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Light and electron microscopical findings in orthotopic porcine liver homografts showing small, clear lymphocytes in close contact with circumscribed cell membrane defects, partial lysis, and lytic single cell necroses of liver epithelial cells are described and demonstrated. The interpretation of these results obtained ‘in vivo’ by the examination of tissue during the host-versus-graft reaction as an equivalent of the cytopathogenetic activity of immunologically activated lymphocytes (“killer”-lymphocytes) causing lysis of target cells, which has been determined by ‘in vitro’ observation of tissue cultures, is discussed.

A concise, systematic procedure is given for determining the Rayleigh‐Schrodinger energies and wavefunctions of degenerate states to arbitrarily high orders even when the degeneracies of the various states are resolved in arbitrary orders. The procedure is expressed in terms of an iterative cycle in which the energy through the (2n + 1)th order is expressed in terms of the partially determined wavefunction through the n th order. Both a direct and an operator derivation are given. The two approaches are equivalent and can be transcribed into each other. The direct approach deals with the wavefunctions (without the use of formal operators) and has the advantage that it resembles the usual treatment of nondegenerate perturbations and maintains close contact with the basic physics. In the operator approach, the wavefunctions are expressed in terms of infinite order operators which are determined by the successive resolution of the space of the zeroth‐order functions. The operator treatment has some similarity to that of Choi (1969), but it is more closely related to that of either Hirschfelder (1969) or Silverstone‐Holloway (1971). The operator expressions are useful for: double perturbations, expectation values of physical properties, and problems involving finite dimensional Hilbert space (for example, wavefunctions approximated by linear basis sets). The use of variational principles for degenerate perturbation problems is discussed.

The burrows of 4 sympatric associations of alpheid shrimp (Alpheus djiboutensis 1 and 2, and Alpheus sp. A and B) and non-burrowing gobiid fish were studied in the lagoon of a narrow fringing reef, in the northern Red Sea. Epoxy resin casts were used to determine the subterranean structure of burrows. The burrows were irregular, and in close contact with hard objects within the substrate. The number and structure of openings and their daily displacement were type-specific. On the other hand, no type specificity was observed in the deeper parts of the burrow. The mechanism of the formation of new openings by the combined activities of the fish Cryptocentrus sungami and the shrimp A. djiboutensis 2 is described. A positive correlation in the size of the partners seems to be due to competition of fish for larger burrows.

The mother-young relationship of the common seal Phoca vitulina in Strangford Lough, N.E. Ireland, lasted about three weeks. Mothers with young were most active during the first two hours of the ebb, and also they spent more time in the water when the ebb occurred towards evening than in the morning. Characteristic behaviour in the water included (i) the mother guiding the pup and maintaining close contact with it (ii) playing, and (iii) the pup sleeping at the surface with the mother close by. Progressive changes in the relationship included a slight decrease in time spent by the mother in guiding the pup, a slight increase in time spent close together, an increase in time spent at a considerable distance apart, and an increase in time spent by the pup sleeping at the surface. Throughout the suckling period the mother controlled the onset of suckling, but rarely terminated it. Throughout, also, the pup broke contact the most, while the mother re-established contact the most. Just before weaning, mothers left their pups for long periods, the separation sometimes terminating a play bout.

Merkel cells were found in the dermis closely associated with non-myelinated axons in human adult hairy skin. They were enclosed in a neural corpuscle formed by Schwann cells, myelinated and non-myelinated axons, and surrounded by flattened laminar cells. The neural corpuscle was attached to the basal lamina of the hair external root sheath.

The emission of densely ionizing radiation, such as fission fragments or alpha particles, from photographic images toned with radioisotopes permits reproduction of the photograph in the form of a radiation damage pattern in most surfaces with which the photograph is placed in close contact. In many materials, subsequent etching of this damage pattern may cause the photograph to be reproduced in the form of a series of visible etch pits. These etch pits bear a close positional relationship to silver grains in the original photograph and permit its reproduction with high fidelity on many surfaces which are not normally photo-receptive. Since ink transfer from the etched areas to paper etc. is possible, the process may find application in the printing industry as well as in the production of useful and decorative etchings.

Electron microscopic investigations revealed high numbers of mast cells in pigmented nevi particularly in the vicinity of blood vessels and unmyelinated nerve fibers. The elevated number of mast cells near the blood vessels is a well known phenomenon in various tissues. The very close contact between mast cells and smooth muscle cells of the vessels as well as the “naked” axons of unmyelinated nerve fibers may suggest a transport function of these cells from the blood circulation to the nervous system and/or vice versa. The significance of this transport function especially in the metabolism of nevus-tissue is discussed.

Gap junctions of five human meningiomas were studied by the freeze-fracture method. The gap junction was often irregularly ovoid or polygonal in shape, about 0.1–1.0 μ in diameter, and sometimes showed a single-file distribution or polygonal aggregation of several subunits. The globular particles in face A were about 70–80 A in diameter, and arranged mostly in a polygonal and sometimes in a hexagonal fashion. The pits in face B were more regularly oriented than the particles, often in a hexagonal array. The centre-to-centre distance of the particles or the pits was about 80A. A central, small white dot was evident on the tops of some particles, while a central bump was found in the depths of some pits. Both were about 20A in diameter and suggested the presence of an intercellular communicating pathway. A serrated edge at the transition from face A to face B of the gap junction suggested a complementary relationship of the particles and the pits as well as a close contact of the complementary subunits in the apposing plasma membranes.

From January to March, 1974, twenty-four cases of Reye's syndrome encephalopathy and fatty liver) were diagnosed in Cincinnati, Ohio. The epidemic coincided with an epidemic of influenza B, intermediate type. In eighteen of twenty-three cases (78%) in which viral studies were done, an acute viral infection was found in either the patient or a close contact with similar prodromal symptoms. Influenza-B infection was confirmed in twelve patients and twelve contacts, although influenza A, parainfluenza 1, adenovirus, and varicella-zoster virus infections also occurred. In four cases there was evidence of two different viruses infecting the patients or their contacts. Cellular immunity was studied in six cases and responses to phytohaemagglutinin and specific viral antigen were normal. This is the first epidemic of Reye's syndrome in which the association with viral infection has been confirmed in most patients by virological techniques. Impaired cellular immunity could not be implicated as the cause of the unusual reponse to infection.

It was first shown in 1960 that rapid quenching of certain alloys from the melt could form completely extended solid solutions, new metastable crystalline phases, and amorphous solid phases. These effects were attributable to the high cooling rates (>or approximately=105 K s-1) from the melt achieved by new techniques of rapidly spreading a few milligrams of liquid alloy into a thin layer in close contact with a good heat conductor (splat cooling). A comprehensive review of developments to data which have resulted from the application of this technique in laboratories throughout the world is presented. It includes an analysis of the range of methods now available for quenching the melt and of present understanding of how they form and quench specimens. The structural features observed as-quenched are then discussed under the divisions of microstructure and extended solid solubility, and of formation of both metastable crystalline and amorphous solid phases. A survey of the response of the as-quenched microstructure to annealing then precedes treatment of the properties and applications of splat-cooled alloys. It is concluded that splat cooling is being established in ever widening fields of study as a tool for controlling structure and properties, and that further applications can be anticipated.

Summary 1. Origin of the Outbreak.—No fresh light has been thrown on the origin of the outbreak. The alternatives remain as they were in 1922, and it is at present not more probable that infection was derived from game than that it was introduced with a human infect. The evidence available is to the effect that the outbreak, as an appreciable outbreak, is of recent occurrence. 2. Method of Spread.—Cyclical infection appears likely to have been at play; but even here man is indicated as a probable infector of the fly. 3. Game Distribution.—The position in 1922 was exactly as it was described by me at the time (1923, p. 324), execpting that the arrow in my map, between Kilalo and Ngasamo, indicating a game movement and a good deal of game abundance, should, I find, have been extended unbrokenly to Mtukuza. Observations made outside the area, or at a date when it has been to all intents and purposes a game reserve for eighteen months, are irrelevant. The position described in 1922 and the fact that it was preceded by very heavy slaughter of game were matters of observation and investigation, and the facts have been confirmed by others. The belief that the oft-urged experiment in game destruction has been practically carried out in the area was a statement of opinion. It may be correct or it may be mistaken. 4. Source of Infections.—The importance of infected man as a source of infection of the fly has probably been very greatly under-estimated. Actual evidence against the game as a reservoir of Rhodesian sleeping sickness is still confined to the resemblance between the trypanosomes, and, as regards this theory, the laboratory analogy relied on by Dr. Duke . The game may be a reservoir, but, especially in view of Taute's experiments, that needs to be proved. 5. Inference from Discoveries of T. rhodesiense Infection.—The mere fact of the occurrence of an autbreak is not “A link in a chain of evidence that wherever game infected with the brucei-type of trypanosome, fly of the morsitans group and man are brought into sufficiently close contact” cases of human sleeping sickness will arise. Many outbreaks, perhaps most, possibly all, may be originated by infected human beings. The evidence must be closely sifted and the probabilities separately arrived at for every outbreak and case. There has been such continuous movement of people between infected and uninfected areas during and since the war, that it will be surprising if cases and outbreaks of man-introduced infection are not found to be ubiquitous. 6. Effect of the Measures Adopted.—Most of the figures of sick for 1923 came from country which had been unsearched or in which control was otherwise incomplete in 1922. The Sultanates most fully searched and brought under control in 1922 showed the figures 2, 0 and 0 in 1923. This, it is believed by those best in a position to judge, was a true indicant of the success of the measures taken. 7. The Effect of the Prevalence of the “One-family” Bush Village.—Owing to the small size of such villages the feral conditions essential to the presence of tsetse in numbers exist right up to them and to their very small fields, and the inhabitants, sick and well, are attended by the flies in all their occupations. A maximum number of flies are thus laid open to infection, and a maximum number of healthy people. Thus, with village to village intercourse also considerable, epidemic is likely to be facilitated by a prevalence of the small village.

Observations of gray whales from the coasts of British Columbia, Washington, and Alaska are compared with published accounts in order to re-assess knowledge of migration and feeding of the American herd. Source of material is mainly from lighthouses and lightships.The American herd of gray whales retains close contact with the shore during migration south of Alaska. Off Washington and British Columbia the northward migration begins in February, ends in May, and is at a peak during the first two weeks in April; the southward migration occurs in December and January, and is at a peak in late December. Northward migrants stop occasionally to rest or feed; southward migrants are travelling faster and appear not to stop to rest or feed during December and January. Gray whales seen off British Columbia, sometimes in inside protected waters, from June through October, probably remain in this area throughout the summer and fall months.Available evidence suggests that gray whales retain contact with the coast while circumscribing the Gulf of Alaska, enter the Bering Sea through eastern passages of the Aleutian chain, and approach St. Lawrence Island by way of the shallow eastern part of the Bering Sea. Arriving off the coast of St. Lawrence Island in May and June the herd splits with some parts dispersing along the Koryak coast and some parts continuing northward as the ice retreats through Bering Strait. Gray whales feed in the waters of the Chukchi Sea along the Siberian and Alaskan coasts in July, August and September. Advance of the ice through Bering Strait in October initiates the southern migration for most of the herd. In summering areas, in northern latitudes, gray whales feed in shallow waters on benthic and near-benthic organisms, mostly amphipods.There is no evidence to indicate that gray whales utilize ocean currents or follow the same routes as other baleen whales in their migrations. Visual contact with coastal landmarks appear to aid gray whales in successfully accomplishing the 5000-mile migration between summer feeding grounds in the Bering and Chukchi Seas and winter breeding grounds in Mexico.Reconstruction of the migration from all available data shows that most of the American herd breeds and calves in January and February, migrates northward in March, April and May, feeds from June through October, and migrates southward in November and December.

For twenty years, the life line which bound the Pacific Coast of the United States to the rest of the nation lay over the Isthmus of Panama. The route from New York and New Orleans to San Francisco and Oregon by way of the Isthmus was that over which mail, news, express, treasure, and passengers were transported from 1848 until the completion of the Central Pacific-Union Pacific Railroad in 1869. It is true that over two-thirds of the emigrants from the eastern United States traveled overland, while heavy freight and merchandise, as well as large numbers of passengers, came by way of Cape Horn in the period of the Gold Rush. The Panama Route was regarded as the normal means of rapid communication, however, and as such its functions were not entirely superseded until 1869. While the Pacific Coast was being built into the frame of the nation, it was of vital importance that it be kept in close touch with the rest of the United States, and in doing this the Panama Route filled a need of real significance. Regular and swift transportation was essential for efficient government and administration, as well as for keeping the economic life of the Pacific seaboard from growing away from the rest of the country. It was in its character as an artery of the United States, as a line by which close contact between east and west was established and maintained until better facilities could be provided, that the chief significance of the Panama Route in the period under consideration lies. Although to all intents and purposes this was a line of in

The need to elevate items of widely varying characteristics under random load conditions presents an unusual engineering problem. The riser described provides a means of handling packets, parcels, or mailbags in a vertical path. Two belts contained in a trunking are normally held in close contact with each other against the back plate by means of an air bag providing constant pressure but allowing rapid variation in volume. Articles are introduced between these two bands on the horizontal plane, enveloped by the belts, and carried positively into the heel of the trunking where, after transition into the vertical plane, the articles are conveyed to the point of discharge.

1. When Bacillus subtilis was grown in a medium in which sporulation occurred well-defined morphological changes were seen in thin sections of the cells. 2. Over a period of 7·5hr. beginning 2hr. after the initiation of sporulation the following major stages were observed: axial nuclear-filament formation, spore-septum formation, release of the fore-spore within the cell, development of the cortex around the fore-spore, the laying down of the spore coat and the completion of the corrugated spore coat before release of the spore from the mother cell. 3. The appearance of refractile bodies and 2,6-dipicolinic acid and the development of heat-resistance began between 5 and 6·5hr. after initiation of sporulation. 4. The appearance of 2,6-dipicolinic acid and the onset of refractility appeared to coincide with a diminution of electron density in the spore core and cortex. 5. Heat-resistance was associated with the terminal stage, the completion of the spore coat. 6. The spore coat was composed of an inner and an outer layer, each of which consisted of three or four electron-dense laminae. 7. Serial sections through cells at an early stage of sporulation showed that the membranes of each spore septum were always continuous with the membranes of a mesosome, which was itself in close contact with the bacterial or spore nucleoid. 8. These changes were correlated with biochemical events occurring during sporulation.

Summary Chloroplast DNA has been identified using electron miscroscopy in combination with the methods of thin tissue sections and of chloroplasts isolation followed by an osmotic shock. The dominating configurations of the chloroplast DNA were linear and mesh forms. Distincly and free from membranes circular DNA molecules of about 40 μ m were not found, however the possibility of occurrence of such configurations in close contact with chloroplast membranes cannot be excluded.

Bei der Oxydation von Eisen in reinem Sauerstoff beeinflussen sowohl die Form der Proben als auch das ursprungliche Profil der Metalloberflache die Oxydationsgeschwindigkeit, da diese beiden Faktoren Einflus auf den Fliesvorgang der Oxydschicht haben. Erfolgt die Oxydation jedoch in O2-H2O- oder O2-CO2- Gemischen, so verschwindet dieser Einflus weitgehend. Wie fruhere Untersuchungen gezeigt haben, bildet sich bei Anwesenheit von Wasserdampf oder Kohlendioxyd in der Oxydationsatmosphare in den Spalten an der Grenze Metall/Oxyd offenbar ein H2-H2O- bzw. CO-CO2-Gemisch, das Sauerstoff von der Oxydschicht zum Metall transportiert und so den Bau von Oxydbrucken vom Metall zum Oxyd ermoglicht. Dadurch wird der Kontakt zwischen Metall und Oxyd auch ohne Fliesen der Oxydschicht aufrechterhalten. Bei Eisenlegierungen mit unedlen Legierungselementen reichern sich die durch innere Oxydation gebildeten Oxyde des Legierungselements an der Grenze Metall/Oxyd an und storen gleichfalls den innigen Kontakt zwischen dem Metall und den auseren Eisenoxydschichten. Auch hier wirken Wasserdampf und Kohlendioxyde stark beschleunigend auf die Oxydation. Ahnlich beschleunigend kann der Kohlenstoff der Stahle wirken wenn er durch Reaktion mit dem Zunder zu Kohlenoxyd oxydiert wird. Ungeklart bleibt, auf welche Weise Wasserdampf geltenden Oxydschichten durchdringen. The influence of water vapour and carbon dioxide on the oxidation of iron and iron alloys at high temperatures With the oxidation of iron in pure oxygen, the oxidation rate is influenced by the shape of the specimens as well as by the original profile of the metal surface, since these two factors have a bearing on the flow properties of the oxide film. But this influence largely disappears if the oxidation takes place in O2-H2O or O2-CO2 mixes. As earlier investigations have shown, the presence of water vapour or carbon dioxide in the oxidation atmosphere in the gaps at the metal oxide boundary apparently gives rise to an H2-H2O or CO-CO2 mixture which carries oxygen from the oxide film to the metal, thus permitting the creation of oxide bridges from the metal to the oxide. In this way, contact between metal and oxide is maintained even without any flowing of the oxide film. With iron alloys containing electronegative alloying metals, the oxides of the latter, formed by internal oxidation, concentrate at the metal oxide boundary and likewise have a disturbing effect on the close contact between the metal and the external iron oxide films. here, again, water vapour and carbon dioxide have a strongly accelerating effect on the oxidation rate. The carbon contained in steels is liable to have a similar accelerating effect if it is oxidized into carbon oxide through reaction with the scale. There is as yet, no explanation as to the way in which the water vapour and carbon dioxide able to penetrate the oxide films regarded as gasproof.

Moire lines of bilayered polyethylene single crystals, superposed with slightly different orientation, changed their spacing and orientation locally in limited regions of several thousand angstroms when annealed at temperatures higher than their crystallization temperature. A pair of terminating moire half-lines with opposite signs were found around these regions. The edge dislocation density was measured at various annealing temperatures as a function of time. On the basis of the results, a mechanism of generation of the edge dislocations is presented. During annealing, lattice planes in the limited regions of the bilayered crystals are sheared in a direction that reduces the orientational mismatch angle. In the domain of the sheared region the two lamellae come in close contact to form a network of screw dislocations between them. Edge dislocations are generated at the boundary of the sheared region. The size of the sheared region can be evaluated thermodynamically provided that the free energy...

Few businesses can successfully operate today without rapid communications, both internally and to the marketplace. This acceleration has gone hand in hand with the increase in mechanization of industry and will become even more important as automation takes a greater hold. To assist in the improvement of operating efficiency, close contact must be maintained with both supervisory and service people whose responsibility it is to see that no unexpected delays, work stoppages or shutdowns occur. These are people who are on the move: plant foremen and supervisors, plant engineers, maintenance and service crews, plant and machine repairmen and security forces. Immediate contact with them is now being kept by radio and inductive paging systems. An analysis of such systems is presented, and a new system is described which is built around a control which permits interconnection to a dial telephone branch exchange.

I would like to express my gratitude to you, the American Academy of Pediatrics, for selecting me for an E. Mead Johnson Award. I accept the honor with humility because no scientific work is accomplished without inspiration from teachers and other investigators, and without actual participation of many colleagues. I appreciate this opportunity to acknowledge publicly those individuals who have been and are particularly influential in my progress. Dr. Jean Oliver, the man to whom I owe my entry into medicine and pediatrics, with great effort instilled in me an everlasting appreciation for the inseparable relationship between structure and function. Fortunately, I have remained in close contact with Dr. Oliver throughout the years, continually reaping benefits from his advice and influence. I conceived of function as only cellular and molecular until Dr. Henry L. Barnett introduced me to organ function, especially in relation to the young individual. In addition, he fostered in me an interest in the broader aspects of pediatrics, amid since that time has been available constantly for intimate exchange and crystallization of ideas. I am indebted particularly to Dr. S. Z. Levine for leading me into the field of biologic development and insisting that my time be divided between clinical pediatrics and the laboratory. Dr. Levine has always emphasized that ideas, philosophies and problems originating in the ward or clinic can and should be considered in the laboratory.

In the analysis of the absorption characteristics of a porous layer with perforated facing, it is usually assumed that the facing contributes only a mass reactance to the total impedance. In the present paper it is shown that the facing also causes an additional acoustic resistance which is often larger than the acoustic resistance of the porous layer itself. This resistance obtained only when the porous material is in close contact with the facing and becomes practically zero when the air space between facing and material exceeds approximately one perforation diameter. The effect is due to the near field (higher mode) losses in the porous material around the perforations. The resulting effect on the absorption characteristics considerable, as demonstrated in some examples, and may at least partly explain reported disagreement between measurements and previous calculations.

This report is based primarily on observations made during a three‐month trip to South America during the summer of 1951. Obviously, the task of presenting a complete and comprehensive survey of physics in South America with the many ramifications in the economic, social, and political patterns of these countries cannot be undertaken with this experience and in this space. However, the evidences of vigorous development in physics and other basic sciences in South America have been sufficiently impressive to me to warrant recording my impressions of some of the leading laboratories in the hope that they will be of interest to other physicists. I am certain that in a relatively few years physics in South America will have developed to such an extent that physicists here will not only find it of interest, but will find it scientifically imperative, to maintain close contact with their colleagues on the opposite side of the equator.

In transmission experiments, the influenza A virus isolate turkey/ Ontario 7732/66 caused an acute disease in chickens and turkeys, but was apathogenic to ducks, geese and pigeons. After an incubation period from two to eight days, turkeys and chickens became rapidly depressed and died usually within the following four days. Other clinical signs were variable for the two gallinaceous species, such as exudative head swellings and gangrenous comb lesions in chickens, and diarrhea in turkeys. Infection by even minimal virus doses was fatal in turkeys, whereas chickens sometimes recovered from the disease or remained unaffected by the infection. Serial passage of the virus in chicken embryos accentuated this difference in species susceptibility still more. The infection spread easily by close contact among turkeys, but less among chickens.

The nerve periphery in the human uterus was examined histologically by SUZUKI's improved silver method.In the myometrium, abundantly distributed vegetative nerve elements form a network of irregular meshes, viz., praeterminal and terminal reticulum. The constituent nerve fibers are composed of protoplasmic strands containing neurofibrils and scattering nuclei of SCHWANN, and argyrophile granules and vacuoles. Along the course of these fibers, there are observed occasinal interstitial cells.The mode of innervation of the smooth muscle cells of the intrinsic uterine muscle and blood vessels is classified as‘synapse per contiguitatem’, in which exist two types of its proximal pole of the synaps: 1. the latter consists of neuroplasm of the nerve fibers and directly contacts with the effector cells; 2. the interstitial cells are situated intermediately between the nerve fibers and the effector cells so that the latters are indirectly connect with the nerve fibers.In the endometrium, the terminal reticulum of the vegetative nerve periphery spreads out through the basement layer and partly enters the functional layer. The reticulum is observed sometimes being in a close contact with the uterine glands or blood vessels in the propria. Along the endo-myometrial boundary, are very often found relatively large bundles of the un-mylinated nerve fibers.

The author of this article on the activities of the Hungarian refugee and spy Johann Bangya based himself on archival sources hitherto unused. As early as 1845/46 Banya had already occasionally served the Austrian Government in some confidential capacity. A spy in the grand style, however, he became after the collapse of the Hungarian fight for independence of 1848/49. He succeeded in establishing himself among the London circles of emigrants, and it was he who put the authorities on the track of the „Kommunistenbund” in Germany. The arrest of the emissary Nothjung and the Cologne Communist Trial, moreover, may be traced back to him as well. Bangya managed to get into close contact with Marx and he smuggled the former's polemic pamphlet Die grossen Männer des Exils into the hands of the police. Marx subsequently accused him of theft of this manuscript and denounced him as a spy in the New York Criminal-Zeitung of May the 3rd, 1853.

It has been said that the results obtained by the use of small deep grafts are never satisfactory; that small deep grafts, often incorrectly called pinch grafts, should never be the method of choice; that by the use of these grafts the donor site is made useless as the source of other grafts, and that the method is a surgical error. My experience has been that if small deep grafts are properly cut and are really small deep grafts; if they are used in the proper situation on a surface which is suitable for them; if they are properly spaced; if they are properly dressed; if the after-care is as it should be—the healing will be stable, strong and permanent, and there is no type of graft which gives more uniformly satisfactory results. Furthermore, small deep grafts will in many instances take on surfaces on which no larger graft could take. If the best results are to be obtained with small deep grafts, several points must be observed. The granulating surface on which the grafts are placed should be healthy, clean, flat, firm and rose pink in color. The grafts should be cut without unnecessary trauma, should include the full thickness of the skin at its center and should be no larger than 5 mm. in diameter. In cutting, a narrow rim of undisturbed epidermis should be left between the little pits, and in this way a large number of grafts can be obtained from a very small area of skin. In fact, a greater raw area can be healed from a smaller skin source than by any other method. The grafts should preferably be placed on the granulations with a space of about 5 mm. between them, although frequently excellent results are obtained when the spaces are greater. They should be pressed down firmly so that the thin edges will uncurl and so that every portion of the graft will be in close contact with the granulating surface. The grafts should be immobilized until the new blood supply is assured, and this is best accomplished by the closed method of dressing. My own experience and that of many other surgeons during nearly thirty years has convinced me that the method is that of choice in a great many instances, and I feel that those who have not had good results, either do not know how to use this type of graft or do not take the trouble to use it properly. In my own work I use small deep grafts constantly, with the greatest satisfaction, and find the method indispensable when dealing with large losses of surface tissue and in solving some of the complicated problems of wound healing

Polyethylene single crystals were prepared from isoamyl acetate solutions, whose thickness was 200 A. They melted without significant reorganization during the heating process of DTA measurements. Irradiation with doses up to 100 Mrads scarcely affected the melting point and heat of fusion of the crystals. In case of pressed aggregates of the single crystal, the increase of the melting point by irradiation was observed. The effect of irradiation became even stronger with melt-crystallized samples. The increase was interpreted in terms of interlamellar crosslinking. It is possible that the melting point of irradiated single crystals increases if the lamellae are in close contact. Die aus Isoamylacetatlosung kristallisierten Polyathylen-Einkristalle mit einer Kristallitdicke von 200 A schmolzen ohne bedeutende Reorganisation wahrend des Aufheizvorganges der DTA-Messungen. Bestrahlung mit Dosen bis zu 100 Mrad beeinflusten den Schmelzpunkt und die Schmelzenthalpie des Kristalls nicht. Im Falle der gepresten Aggregate der Einkristalle wurde ein Anstieg des Schmelzpunkts durch Bestrahlung beobachtet; dieser Effekt war stark bei den aus der Schmelze kristallisierten Proben. Der Anstieg wird durch die Vernetzung zwischen den Lamellen interpretiert. Es erscheint moglich, das der Schmelzpunkt des bestrahlten Einkristalls ansteigt, wenn die Lamellen in engem Kontakt stehen.

Already acquainted with the succession of deposits visible in the various natural sections on the line and in the vicinity of the Great North Road, so far as Aberdeen, I was desirous of working out the geological position of the Brown Cannel Coal (specimens of which had been sent to me from Liverpool Plains), so that I might be able to judge of the probability of success in any search for this coal in the district of the Lower Hunter. I therefore went to Colley Creek, the station of Mr. Loder, and this gentleman at once offered to accompany me and point out the places whence he had taken specimens identical in appearance with the Brown Cannel I had seen from Hartley. From an examination of the rocks, I was able to determine that the geological position of this Brown Cannel is below the coalseams worked in the Newcastle field—that, in fact, it forms the very base of our Coal-measures, and in such close contact with the porphyries that these latter are absolutely mixed up with the lower portion of the Cannel. I found two seams of workable thickness, tilted at a high angle, running north and south, not far from, and parallel to, each other, both of the same quality. I was the more desirous of determining the geological position of this coal, because a large piece from a block of Brown Cannel was given to me a short time ago, which had been brought up by the buckets

Aslib has had a Research and Development Department since 1959. It has received powerful financial support from the Office for Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) and from industry, because it is recognized that a continuing department, accumulating experience, and working in close contact with operational services, is the most favourable environment for the advance of information science. Aslib's subscription income now contributes substantially to the support of the department. With the right pressure and the right encouragement from the Aslib membership, the department will continue to justify the support it receives.

1. Transplantations of autografts and of Kiel bone to the iliac bone and to muscle tissue were performed in rabbits. Through labelling with two tetracycline compounds which have different fluorescent colours in ultraviolet light, bone formation between the labelling periods could be followed. 2. It was shown that bone formation between the fifth and the tenth day after transplantation to bone took place in about 50 per cent of the fresh autografts. Storage of the transplants in saline for one hour before replacement had little adverse effect, whereas exposure to air for one hour seemed to reduce the osteogenic effect of the grafts. Bone formation was not observed in grafts of Kiel bone during this period. 3. The fact that new bone formation in fresh autografts could be demonstrated even during the first four days after transplantation to bone indicates that osteogenic cells from the fresh autografts continue their activity under favourable conditions. This is supported by microradiographic and histological evidence. 4. The amount of callus which developed in close contact with the grafts during the first ten days after transplantation to bone was more pronounced both in fresh autografts and in autografts kept in saline than in autografts exposed to air for one hour. Callus developing at a later stage showed no significant difference between the various grafts, including those of Kiel bone. 5. In fresh autografts transplanted to muscle tissue callus formation could be demonstrated in most cases by the tenth day, indicating either survival of osteoblasts or the transformation of more primitive cells from the graft or from the host bone into osteogenic cells. No bone formation was observed when Kiel bone was embedded in muscle tissue.

Knowing how many Plesiosaurian genera have left their remains in the great Pelolithic system formed by the Oxford Clay, Ampthill Clay, and Kimmeridge Clay, and that triangular teeth have not been obtained from the Oxford Clay of St. Neotts, some amount of indecision may be justifiable in the generic determination of this species. Nevertheless the cervical and dorsal vertebrae closely resemble in typical characters those of Pliosaurs from the Kimmeridge Clay; and I do not detect in them or in the pelvic bones indications of approximation to the known characters of any other genus. The remains are from the well-known pit in the lower part of the Oxford Clay at Eynsbury, near St. Neotts, which yields Ammonites Duncani, A. Lamberti, A. coronatus, c and there is one pubic bone and one ischium. But the vertebral bones were obtained at a former period, and the pelvic bones after an interval of some years. We owe the discovery and preservation of these fossils to J. J. Evans, Esq., of St. Neotts, who presented them to the University of Cambridge; and it is in honour of the discoverer that I propose the species should be named. The Atlas and Avis (figs. 1, 2). These vertebrae though in close contact, do not appear to have been ankylosed together. They have lost their neural arches, like all other Pliosaurian vertebrae. A large subvertebral wedge-bone beneath the atlas ( c ) projects for

In the presence of autologous serum, human leucocytes rapidly establish close contact with influenza virus-coated human erythrocytes and occasionally engulf them. The engulfed erythrocytes are shortly thereafter released from the leucocytes. Sequential stages of this process were observed and recorded by cinematography. At a later stage the presence of virus particles was demonstrated in vacuoles in the leucocytes using electron microscopic methods.

The subumbrella of the hydrozoan medusa Obelia consists of three layers of cells. The innermost layer is the endodermal lamella whose broad polygonal cells are in close contact with the middle layer of polygonal myocytes which have striated myofibrils running in two layers at right angles to one another in the same cell. These myofibrils extend beyond the myocytes as plasma membrane-enclosed prongs to make contact with the prongs of neighbouring cells in such a way that whole mounts give the impression that the slender myofibrils are continuous over the subumbrella. Cross-layered myocytes can be seen to be another means of decreasing the surface area of the subumbrella, a condition necessary for medusoid locomotion. Helically banded radial myofibrils are found in the outer layer.

1. The anatrepsis movements of the cricket germ band were analyzedi by timelapse micrography and by mechanical manipulation of the egg system. The behavour of isolated groups of germ band cells was recorded in vivo and in vitro. 2. The first phase of anatrepsis is characterized by 7-9 slow peristaltic waves passing within the yolk system towards the posterior egg pole (velocity 26-42 μm/min). 3. During this phase, the germ band moves backwards on the yolk surface. Its posterior end passes the posterior egg pole and then moves on anteriorly along the dorsal midline of the egg. The movement of the germ band is slowed down or reverts its direction temporarily whenever a peristaltic wave of the yolk system approaches the posterior egg pole. 4. In the second phase of anatrepsis, the posterior end of the germ band steadily (1.2 μm/ min) moves along the dorsal midline towards the anterior egg pole, thereby pushing its way in between yolk system and serosa. The remainder of the germ band does not follow suit along the yolk surface of the posterior egg pole but rather takes a short cut through the yolk system which meantime has been divided into yolk cells. 5. If the germ band is cut transversely during anatrepsis, only the part embodying the posterior end of germ band is able to continue movement. 6. Cells from the posterior end of the germ band display pulsating movements when isolated in vitro or in vivo. Cells from other germ band regions do not display such movements. 7. The results indicate that in the cricket egg anatrepsis of the germ band is not, as demonstrated in some other insects, due to pulling forces exerted by the yolk system, but rather appears to be caused by active locomotion of the posterior end of the germ band. Cells located there probably "crawl" along the serosa and pull the germ band trailing behind. The peristaltic waves in the yolk system are thought to ensure close contact between serosa and germ band when the latter passes the curvature of the posterior pole region. Yolk peristalsis is also likely to facilitate movement of the passively transported parts of the germ band.

introduction packed epidermal cell population. Cells compos-Recent studies using such methods as cyto- in sp>8 th sp>f epidermis are, indeed, in close contact chemistry, tissue culture, cinemicrography and to sp> each sp>, other sp>> and sp>'. m sp> addltl0 sp>v sb>n sp>' the sp>y are sp> Per sp>” electron microscopy have shed some light on the manently regenerative and thus, movmg up-problem of interactions between keratinocytes wa sp>!d sp> ceaselessl sp>y-and dendritic cells. Generally speaking, the Consequently, m the present article we shall physiology of any given cell is not only the re- to sp> emphasize those experimental facts that sultant of its own action but is rather the con- su sp>est sp> the sp> epidermis is made of interlac-c c a a-i • me populations of cells. And, m order to render sequence oi various forces depending to a van- ? l sp> sp>*\ . ' , , ,,,,,, • • , ,• m,' this review more provocative we shall take the able extent on the environnmg population. This . , f .

1. An analysis has been made of the plain radiographic findings in 200 verified cases of intracranial tumour. 2. Sellar changes were found in two groups of lesions: tumours in or near sella, and tumours at a distance from it (metasellar lesions). Of all the abnormal sellar appearances, only two were considered to be of localising value: uniform expansion with little or no thinning of dorsum, and suprasellar calcification. The commonest changes were thinning or erosion of dorsum, and these were common to both groups of lesions. 3. In metasellar lesions showing sellar changes, the degree of sellar destruction and the degree of hydrocephalus are roughly proportionate to one another, but the hydrocephalus in itself is not the cause of the bone destruction. In some of these cases, however, the dilated anterior end of third ventricle comes into close contact with sella, and it is suggested that this may be at least a contributory cause of the sellar changes. 4. Signs of increased intracranial tension, comprisin...

The unusual behaviour of certain Ablestar rockets is discussed. Optical observations of satellite 1964-83A are used to obtain nodal periods for 1966 August and September. These indicate that an increase in period occurred at that time. It is likely that there was a sudden discontinuity, the probable time of which is determined to be 1966 September 8.85 ± 0.02. A warning is given that orbital elements may be affected by activity in liquid-fuel rockets in ways that might mistakenly be interpreted as effects of outside influences such as air-drag. This study also demonstrates the usefulness of close contact between analyst and observer.

Fixed points in the chronology of the Harappa Culture are not abundant and such as exist tend rather to emphasize the earlier phases of that remarkable civilization. Evidence for close contact with Akkad about 2300 B.C., based primarily on stamp-seals, has been the subject of review by Piggott, and much clearer light has been forthcoming as a result of excavations at Harappa by the Archaeological Survey of India during 1946 under the direction of Professor R. E. M. Wheeler. These excavations included cuttings through the rampart of the citadel, and investigations of the later cemeteries superimposed on the culture. Whilst accepting the evidence for the earlier fixed point Wheeler faces up to the problems raised by these cemeteries and is strongly inclined after reviewing the facts available, and certain passages in the Rigveda, to agree with Childe that the ‘Cemetery H intruders “may belong to Aryan invaders”, the conventional date for whose first incursion into India is the 15th century B.C.’. As a result he concludes that ‘the combined weight, such as it is, of these various indications suggests the millennium 2500-1500 B.C. as a possible inclusive date for the mature Harappa civilization, without prejudice to the still-unplumbed depths of Mohenjo-daro’.Attention has recently been focussed by Piggott on these later phases of the civilization as a result of a study of the type and distribution of certain spiral headed and animal headed pins, and of a bronze mace-head found at Mohenjo-daro and Chanhu-daro. He here sees clear evidence pointing to trade contacts or folk movements from the West and affecting India at the end of the Harappa phase, if not indeed when it was actually defunct, probably ‘after 2000 B.C. rather than before and possibly some centuries later’. And with Wheeler he does not appear to be disinclined to accept the traditional date of about 1400 B.C. for the incursions into India ; though both are fully aware, and in fact state categorically, that the Akkadian contacts are the only well fixed chronological points.

Summary and Conclusions 1. Balantidium coli was found to occur at the rate of 0.6% among a group of approximately 3,000 Puerto Rican patients. 2. In 18 of 20 cases a history of close contact with pigs was elicited. 3. All 20 cases found were in children. 4. B. coli infection has a predilection for children, and among children, for males. 5. The low rate of infection in adults suggests that the infection tends to be spontaneously eliminated. 6. Of the amebicidal drugs which have been tried in B. coli infection, Diodoquin gives the most satisfactory results.

It is difficult to say what is the most important characteristic of a carbon brush. The property which makes a brush grade the ideal selection for one application may be of secondary importance on another. For heavy duty service it seems preferable that those characteristics which aid or permit the maintenance of a uniform surface film on the commutator should be given first consideration. Particular attention should be given to the ability of the brush to maintin close contact with the commutator or ring surface. In addition to care in the selection of brush grade, equal attention should be given to the initial preparation of the commutator or ring surface, avoidance of high or feather-edge mica, accurate machine adjustment, careful brush installation, maintenance of correct and uniform spring pressure, and periodic use of the canvas wiper. Such routine care costs little but aids greatly in maintaining good brush performance at minimum expense. Finally, at the first indication of unsatisfactory performance, an effort should be made to determine the primary fault and to correct it in time to prevent serious disturbance of operation.

Detailed evidence is presented to show that trachoma did not develop in the Red Man until he came into close contact with the white population. Recent reports from various officers of the Indian service of the United States government point to a definite increase in the incidence of the disease. The surgical and other measures taken during the last few years for the reduction of trachoma among the Indians are reviewed. In the later stages of the disease the author prefers grattage, including scarification with a three-bladed knife and vigorous scrubbing with bichloride of mercury solution on a tooth brush. Extreme cases require excision of the tarsal plate of the upper lid.

The relations between adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were studied in rat iris and rat heart with the electron microscope. Adrenergic terminals were identified by treating the animals with 5-hydroxydopamine, which produces dense-cored synaptic vesicles in adrenergic terminals in tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium. The specificity of this observation was verified. It was found that adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals often come in close contact with one another, the distance between the adjoining membranes being about 250 A. At times, faint membrane thickenings could be observed in these places. The available pharmacological, physiological, and morphological evidence leaves little room for doubt that cholinergic terminal fibres can influence the adrenergic fibres. From mainly morphological evidence, it is also postulated that adrenergic terminals influence cholinergic ones.

caused by the serotype grippotyphosa. They occurred sporadically and nearly exclusively in persons whose profession brought them in close contact with sick cattle or cattle carcasses, viz. veterinarians, butchers and cattle owners. Since 1949 the epidemiological picture has changed. From then on almost every patient had some connection with field work, but no direct contact with cattle.',2 The latter situation is comparable with that in several European countries (sugar cane and rice field workers disease, harvest disease, Erbsenpfliickerkrankheit). During winter and spring of 1949 and 1950 an unusually large number of rodents ravaged the fields of Israel. At the same time leptospirosis occurred in man and cattle with extraordinary fre

SUMMARY The supporting system of the avian tongue consists of 2 connective tissue structures, a sustentaculum and intermuscular septum, and 2 cartilages, an entoglossal cartilage and a basihyal cartilage—with a diarthrodial ginglymus joint between them. Lingual epithelium differentiates into 5 layers with distinctive morphology, topology and staining reactions. Superficial epithelium shows many embryonal characteristics. The external epithelial layer keratinizes in a similar manner to the nail plate and contains desmosomes. The sustentaculum interlocks strongly with the dorsal epithelium but very weakly with the ventral, which is also poorer in vascular supply. It maintains close contact with the entoglossal cartilage, forms 2 alar laminae, and its surface has a number of ridges and papillae. The relation between histological adaptation and the mechanics of the tongue of Gallus domesticus is pointed out, especially a close link between a fixed vector and extensive keratinization on the one hand, and a longitudinal vector and an extensive turnover of epithelial cells on the other.

The luminal cell membranes of both the trophoblasts and the uterine epithelium possessed microvilli during the pre-attachment stage, while these membranes lacked microvilli and had a tortous course during the attachment stage. The trophoblasts were separated from the uterine epithelium by a space of some tenths of a micron during the pre-attachment stage, while the luminal membranes of the cells were in a close contact during the attachment stage.

The structural changes that result from two different mutations of residue asparagine G4(102)β in human haemoglobin have been determined by difference Fourier analysis on the deoxy form of the protein. The additional γ-methyl group of haemoglobin Kansas (Asn→Thr) makes a close contact with the β-haem group causing widespread distortions in both the β- and α-chains. The mutant displays markedly abnormal physiological properties. On the other hand, the virtually normal functional properties of haemoglobin Richmond (Asn→Lys) are reflected in the very restricted alterations of the structure of this mutant haemoglobin.

We look for a physical interpretation for the different terms appearing in the expressions of the second-order fluctuations already developed in previous works. This is found to be possible by considering the system in question in close contact with appropriate surroundings of infinite extension. These surroundings must be such that some of the macroscopic constants of motion of the system remain unchanged, whereas the other ones (called canonical) are allowed to fluctuate freely around their former constant values. Other properties of the canonical quantities related to fluctuation theory are also considered.

One of the most important social movements in modern times is the interpretation of cultures, as immigration, commerce, and international relations bring peoples into close contact. This article outlines a plan by which the missionary may engage in a study of this social process and help to a better understanding of the factors which are involved. Some possible results of such research are briefly indicated.

American voluntary agencies perform on behalf of their constituencies—the American public—extensive over seas operations in many countries throughout the world. They bring medical, educational, agricultural, relief, and refugee services to disadvantaged people wherever they have an op portunity to share their concerns and competence. They co ordinate their activities and co-operate with governmental agencies through informal arrangements such as councils and more formal agreements such as subcontracts. Their voluntary and independent characteristics permit a maximum of experi mentation and close contact with the people with whom they work and share. In so doing they help translate American humanitarian ideals in practical ways. They also bring to communities in the United States firsthand insight of the as pirations and problems of other peoples. This relationship helps the needed communication and understanding in an inter dependent world. Foundations have grown in number and scope to supplement the work of the traditional voluntary agencies. Some carry on their own programs; others prefer to work through existing organizations.