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Activities of 12 glycosidases and of β-D-glucuronidase were measured in liver, kidney and in the gastrointestinal tract of rats and mice. The activities of different enzymes varied not only within one tissue but also among different tissues. In rats injected with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, a many fold increase in N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, N-acetyl-β-D-galactosaminidase, β-D-galactosidase and α-L-fucosidase was found in colonic tumours and colonic mucosa. These enzymes were elevated significantly in the kidney of tumour bearing animals as well. Liver and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract showed an increase only in N-acetyl-hexosaminidase with the appearance of colonic tumours. In treated mice, 2 N-acetylhexosaminidases were elevated in colon, duodenum, liver and kidney. However, in liver and kidney, β-D-galactosidase was also significantly increased.

The degree of migration inhibition in response to tissue extracts has been examined in leucocyte preparations obtained from patients with large intestinal cancer and from age and sex matched control individuals. A greater degree of migration inhibition was observed in response to a colorectal tumour extract in cells obtained from the cancer patients. Inhibition also tended to be more marked in response to the tumour extract than in response to a normal colonic mucosal extract in these patients. These results suggest that altered cellular immune reactivity is demonstrable by this simple in vitro technique in patients with large intestinal cancer.

Summary and Conclusions 1. A brief resume is given of published work relative to early lesions in amebiasis. Three tables from the work of Deschiens (1938) are consolidated into table 1 herein. 2. Experimental work conducted by the authors is presented. An attempt is made to determine the influence of certain accessory factors in the initial penetration of the colonic mucosa by E. histolytica. Croton oil irritation and bacteria derived from one of our amebic stool cultures show definitely the effect of accessory aids to penetration or positive invasiveness by E. histolytica of the colonic mucosa of cats as well as kittens. 3. The fact that it was easily possible to obtain amebic infections in adult cats of any weight with certain strains of E. histolytica in conjunction with suitable predisposing agents is something which should contribute materially to the study of host resistance and natural immunity in amebiasis. 4. The results obtained by the authors are not in accord with those reported by Meleney and Frye and Faust and Schwartzwelder but are in agreement with those of Deschiens and Decort and afford evidence supporting the plausibility of Westphal's conclusion regarding the outcome of his interesting self-imposed experiment.

Extracts of human colonic adenocarcinomata were made with perchloric acid and shown to contain antigens which were not present in pooled samples of normal colonic mucosa or in healthy colonic mucosa from patients providing the tumours. Antisera prepared against the tumour extracts gave two precipitin lines on immunodiffusion, and antiserum prepared in Montreal according to the methods devised by Gold and Freedman (1965a and b) also gave two lines of precipitation when tested against some of these extracts; one of these precipitin lines gave a reaction of identity with that given by the antiserum produced here. The results suggest that perchloric acid may extract two antigens from colonic carcinomata.

Summary The colonic pericryptal fibroblast sheath is a self-renewing population of mesenchymal cells which maintains intimate contact with the base of the epithelium as it and the epithelium. migrate synchronously from their germinative zones to the surface of the crypt. The fine structural appearance of the fibroblast changes during the migration from that of an undifferentiated cell at the lower part of the crypt to that of a mature fibrocyte engaged in protein synthesis at the upper part of the crypt. The change in functional appearance is correlated with the appearance of a wide collagen table under the surface epithelium. The shingling of the fibroblasts creates a complete sheath around the lower portion of each crypt. This cellular sheath is fenestrated under the free surface where only delicate, stellate processes of the fibrocytes maintain close contact with the epithelial basal lamina. The fenestrated appearance of the pericryptal fibrocyte processes in the zone of cellular differentiation, which subtends the fully differentiated absorptive epithelium, may shed some light on the nature of the epithelial basal complex and the role of the pericryptal sheath and the collagen table in fluid transport across colonic mucosa. The constant maintenance of intimate fibroblast-epithelial contact throughout the crypt is additional reason to suppose that a well ordered system of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction is involved in normal structure, renewal, and function of colonic mucosa.

Sigmoidoscopic and light microscopic examinations of sigmoid colonic mucosa of four untreated and two treated patients with adult celiac disease were normal. Electron microscopic examination of this mucosa obtained from the four untreated patients revealed abnormalities of the microvilli and collections of finely granular material, similar to apical cytoplasm, within the microvillous borders of principal cells and in the lumens of crypts. This material appeared to be exuded from microvilli. No ultrastructurul abnormalities were observed in the mucosa obtained from the patients after successful treatment with a gluten-free diet. Gliadin peptides, obtained by digestion with pepsin and trypsin, produced minimal microvillous changes when given as an enema to one patient who had been treated with a glutcn-free diet.

In mice with oxyuriasis a slight inflammatory reaction occurs in the colonic mucosa. Adult Aspicularis tetraptera can penetrate the colon, thus causing inflammation and a granulomatous reaction in and outside the intestinal wall. Immature parasites can occur in the colonic glands and in the propria mucosa.

SummaryA description of the distribution of stainable lipid in the colonic mucosa of man is presented. In normal individuals and patients without steatorrhea, stainable lipid is observed in the lamina propria and the subnuclear portion of the surface epithelium. Only in patients with steatorrhea is lipid found in the supranuclear portion of the surface epithelium. This observation and an identical distribution of lipid (i.e., supranuclear part of the surface cell) in segments of colon perfused with fat in both man and dog suggests that the lipid observed in the supranuclear area may originate from colonic luminal lipid.

Dog colon mucosa is able to concentrate amino-acids and sugars against a concentration gradient during incubation in vitro. Amongst other species tested, this property is only shared, to any reasonable extent, by the mouse colon.

Megaloblastic changes in the erythrocytic series and cellular giantism in the myeloid line characterize the bone marrow response to 5-fluorouracil in man. Cytoplasmic vacuolizations occur in reticulo-endothelial cells, megakaryocytes, and myeloid elements. During development of these morpholigic changes in marrow, associated cellular giantism, polynucleism, and nuclear pattern changes appear in the oral, vaginal, colonic mucosa, and in some tumors resembling those encountered in the bone marrow. The myeloid-erythroid ratio was found to be useful for the purpose of identifying dosage end-points. The physiological implications Of these changes as related to nucleic acid metabolism were discussed.

Binder, Vibeke. 1970. The Content of Eosinophil Granulocytes in the Colonic Mucosa in Ulcerative Colitis. Scand. J. Gastroent. 5, 707-712.The content of eosinophil granulocytes in the colonic mucos...

A procedure for suction biopsy of colonic mucosa with use of the Crosby-Kugler or Carey capsule is described. It is simple and attended only by minor discomfort.

Heteroimmunization of rabbits with saline or perchloric extracts of colonic cancers permits the detection of two cancer-related antigens. These antigens may be demonstrated, by direct precipitin reaction, in saline extracts of colonic or rectal adenocarcinomata, of some gastric cancers, and of foetal gut, but not in saline extracts of the non-cancerous adult digestive system. However, precipitin-inhibition reaction shows these antigens in perchloric extracts of non-cancerous colonic mucosa but their concentration is much weaker than in intestinal tumours. Detection of a small amount of these antigens in non-cancerous colonic mucosa implies that they are cancer-related, but not cancer-specific. Identity of one of the antigens with Gold's carcinoembryonic antigen is discussed. MISE EN EVIDENCE D'ANTIGENES LIES AU CANCER COLIQUE DANS L'APPAREIL DIGESTIF HUMAIN Deux antigenes lies aux cancers coliques humains ont ete mis en evidence par immunisation de lapins avec des extraits salins ou perchloriques de ces tumeurs. La reaction de precipitation directe en gel d'agarose permet de deceler ces antigenes dans les extraits salins de tumeurs coliques, de certains cancers gastriques et de tube digestif embryonnaire, mais pas dans les extraits salins de muqueuse digestive adulte non cancereuse. La reaction d'inhibition de la precipitation montre cependant que ces antigenes sont presents, a l'etat de traces, dans les extraits perchloriques d'intestin adulte non cancereux. Ces antigenes ne sont donc pas specifiques des cancers coliques; ils sont cependant en relation avec le cancer puisque leur concentration est beaucoup plus elevee dans les tumeurs que dans le tissue normal. Les auteurs etudient l'identite de l'un de ces antigenes et de l'antigene carcino-embryonnaire de Gold.

Summary Adult colonic mucosa from both normal colons and those affected by ulcerative colitis can be grown successfully in tissue culture. Bacterial contamination is not a serious problem and all types of cells remain viable f or varying periods of time. Time lapse cinematography permits long term observation of the survival, growth, and behavior of individual cells of the colonic mucosa in tissue culture preparations.

Une etude microscopique en immunofluorescence a ete entreprise pour localiser l'antigene carcino-embryonnaire (ACE), isole auparavant de tumeurs coliques humaines. Des coupes a congelation de tissu peritumoral, non tumoral, de muqueuse colique normale et d'intestins fœtaux ont ete examinees en utilisant la methode indirecte de Coons. Des images caracteristiques de fluorescence ont ete observees lorsque l'immun-serum anti-antigene carcino-embryonnaire (ACE) a ete employe. Dans les tumeurs et dans l'intestin fœtal, les membranes libres des cellules bordant la lumiere des glandes sont devenues fortement fluorescentes revelant ainsi la presence de l'ACE. Quand l'antiserum est absorbe par l'ACE, cette reaction disparaǐt. Des contrǒles avec des antiserums differents ne donnent pas les měmes resultats. Ceci est en faveur de la specificite des images obtenues. Cellular localization of an embryonic antigen in human colonic tumors A study by immunofluorescence microscopy was undertaken to localize a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which was previously isolated from human colonic tumors and which has been found to be identical to that described first by Gold and Freedman in 1965. Frozen sections of tumors, peritumoral, non tumoral, and normal colonic mucosa, as well as fetal intestines, were examined by the indirect method of Coons. Distinct immunofluorescent patterns were found if specific anti-CEA antiserum was employed. The free membranes of the cells bordering the lumina of the glands became strongly fluorescent in sections of tumors as well as in sections of fetal intestine, thus indicating the presence of CEA. When the antiserum was absorbed with CEA, this reaction was abolished. The specificity of the reaction for CEA was further substantiated by the observation that control antisera produced a distinctly different pattern of immunofluorescent staining.

SUMMARY Swine dysentery was produced experimentally in pigs. Ultrathin sections of early lesions in the colonic mucosa showed the presence of spirochetes within and between the cells of the epithelium. The presence of the spirochaetes within the cells may be related to the development of the disease but may be simply an opportune invasion of damaged cells.

Incorporation of Glucose-14C, in vitro, into the sugar components of the three carbohydrate fractions of colonic mucosa from liver tumor (3'-methyl-4-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene-induced liver tumor)-bearing rats was studied, comparing with that from normal younger rats. The results showed that the rate of incorporation of glucose-14C into the sugar components of polysaccharide-containing fraction (PS) was small, but those of carbohydrate fraction eluted with 50% aqueous ethanol from the charcoal-absorbed substances (Et) and of carbohydrate fraction eluted with aqueous ethanol-ammonia from the charcoal-absorbed substances (Et-Am) were fairly large. And glucose-14C incorporated much more into these carbohydrate fractions from the tumor-bearing rats than those from normal animals.

Durch Beimischung von Kontaktlaxantien (Dioxyphenylisatin 50 mg bzw. Dioxydiphenylpyridylmethan 15 mg) zur Einlaufflussigkeit gelingt bei der Irrigoskopie die Auslosung vielfaltiger Colonbewegungen. Die Aktivierung der Colonmotilitat erlaubt die Beobachtung der einzelnen Bewegungsablaufe, wobei besonderes Interesse derHolzknechtschen Bewegung zukommt. Die aktive Entleerung des Darmes durch Auspressen des Kontrastbreies in den gesenkten Irrigator fuhrt zu einer kontinuierlichen Schleimhautubersicht, die je nach Grad der Tonisierung des Darmes und Art des angewandten Kontaktlaxans ein mehr oder weniger stark „irritiertes“ Bild aufweist. Zwischen dem Dioxyphenylisatin und dem Dioxydiphenylpyridylmethan bestehen Unterschiede insofern, als bei ersterem die Tonisierung des Darmes, bei letzterem die Auslosung der langen Colonbewegung im Vordergrund der Wirkung steht, wodurch gewisse Unterschiede in der optimalen Anwendung beider Substanzen gegeben sind. Durch Einbringen von Dioxydiphenylpyridylmethan in die Ampulle werden auf reflektorischem Wege Entleerungsbewegungen des Colons ausgelost.

Summary A syndrome resembling swine dysentery developed following experimental Trichuris suis infection in pigs. At post-mortem examination a severe catarrhal hacmorrhagic enteritis was observed in the large intestine. Nematodes were found on the mucosal surface throughout the caecum and colon. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of bacteria including spirochactcs in the surface epithelium of the mucosa and in goblet cells and epithelial cells titling the crypts. The significance of this association remains to be elucidated.

Conclusion(1) Magnesium sulphate in the dog does not cause laxation or catharsis by being absorbed into the blood and then excreted into the colon. (2) The parenteral administration of magnesium sulphate does not augment the excretion of magnesium by the colonic mucosa to an appreciable extent.∗

Clinical features of a case of enteritis due to Vibrio parahemolyticus are presented. Superficial ulcerations of colonic mucosa were observed directly by sigmoidoscopy. Previously such damage had not been documented but inferred from the presence of red cells and leukocytes in the stools. The literature pertinent to V. parahemolyticus and its recent presence in the United States is reviewed.

The flexible fiberoptic instrument, developed for inspection of the lumen of the colon, has had sufficient clinical trial to warrant a description of its feasibility, capabilities, reliability, hazards, indications, contraindications, and expense-yield ratio in the diagnosis and management of colonic disorders. This method of examination of the colonic mucosa permits visualization of many abnormalities that escape radiographic and sigmoidoscopic detection. Should the first-line diagnostic efforts of barium enema examination and sigmoidoscopy be less than consistent with other clinical features, colonoscopy is indicated. Diagnosis and removal of polyps add to the enormous impact of flexible fiberoptic colonscopy on the management of colonic disorders. ( JAMA 228:1411-1413, 1974)

Radioimmunoassay is used to characterize and quantitatively determine CEA in perchloric extracts of human stomach and intestine, normal, foetal or cancerous. High concentrations of CEA were found in primary adenocarcinomas of the colon and in their metastases to liver. CEA could also be detected, in lesser amounts, in six colonic mucosa removed for non-cancerous diseases, in two specimens of foetal gut and in five out of six gastric carcinomas. On the other hand, CEA could not be found in non-cancerous gastric mucosa. Comparison of inhibition curves shows that CEA present in non-cancerous colon and purified CEA isolated from metastatic colonic cancer have the same immunological reactivity.

HETEROTOPIA, the development of tissues in sites other than those in which they are normally seen, is a phenomenon of great interest to pathologists and embryologists alike. It is, therefore, not surprising to find a fairly extensive literature on this subject which has been well reviewed in the account given by Willis.1In the paper presented here, however, a case will be described which, to our knowledge, appears to be the only one of its kind; it will clearly have to be taken into account in any attempted explanation of the phenomenon of heterotopia in the intestinal tract. The report concerns the occurrence of gastric and of esophageal mucosa in the terminal ileum and past the ileocecal valve in unmistakably colonic mucosa. Report of a Case A 24-year-old white woman, gravida 1, para 0, admitted to the hospital in early labor with ruptured membranes, and leaking gross quantities of

Vitamin A deficiency does not lead to a decrease in activation of sulphate by extracts of rabbit colonic mucosa.

Ultrastructural and histological appearances were studied in normal rectal and colonic mucosa, in the mucosa immediately adjacent to neoplasms (transitional mucosa), in neoplasms themselves, and in ulcerative colitis to try to determine whether any changes found in colitis might be recognized as premalignant. Two of the ulcerative colitis specimens showed histological evidence of premalignant change and these changes were reflected at the ultrastructural level. No electron microscopical premalignant changes were found which could not more easily be detected by simple histology, and it is concluded that attempts to detect premalignant changes in ulcerative colitis using electron microscopical techniques are likely to be unrewarding.

The colonic mucosa of 48 young children, nine of them being over one year, and two being seven years old, was studied for the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). In all the cases, immunofluorescence with specific anti CEA antiserum was positive. Phytic extracts of three pools of juvenile colonic mucosae contained an antigen giving an identity reaction with reference CEA. CEA is thus a normal antigen in children's colonic mucosa. Presence d'antigene carcinombryonnair dans la muquese colique de jeunes enfants Nous avons recherche l'antigene carcinoembryonnaire (CEA) dans la muqueuse colique de 48 jeunes enfants, dont 9 avaient depasse un an, et deux etaient ǎges de 7 ans. Dans tous les cas, les muqueuses coliques ont donne en immunofluorescence des resultats positifs avec un immunserum specifique anti CEA. En outre dans des extraits phytiques prepares a partir de melanges de muqueuse colique infantile, nous avons pu caracteriser un antigene donnant une reaction d'identite avec le CEA de reference. Le CEA est donc un constituant normal de la muqueuse colique des jeunes enfants.

Sera from 14 normal subjects and 43 patients with colonic carcinoma were evaluated for the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Inhibiting material which behaved in the assay in a similar manner to CEA was found in normal serum at concentrations below 2·8 ng/ml. Its nature has not so far been established. Thirty-eight of the 43 patients with colonic carcinoma showed levels of serum CEA in excess of 2·8 ng/ml. The concentration of CEA in serum was correlated with the extent of the disease as classified by a staging procedure similar to that of Dukes (1932). Examination of a small number of specimens of colonic carcinoma and normal colonic mucosa suggested that the concentration of CEA in different adenocarcinomata may vary, and that traces of cross-reacting material may be found in some normal mucosae.

1. The transport of K across the mucosal epithelium of the colon of normal and Na-depleted rats has been investigated in vivo by methods involving I.V. administration of solutions containing 42K and by labelling the mucosa with 42K from the lumen and observing the ‘soaking-out’ rates into radionucleide-free solutions. 2. During the infusions, the specific activity of the mucosal K was always less than the simultaneous specific activity of the secreted K. On stopping the infusion the specific activity of the mucosal K fell although the plasma specific activity remained at all times greater than that of the mucosa. The blood flow rate to the mucosa estimated from these results was 0·95 ml./min.g wet wt. 3. Experiments with 42K in the lumen showed that the steady-state specific activity of the mucosal K was considerably less than expected if the K had been in a single compartment. The 42K efflux curves were also consistent in showing two components. The curves were analysed on the basis of a model having two compartments in the mucosa with half-times of 6 and 33 min. 4. Na depletion produced two significant changes, (a) K secretion rate doubled, (b) the steady-state specific activity of the mucosal K after luminal exposure to 42K was increased. The half-times of the compartments were unaffected. 5. The results were discussed in terms of a working hypothesis which represented the mucosal K in two compartments. Most of the K exchanges across the mucosa took place through the smaller compartment which probably contained 5% or less of the mucosal K, but which had a rapid turnover rate. The change of K permeability of the luminal face produced by Na depletion and probably due to increased aldosterone action, may well be an important factor in producing the rise of K secretion rate.

The dissecting-microscopic appearance of the human rectal mucosa was studied in 147 biopsy specimens. The normal mucosa is divided into mucosal units by a “honeycomb” pattern of the rectal microvasculature, the center of each unit containing a refractile “pit” which may represent the mouth of the rectal crypt. The changes occurring in ulcerative colitis were graded according to severity of disturbance of the vascular channels, ranging from dilatation, neoformation and tortuosity of the individual vessels to complete disorganization of the “honeycomb” pattern. The vascular and “pit” changes in ulcerative colitis and other diseases of the rectum are described. The pathogenesis of the dissecting-microscopic changes is discussed in relation to the normal vascular pattern of the human colonic mucosa.

ConclusionIncreased gamma globulin was demonstrated in the intestinal tract of patients with active regional ileitis and ulcerative colitis. The indirect fluorescent antibody technic revealed a gamma globulin in the serum of 3 of 25 patients with ulcerative colitis which was bound to epithelial glands of colonic mucosa and of hepatic bile ductules. Sera of normals and hospital controls did not bind to colonic mucosa.

THE RECENT controversy concerning the relationship of adenomatous polyps and colonic carcinoma has stimulated renewed interest in the detection of polypoid tumors of the colon (1-4, 8). Air-contrast barium-enema studies have proved the most productive diagnostic method (7). With these, however, a myriad of colonic defects are seen, only a few of which are significant (11). In this report, we shall outline a method of differentiating true polypoid tumors from extraneous material, such as air bubbles, fat, feces, mucous strands, and foreign bodies. The material for this report has been collected from 21,043 aircontrast barium-enema examinations performed according to the Welin modification at the Allmanna Sjukhuset in Malmo, Sweden, between Dec. 1, 1953, and June 30, 1962. The particulars of the method have been described elsewhere (7). Roentgen Features of Different Types of Polyps True polypoid tumors of the colonic mucosa are attached to the bowel wall by a base which is an integral part of the mucosa it...

Presentation of a procedure consisting of a 24-hour low residue diet, increased hydration, and a saline type of cathartic to clear the colonic mucosa prior to the administration of a contact type of evacuant for more complete cleansing.

A new method for marking colonic mucosa with a modified tattooing instrument has been described. Of 190 patients with colonic mucosal tattoo marks, ninety-four have been re-examined after a four to sixteen month period. The tattoo mark in ninety patients (96 per cent) was readily visible and well localized. In four (4 per cent) the mark had disappeared before the first sixth months' re-examination. This method is simple, safe and has produced no evidence of tissue reaction. Clinically, this instrument has been used to mark the site of polyp excision. We are using colonic tattoos to identify rectosigmoid polyps in order to learn more of the growth rate and malignant potential of these lesions.

Spirochete infestations occur in man and monkeys and have previously been studied in our laboratory. The purpose of this paper is to compare the topography of colonic mucosa of the rhesus monkey in the presence and in the absence of spirochete infestations. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations were made at magnifications varying from 100 to 10 000. At identical magnifications, both light (LM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations were made on sections. Mucosal structures were compared by these three methods. In addition, colonic mucosa observed by SEM was later sectioned and examined by TEM. The polygonal pattern and the central crypt of the normal mucosa seen at magnification 100–300 by SEM are not altered by the presence of spirochete infestations, At 1 000 magnifications, the normal surface seen as convoluted ridges under SEM is replaced by the granular surface representing multiple spirochetes at brush border. At 10 000 magnifications, the normal surface is divided into multiple hemispherical elevations. Normal colonic epithelium first studied by SEM was reembedded and sectioned for TEM in order to determine the nature of hemispherical elevations. This method demonstrates that these elevations do not represent the tip of microvilli but are the uneven distribution of metal deposits over the glycocalyx and microvilli. At the identical magnification, individual spirochetes are well distinguished and are oriented perpendicular to the mucosal surface. They are 5 μ long and 0.5 μ wide. As many as 1 800 organisms are present per square millimeter. The combined use of SEM, TEM, and LM has provided a new interpretation of normal colonic mucosal topography and its distinctive alteration by spirochete infestations.