for what were in fact long-term loans to America — with capital and interest losses over 13 years of 9 billions of 1972 dollars. This will stop only when the Europeans create and use their common currency.

(1974). Copyright: Protecting Your Work Before Copyright Discussion of Copyright Terminology. Performing Arts Review: Vol. 5, No. 3-4, pp. 149-167.

I was one of the delegates visiting The People's Republic of China in a group sponsored by the Committee on Scholarly Communication with The People's Republic of China, and the Chinese Scientific and Technical Association. The purpose of our trip was to foster scholarly communication so that we could advance scholarship, further international cooperation, and increase mutual understanding. I am convinced that the trip did this on both sides.

HE 1960s might be called a Golden Era in the support of public programs in teaching, extension, and research in the U. S. The scene shifted dramatically with the arrival of the 1970s, and support became harder to get. I will discuss briefly some of the major reasons for the shift in support. The paper will focus on obtaining future support for the kinds of programs that agricultural economists conduct. The discussion will emphasize accountability, because I believe accountability will largely determine how much support agricultural economics or any other discipline will obtain in the years ahead. I will not be concentrating on administrative problems; I am convinced that accountability is a problem for every member of this profession. A secondary theme of the paper is the need for agricultural economists to be more daring, more innovative. Among other things, accountability involves using funds for valuable, productive purposes; doing so requires innovation.

The role of marketing in the allocation of resources within the agricultural sector is an important one. This role consists in translating the market demand for various agricultural crops into profit incentives for the farmers. The marketing system that does not adequately perform the task of transmitting the profit signals from the consumers to the producers results in misallocation of resources and less than optimal application of inputs in the production of agricultural crops. Despite the importance of the marketing system, the analysis of the market structure and the dynamics of agricultural marketing have received little attention in the developing countries. Several recent works have explored the efficiency aspects of contemporary marketing systems [7,9]. A recent case study of the marketing system in Brazil has clarified some of the interrela¬tionships between marketing and development [23]. Literature on marketing in Pakistan is scarce and deals mostly with the description of the institutional system [2, 18,19,20,21]. No attempt is made to test hypotheses regarding efficiency of the agricultural markets. The evolution of the marketing system is not systematically traced.

A major problem in constructing land use maps is that locally recorded land use data are not often locationally identified in a form compatible with the input requirements of computer mapping programs. In this paper, the logic of a computer program is described which transforms into explicit locational coordinates, descriptions of land areas recorded according to a cadastral survey system. Accurate and inexpensive land use maps consequently can be produced directly by computer without recourse to a costly process of locational re-coding of individual land units. The program is illustrated with an example from local land records in the states of Punjab and Haryana, India.

There is no provision in career education for formally fostering such general attitudes as a sense of agency and a feeling of self-esteem or such bask skills as time management and interpersonal cooperation. Counselors can contribute directly to career education by teaching such attitudes and skills. This article discusses the need for providing basic attitude and skill training, and it outlines some new replicable counseling procedures that can be used to develop and build such attitudes and skills.

The need for the further improvement of the planned management of the national economy makes the theoretical elaboration and the practical resolution of the labor reduction problem more and more urgent.

The published curricula of eight institutions offering Postgraduate Training in Anaesthesia were analysed for agreement in content. From this analysis a proposed curriculum was produced. The curriculum is thought to be unique in that the level of proficiency in each topic is indicated.

Provides information on the government and political parties of Sweden. Ideology, membership, and funding of Social Democratic and Swedish Trade Union parties; Relation of trade unions to the parties; Discussion of labor policies and income tax regulation; Brief history of the labor movement. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)

A model is developed to analyze the effects of income tax policy on the optimal timing of replacement for farm machinery. The impact of some forms of tax investment incentives on optimal replacement age was found to be substantial, while the influence of different tax depreciation methods is minimal.

Electronics has produced a succession of remarkable accomplishments within the lifetime of living men. Yet, new developments in the field are so vast and exciting that they may be viewed as the advent of an Electronic Revolution comparable to the Industrial Revolution.

A statistical distribution representing worldwide cloud cover is obtained as a basis for an empirical global cloud cover model incorporating some 29 regions of the globe which are of interest to NASA's Skylab Program. A total of 160 representative empirical cloud cover distributions were investigated with the conclusion that the beta probability distribution is an adequate model for world cloud cover.

We may assume the more a firm has traded previously with a particular party, or a particular country, the lower the costs of market information will be. When a firm starts to trade with a new country, we may further assume that the greater the cultural distance is between this country and its own country, the larger the information costs will be. A statistical study of the Swedish imports of selected consumers goods after the establishment of EFTA indicates that these assumptions hold true for non-selling intensive commodities, but not for selling intensive commodities.

Agricultural sector analyses for purposes of agricultural policy evaluation and planning in developing countries are generally conducted in a partial equilibrium framework without regard to agricultural‐nonagricultural interactions. A relatively simple simulation model built on an input‐output framework is developed which, in combination with an agricultural sector analysis, enables interactions in the product markets and labor market to be considered. The model is illustrated through linkage with an agricultural simulation model to evaluate alternative agricultural policies in Nigeria. The model also has potential for use with other formal and informal sector analysis techniques.

The scene in the 1980s will be, as it has been in the 1960s and early 1970s, a changing one. Retailing is dynamic: the consumer and the economic environment are influencing each other and in turn retailing reacts. The raison d'être of food retailing is simply to feed the nation.

When discussing technology and emplo);ment policies in China, it may be useful to look at China’s economy as being made up of three different sectors, which are the modern industrial sector, the rural industrial sector and the agricultural sector. The sectors are becoming more closely linked and interdependent with the ultimate goal of establishing a modern economy. However, for the time being, manpower policies and technology requirements differ widely between the sectors. This is due to a number of factors where limited foreign exchange resources, necessity to limit capital requirements, a desire to control urban migration, etc., all play a role. In order to better understand the relation between manpower and technology policies, a few aspects of the Chinese development-as it has emerged-will first be mentioned. This paper will further discuss the technology requirements of the Chinese economy and describe certain manufacturing technologies-cement manufacture, local industrial systems, development of local engineering industry and the rolling-bearing industry-with relevance to the rural industrial sector and the agricultural sector. Finally, some of the needed infrastructure technologies and social technologies are mentioned.

This article has considered the nature and role of positioning among retailers. The positioning of retail stores was defined as the perceived image consumers have of one store in relation to competitive outlets within the same trading area. And profitable positioning for retailers was identified as a strategy for developing and projecting unique store images for increasing the retailer’s total profits.

Li Hsi-fan, currently Literature and Arts Editor of the People's Daily, is an influential leader in the shaping of China's literary policy. In recent issues of Chinese Literature he has written of the life and times of Lu Hsiin in terms which seem clearly intended to leave the reader inspired and eager to support China's continuing literary struggles. Perhaps justifiably, Li's judgments are expressed in black-and-white terms and girded with exclamation marks. This style, whatever its purpose, raises again the interesting question of the extent to which Chinese leaders actually view China's experience in such terms. Is the Chinese Literature style intended as a reflection of things as they are, or is it a tool used to project an ideal, while a fuller view of reality, including its various shades of grey, rests in the background?

In fruit and vegetable retailing of Japan, family management and small scale type is common, and it is said that this is the reason why the retailing is inefficient and it gets high margin. But it is not enough to be estimated the performance of retailing only by its margin. The aim of this paper is to make clear the pattern of existence of fruit and vegetable retailing and also discuss on the foundation of existence. Many fruit and vegetable retailings are growing gradually. These retailings have adopted the active market conduct to emphasize their characteristics, and they make every efforts, comparing with supermarket, to supply convenience services, variety of fruits and vegetables and good quality. It may be said that these growing types of retailing have found their own particular foundation in these efforts., Article, 信州大学農学部紀要 11(1): 1-18(1974)

A mathematical model is developed to determine the optimal allocation of time in resource harvesting. Particular emphasis is placed on the influence of search time and competition on optimal niche width. Increased search time and intraspecific competition are shown to favor broader niches. Increased interspecific competition places opposing demands on a species, favoring broader niches due to increased search time and narrower niches to overcome diffuse competition.

The article compares the attitudes and behaviors of African Americans and white supervisors in the U.S. Data concerning leader behavior was collected with simulated work groups using the one-way mi...

SUMMARY The multi-objective and cost-benefit approaches to the analysis of land-use problems are briefly contrasted. Cost-benefit analysis is reviewed in the context of its application to land-use planning to provide a synthesis of the methodology for land-use problems. The manner in which the final decisions on major land-use problems might best be made is also discussed.

IN 1937, at Milwaukee, I attempted an analysis of the organization of the engineering profession.∗ Here I wish to develop that theme somewhat and I intend to trace briefly the relationship of engineering to the other professions, the professional traditions which engineers inherit, and the outlook for the engineering profession in view of its unique relationship to society. I plan to review the history of professions very sketchily; but through this history runs a thread to which I wish especially to direct your attention.

Summary Inversion of matrices with the aid of punched card machines. A description is given of a method of inversion cf a symmetrical matrix, which was developed and applied in the South African Weather Bureau.

Several years ago our Society invited me to read the paper on “Can the movies teach?” I did. Then I ventured the assertion that there were few or no genuine educational motion pictures.

In working out current and long-term plans for retail commodity circulation, the methods of calculating not only the volume, but also the structure, of effective demand are of great importance. Trade practice shows that the correspondence of the total mass of commodities in circulation to the population's purchasing power, the conformity of the sum of prices of commodities intended for sale and overall effective demand are not enough to guarantee the full satisfaction of the population's demand. From this standpoint the problems of determining the structure of effective demand assume particular importance in planning the structure of retail commodity circulation. It may be noted that we differentiate between the terms "structure of retail commodity circulation" and "structure of effective demand." However, in actual economic practice frequently no distinction is made between these terms and it is assumed that the structure of effective demand is the ideally calculated structure of retail commodity circula...

Five ways to advance the electrical engineering profession are suggested: recognizing that the greatest security is in opportunity; building an economically sound engineering technology; broadening the engineers' scope of activities; helping establish the true role of the sales engineer; and building public relations consistent with the dignity of the profession.

Discussion of some implications of personality theory for the theory of industrial relations. Concept of differences in personality; Formation of industrial labor unions in Argentina; Industrial relations in Japan, cited in the book "The Japanese Factory," by James C. Abegglen. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)

The Office of the President is still a relatively untested managerial concept. This experimental division of the chief executive's responsibility and, theoretically, of his authority among several "peer presidents" has come about because of a real need—American corporate growth makes it continually more difficult for a single chief executive to know all. This article views both pro and con of this new management control technique.

Discusses the industrial and labor relations in Catholic colleges curricula in the U.S. Union leadership training; Social reconstruction. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)

The purpose of this paper is to develop methods for the measurement of real capital input. These methods are based on perpetual inventory estimates of capital stock and corresponding estimates of capital service prices. Stocks and service prices are adjusted for relative utilization of capital. The resulting estimates represent a separation of income from capital into price and quantity components. Estimates of capital input in current and constant prices are constructed for corporate business, non-corporate business, and households and non-profit institutions in the United States for the period 1929–1967. These estimates are prepared in a form suitable for integration into the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts.

New tax policy is needed in the 1970s to assume adequate economic growth and appropriate composition. Positive possibilities for tax reform include generating enough federal revenue for budget surpluses, using taxes to improve the productivity of education, reform of the property tax, revenue sharing, and user taxes.

One of education goal is how to realize fair society, by not discriminate one sex. But the reality exist discrimination at education that necessitate several effort to solve it, on of it is by formulating curriculum that have gender perspective. Curriculum is a development of vision and mission of educational institution that want to realize education goal. Gender curriculum is based on an assumption that woman and man are equal in education, and have equal opportunity to get education. In its application, gender curri­culum can be formulated implicitly (hidden curriculum), or explicitly (overt curriculum). However, to explain gender problems we recommend explicit way.

to provide for an efficient utilization of the nation's labor resources. For present purposes the following (incomplete) criterion of efficiency has been accepted: Labor of equivalent capacities should earn the same real (marginal) return in all employments.2 Our inquiry emphasizes two main issues: (1) What is the relationship between real returns to labor in agricultural and nonagricultural employments for comparable labor? (2) Does the functioning of the nonfarm labor

This paper attempts to indicate to the reader the ease with which an American visitor can communicate with the engineers of western Europe. The author presents a description of the research facilities visited and the names and works of the engineers with whom he conversed and exchanged ideas. In addition, a brief description is presented of the vast number of institutions engaged in this type of research in the Netherlands.

In this paper we consider a firm that must make a production decision and a capital decision at periodic intervals of time. The cost of production is assumed to be convex and the firm is allowed to hold inventories. For a class of inventory and capital costs the optimal production and capital decisions are obtained for an n-period problem. The optimality criterion used is minimization of the expected present value of costs in the n periods.

Provides information on different issues in the Soviet Union labor market. Manpower planning and policies involved in economic central planning; Discussion of unemployment and labor shortages; Provisions on economic development. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)

Costs of county government can be reduced if taxpayers and office-holders will make adjustments in local government made possible by land purchase program.

This paper discusses a number of problems arising in comparisons of levels of national accounting aggregates between countries with different economic systems, notably between countries with market economies and countries with centrally planned economies. It considers problems arising from differences in the national accounting concepts used and problems arising from institutional differences, both of which are viewed as relating to the concepts on which the comparison should be based and the adjustment of national data to these concepts. The final section considers index number problems.

The article presents the President's address from the Academy of Management's Annual National Meeting, given by Paul J. Gordon on August 27, 1969. The article discusses managing the field of manage...

The following directory was prepared with the expectation that it would facilitate communication between Speech scholars in the United States and those of other lands.

The comparative price and differential price of a commodity are the components of a commodity price system. The price relationship among different commodities forms the comparative price of a commodity; the price discrepancies of the same kind of commodity during various phases of production and circulation form the differential price of a commodity. We offer, in this article, our shallow view on the problem of the differentialprice of a commodity.

tainly are of concern, however, and this gives rise to the technological problems of sea water conversion. The cost of obtaining fresh water from the sea results directly from the cost of the natural resources required. The resources required for demineralizing sea water are land, materials, -time (labor and management), and energy (fuels). Thus the overall engineering problem is to find combinations of these resources that result in a minimum cost of fresh water for each

論文(Article), The methods for the estimation of classification effect and the treatment of dynamical similarity in hindered settling are presented. They are based on the results of the measurements of viscosity and settling characteristics of suspensions, and will be used in developing a better understanding on the settling phenomena and the problem of the scale up in the design of settling apparatus.

The storm of distribution-revolution has been overshadowing the retail business in Japan for the past few years as in many countries abroad. Even such an extreme argument has come about to be expressed that in the near future the Japan's retail business would be wholly predominated by the American-born retail form of big-sized and self-service system, that is, supermarket, discount-house, SSDDS and others. True in America such big-sized self-service form of retailing is now making up an overwhelming share in the retail business and appears to be further expanding. However, whether this fact is applicable to our country as it is, or whether it can serve as a blueprint for our future retail business- these problems permit no immediate answer, leaving much room for reflection on the peculiar features of our country. So in this paper we want to consider future courses of our retail business in connection with surrounding peculiar conditions in Japan.