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Coastal current observations taken at five locations in Lake Ontario during IFYGL, in periods of summer stratification, are presented and interpreted in terms of a linear dynamical model. Wind-stress impulses set up a pattern of flow characterized by baroclinic coastal jets, flowing initially from an upwind stagnation point along both shores to a downwind one. In time this flow pattern rotates slowly counterclockwise so that at certain fixed points on shore the coastal jet reverses direction and flows upwind. Several instances of this remarkable phenomenon were observed during IFYGL on the south shore of Lake Ontario, following west-southwest wind-stress impulses. Two episodes of this kind are analyzed in detail to show that there is qualitative accord between theory and observation, to the extent one might reasonably expect from the simplified model.

BERG and Anderson1 recently argued from existing evidence that bacteria swim by rotation of their helical flagella. Silver-man and Simon2 have now provided a clear demonstration of this. By means of antibodies specific for flagellar components, they tethered cells to microscope slides or to each other and observed rotation of the cell bodies. The cells were able to stop and to rotate in either direction. It seemed possible, as they proposed2, that cessation, or reversal of flagellar rotation might be involved in bacterial chemotaxis. Accordingly, we used wild-type and chemotaxis-defective mutant cells of Escherichia coli tethered to microscope slides in a manner similar to that of Silverman and Simon2, and stimulated them by sudden increases of chemotactic agents. We found that changes in the direction of flagellar rotation indeed constitute the basis of chemotaxis: addition of attractants causes counter clockwise (CCW) rotation, whereas repellents cause clockwise (CW) rotation.

An analysis of the characteristics of the special type of Pi 2 designated dPi by Stuart (1972b) confirms the validity of the interpretation of its appearance as being due to a distension of the background field caused by impulsive deformation of night-time field lines. Results are presented which show that the distension is essentially in the same azimuthal direction as the major axis of the polarisation ellipse of the oscillatory component. The distribution of azimuthal directions of the initial rise of the distension of the field observed on the ground is presented. When mapped out to the Equator, it shows significant displacement toward the magnetotail. In addition, the results show a tendency for the direction of the initial rise to be eastward before midnight local geomagnetic time and westward afterwards. The direction of rotation of the polarisation of the oscillatory component similarly shows a division into two categories; anti-clockwise before local geomagnetic midnight, and mixed anti-clockwise and clockwise associated with westward distensions.

Real time TV records of aurora obtained by a highly sensitive TV camera at Syowa station in 1971 are analyzed. Motion of almost all bright auroral structures is found to have a clockwise sense of rotation (as viewed from below in the southern hemisphere), even when a seemingly counterclockwise spiral (or fold) appears along an auroral arc. This suggests that the auroral electron precipitation is closely related to the production of negative charge excess, at least for the dusk type and high-latitude type auroras.

Long sand banks elongated parallel with the main tidal flow, are abundant in European seas and most have one slope steeper than the other. For the majority of these sand banks the direction faced by the steeper slope corresponds with the clockwise or anticlockwise sense of rotation of the tidal current vectors in relation to the net sand transport direction. This finding is interpreted as being the result of a lag effect in the picking up and putting down of fine sand through the tidal cycle. It has considerable relevance to both the coastal engineer and the geologist as it suggests portions of coast which are likely to be subject to a long term, net sand loss to, or gain from, the offshore zone.

Results of an experimental study of the planning of fast-water buoy shapes show that a buoy with a chine that is close to the bottom of the hull will attain a lower planing angle than a buoy for which the bottom-to-chine distance is large. A chine is an edge formed by the intersection of a vertical side and a slanted surface which passes through the water. The planing angle is found to reach a maximum value at an intermediate speed and then decreases as the speed increases, for the buoy with the optimum chine configuration. The planing angle in this case is the counterclockwise angle between the bottom of the buoy and the direction of motion in the vertical plane. A study of the effects of the depth of the mooring cable attachment to the buoy shows that the planing angle decreases with the attachment depth at a given speed. The speed at which the peak value of the planing angle occurs is found to decrease as the attachment depth increases.

The low-frequency (ƒ < 0.6 cpd) variations in current velocity measured at several depths beneath the surface layer in 100 m of water and in nearby wind and sea level measurements are discussed. The measurements were made on the Oregon continental shelf during July and August 1972 as part of the Coastal Upwelling Experiment. The mean alongshore current at 20 m was 1.8 cm/sec southward but at 80 m was 6 cm/sec northward. The shear persisted and was relatively constant (variance of shear

Wind measurements were made during July and August 1973 from surface floats installed 13 and 120 km from the Oregon coast. The striking feature of the kinetic energy spectra was the large peak at the diurnal frequency at the inshore site; at the offshore station the 24-hour peak was one fifth as large. At both sites the amplitude of the meridional or longshore component of the tidal wind was stronger than the zonal component by a factor of about 2, the shape of the hodograph was elliptical, and the velocity vector rotated in the clockwise direction. The horizontal coherence between the diurnal period winds was low, most likely because of the sharpness of the spectral peak. Mean daily variations of the eastward velocity component were consistent with local sea breeze circulation, and the sea breezelike pattern was superimposed upon the fairly steady northerly winds. With wind data obtained at five coastal stations, strong correspondence was found between the orientation and proximity of the coastal mountains and the ratio of the meridional to zonal components of the tidal wind. The diurnal period onshore winds may have been turned southward by the mountain barrier, causing the early morning increase in the northerly winds.

Paleomagnetic directions from two sites at Mono Lake, California, 24000 years ago traced-out a well-defined counter-clockwise loop 25° in diameter. Major features of the loop can be explained by an inward directed radial dipole located at 0.5 Earth's radius, drifting eastward along a path 15° south of Mono Lake. Its longitudinal velocity was 0.10-0.19°/yr and its strength was 0.12-0.21 relative to the Earth's main dipole moment. The life-span of this perturbing source probably was similar to the period of the magnetic loop, about 850 years.

A sampling of Mesozoic and Tertiary basalts in Lebanon yielded the following information: Age D I α 95 Pole position d p d m Upper Jurassic 95 +21 10.6 114E 2N 5.9 11.2 66W 2S Lower Cretaceous 122 +2 9.0 105E 25S 4.5 9.0 75W 25N Upper Pliocene 2 +46 7.7 169E 88N 6.3 9.8 11W 88S These results confirm and amplify earlier work by Van Dongen et al., and can be interpreted as indicating a net anticlockwise rotation of Lebanon relative to the African tectonic plate amounting to about 70° during the Late Jurassic-Pliocene interval. This could have resulted from differential movement between the African and European plates as they made way for the growing Atlantic Ocean.

Many tectonic features of this area, particularly faults perpendicular to the coast, could be explained if they are associated with the existence of western stresses affecting the large structural units of southwestern Europe. It is considered that the hypothesis of an anticlockwise rotation of Italy could be a consequence of these stresses and they could also explain certain other structural anomalies such as that in the Ivrea zone.

Summary The diagnostic usefulness of frontal plane QRS loop rotation in the Frank vectorcardiogram (VCG) was evaluated in a series of 598 normal subjects, 301 patients with postero-diaphragmatic myocardial infarction (PDMI), 84 with lateral myocardial infarction (LMI), 844 with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and 190 with right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). In normals 62% showed clockwise (CW) rotation of the QRS loops; 28%, figure-of-eight; and 10%, counterclockwise (CCW). The respective distributions were 68%, 23%, and 9% in PDMI; and 23%, 40%, and 37% in LMI. In normals the superior and inferior limits (96% range) of the maximal QRS vector angles were +15° and +79° in VCGs with CW rotation, +12° and +62° in VCGs with figure-of-eight, and −4° and +58° in VCGs with CCW rotation. Based on these limits, approximately half of PDMI cases (with 2% false positives) and a little over two-thirds of LMI cases (with 4% false positives) could be separated from normal. In LVH and RVH groups without clinical evidence of ischemic heart disease, the superior and inferior limits (96% range) of the maximal QRS vector angles differed from those of normal. In LVH such limits were +1° and +86° in VCGs with CW rotation, +12° and +62° in VCGs with figure-of-eight, and −86° and +48° in VCGs with CCW rotation. The respective limits in RVH were +13° and −160°, −3° and +76°, and −30° and +65°. Thus, when LVH or RVH is present, the foregoing limits separating PDMI or LMI from normal need to be modified accordingly. Results of the study demonstrate the diagnostic significance of QRS rotation analysis in the frontal plane VCG. These findings should prove useful as the standard of reference for clinical interpretation of the Frank VCG.

The ages and distribution of porphyry copper deposits of the southern Basin and Range Province suggest an origin influenced by a mantle hot spot as this part of the North American plate moved N35–40°W at 3.57 ± 0.65 cm/yr during the interval of the Laramide Orogeny 72 to 52 my ago. This motion coupled with that of the hot spot interpretation of the Corner Seamounts region of the North Atlantic during the same time interval suggests that the North American plate rotated clockwise at an average rate of 0.35 degrees per million years. The apparent pole of rotation is located near 50°N latitude and 64°W longitude in the region of Anticosti Island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The apparent diameter of the hot spot is 450 km. Northwesterly motion and clockwise rotation of the North American plate are compatible with existing concepts of plate tectonics, paleomagnetism, and paleoclimatology. The development of early Tertiary blankets of supergene enrichment and their partial destruction during the late Tertiary can be explained by a change from a warm and wet climate during the early Tertiary to a cooler and drier climate during the late Tertiary as this part of the North American plate moved northwesterly from a more tropical climate into a more temperate and arid zone. Orographic rain shadows produced by middle and late Tertiary mountain building in southern California were undoubtedly influencial in enhancing late Tertiary aridity.

Two stable, ancient, N.R.M. components were isolated by a.f. demagnetization of samples from 29 sites in the Helikian (Middle Proterozoic) anorthosite and adamellite suites of the Mealy Mountains. The directions of the two components are chiefly to the northwest, 20° upward (northwest component) and to the east, 65 °downward (east component). The northwest direction is thought to be the primary igneous T.R.M. and no reversely magnetized sites with this direction were encountered in the Mealy suite. The 11 sites from which the northwesterly component was isolated yielded a mean pole at 179 °W, 8 °N, α95 = 12°. This is some distance away from poles derived from rocks of comparable age from elsewhere in the Canadian Shield and may reflect a 50° clockwise rotation of this section of the Grenville Orogen relative to the Superior after the initial magnetization of the Mealy rocks. Evidence of a second stable component was found in 14 sites (east component); 11 of these are reversely magnetized and three are normally magnetized. The 14 sites with easterly (and reversed easterly) magnetization yielded a combined pole for this component at 182 °W, 38 °S, α95 = 9°. This pole position suggests that the east component was acquired after the rotation of this part of the Grenville Orogen. The cores from 3 sites exhibited two clear end-points during a.f. demagnetization and thus contain both the northwest and the east component.The Helikian Shabogamo Gabbro at the south end of the Labrador Trough was sampled at 13 sites on a line extending 80 km north from the Grenville Front. After a.f. cleaning these sites yielded a pole at 171 °W, 10 °N, α95 = 12°. This pole lies about 20° northwest of poles for rocks of similar age in the Superior Orogen so it is suggested that the rocks of the sample area, though lying a bit north of the line generally accepted as the 'Grenville Front', have been rotated clockwise (about 20°) since intrusion of the gabbro.

Multispectral satellite imagery, in conjunction with aerial photography and field work, offers new possibilities for the recognition and interpretation of overregional geological and tectonic systems. All three methods in geologic work were applied to Northern and Central Italy. In the Northern and Central Apennines two stress directions were recognized. The various stages in the evolution of the mountains and of the whole peninsula were evaluated and interpreted under new aspects. The tectonic features are explained by a clockwise rotation of various blocks along left-handed transform faults. These faults can be interpreted as resulting from shear due to a main stress directed north-eastwards. The lineations of the Southern Alps are traced through the Po Valley into the Northern Apennines.

Analytic models of Rockall Bank have been used in a theoretical investigation of the tidal currents over the bank. It is found that the diurnal tides are close to the natural frequency of an approximately non-divergent wave trapped near the bank and progressing clockwise around it. Currents observed over Rockall Bank by dRamster (1970) and Collar and Cartwright (1972) are interpreted in terms of such a wave.

Palaeomagnetic measurements of Upper Cretaceous–Palaeogene limestones from the northern Apennines indicate that the entire crust of the Italian Peninsula has rotated anticlockwise through 43°. This is the first direct evidence from Italy of rotation, which is of a comparable magnitude to rotations observed elsewhere in western Europe.

Palaeomagnetic results from 40 dykes sampled on Eyre Peninsula and Yorke Peninsula, South Australia, are inconsistent with the clockwise rotation of the ‘foot’ of Yorke Peninsula by fault‐drag during the Early Ordovician. A reinterpretation of earlier data from Tasmania also indicates that the east‐west structural trends in the Mount Reed volcanic arc and Dundas Trough are primary. The effects of shearing were probably restricted to linear displacements without causing rotation of adjacent structural elements. Late Precambrian and Cambrian palaeomagnetic data from Fleurieu Peninsula and Kangaroo Island have also been analysed. They do not clarify the pattern of structural evolution in the southern part of the Adelaide Orogen because the magnetic remanence was probably acquired syntectonically.

Seasonal change of the internal seiches' period will be treated by the spectrum analysis of the continuous temperature records which were obtained from the thermistor-buoy stations in Lake Biwa.The dominant period almost coincides with theoretical one which can be derived from a longitudinal internal seiche in a two-layered rectangular lake, but the observed spatial phase difference and amplitude cannot be explained reasonably by the concept of a simple longitudinal internal seiche. They rather correspond to the rotating internal KELVIN wave, which was found out from the numerical experiments in the preceding paper (6). The results of the “Round Cruise Survey” of the thermocline of Lake Biwa, which was carried out during the period from Aug. 9 to Aug. 13, 1973 shows that the dominant internal oscillation has a rotatory nature, that is, the high water region rotates along the lake shore in the anticlockwise direction with an apparent phase velocity of 2.2km/hr (in August). Such a rotatory behavior of the internal oscillation enables us to interpret reasonably the results of the spectrum analysis of the temperature records.

Summary Thirty postgraduate students, 15 males and 15 females, acted as subjects. Each subject, seated in a chair in an upright posture in a dark room, was instructed to set a luminescent rod to the apparent vertical under three visual field conditions: (a) Rod Only, (b) Rod in Circle, and (c) Rod in Square. In an analysis of variance of the deviations of the apparent from its objective position, “Initial Starting Positions of the Rod,” “Sex x Positioning of the Rod being either Clockwise or Counterclockwise by Fields,” and the error component, “Within group subjects x Fields,” were found to be significant effects. Results are interpreted that in the event of nonexcitation or deficient adaptation to postural cues, articulateness of the field generates sex differences, taken to be an index of the presence of cognitive styles. A proposal for a new test of field dependence-independence has been formulated.

The vectorcardiographic characteristics of transient left intraventricular hemiblocks seen during selective coronary arteriography were studied in 26 patients. QRS duration was slightly but significantly increased. In left anterior hemiblock the frontal plane QRS loop rotated leftward and typically became largely open in this plane, encircling a wide area with a counterclockwise inscription of the QRS loop, and the maximal and terminal QRS vectors rotated leftward and were posteriorly directed. In left posterior hemiblock the frontal plane QRS loop rotated rightward and typically became largely open in this plane, encircling a wide area with a clockwise inscription of the QRS loop; the maximal QRS vector rotated rightward and was anteriorly deviated, whereas the terminal QRS vector rotated toward the right posteroinferior quadrant. In both cases, the initial QRS vector was not significantly modified. The changes observed in cases with a control QRS axis ranging from −10 to −90 ° suggest that these tracings usually correspond to incomplete forms of left anterior hemiblock; the orientation of terminal QRS vectors toward the right posterosuperior quadrant in cases of left anterior hemiblock corresponds to the addition of delayed activation of the posterior wall of the left ventricle. The changes observed in cases of “periinfarction block” suggest that these tracings result from the association of initial QRS anomalies typical of myocardial infarction with abnormally directed terminal vectors of a type characteristic of left anterior or posterior hemiblock. QRS axis deviation observed in cases of right or left bundle branch block may result from an associated left anterior or posterior hemiblock.

Three subjects were exposed on a human centrifuge to a change in direction of resultant G relative to the body axis. Under the conditions of the experiment the illusion was created wherein a horizontal target line appeared to rotate through an angle corresponding to the change in direction of the resultant force. The subject's task was to keep the line horizontal at all times. Thus, if the line appeared to rotate clockwise, the subject actually rotated the line counterclockwise in order to maintain the line horizontal for himself. A marked discrepancy was noted between the time required to impress the physical force on the subject and the period during which he found it necessary to make adjustments in keeping the line horizontal. This discrepancy was regarded as a measure of the delay in the subject's visual reorientation to a change in direction of resultant G. It is thought that a possible cause of the delay may lie in the characteristic behavior of the otolith organ. This lag phenomenon is of importance to aviation inasmuch as the full disorientating effects of a change in direction of resultant G relative to the body axis will not become manifest if the exposure time is short. (Author)

Thirty-five male subjects were trained in the use of a tracking device and in a hand steadiness test. The subjects were then divided randomly into three subgroups: a control group, a group rotated clockwise, and a group rotated counterclockwise. The two rotating groups performed on a rotating platform (7·5 RPM) until habituation occurred (determined by peaks on performance curves). Directions of rotation were then reversed and performance measured. Subsequently the groups performed the two tests while being rotated at 2, 5, 7·5, 10, 12·5 and 15 RPM. Two additional trials were conducted 32 and 60 days later. Results showed that transfer did occur for varying rates of rotation and for the group which trained in a counterclockwise direction. There was no significant decrement in performance after 32 and 60 days of no practice.

Sixty-five patients with a VCG pattern of complete right bundle branch block and left axis deviation (> −30 degrees) were studied. There were 46 patients with counterclockwise rotation (Group A) and 19 patients with clockwise rotation (Group B) in the horizontal plane. His bundle electrograms were recorded in 24 Group A patients and in four Group B patients. The Group A patients were slightly younger (average age 69 years) than the Group B patients (average age 75 years). The incidence of previous myocardial infarction (Group A 12 46 , Group B 4 19 ) and hypertension (Group A 13 46 , Group B 4 19 ) were similar. Diabetes mellitus was slightly more common in Group B (Group A 7 46 , Group B 5 19 ). Cardiomegaly (Group A 16 46 , Group B 12 19 ) and congestive heart failure (Group A 13 46 , Group B 9 19 ) were more common in Group B. Episodes of syncope (Group A 19 46 , Group B 4 19 ) and prolonged H-Q interval (55 msec. or greater) (Group A 19 24 , Group B 2 4 ) were more frequent in Group A patients. However, in individual cases there was no definite relationship between prolonged H-Q interval and syncope. It is concluded that this pattern represents a wide spectrum of disease and anatomical defects. The relationship of VCG morphology to clinical course does not appear to be close enough to predict the course of an individual patient or aid in clinical management.

1.1. Unbalanced or dissimilar skin resistances may seriously alter deflections in the unipolar limb leads and lead to important clinical errors. These changes are due to potential variations at the so-called "indifferent" electrode and may occur in either augmented or nonaugmented unipolar extremity leads. 2.2. Changes in amplitude, contour, and direction of P, QRS, and T waves were produced experimentally by altering skin resistances. These changes included the inversion of normally upright T waves and the production of Q waves not present with resistances balanced. 3.3. These errors result from an inadvertent shift in axis of the unipolar leads clockwise or counterclockwise to a maximum of 30 degrees. The amount of shift in axis depends on the degree of imbalance. Thus, aV R (or V R ) may then erroneously resemble Lead I inverted or Lead II inverted; aV L (or V L ) may resemble Lead I or Lead III inverted; and aV F (or V F ) may resemble Lead II or Lead III. 4.4. An electronic coupling device is described which prevents errors in unipolar limb leads due to dissimilar skin resistances even when the imbalance is extreme.

Vectorcardiograms were recorded using the cube method in 150 normal adults. Measurements of various displacements of the QRS loop were taken in the horizontal, frontal and sagittal planes. QRS-T angle and long axis angle were calculated. It was found that in the horizontal plane the maximal posterior displacement of the QRS loop increased significantly with age, while the anterior displacement remained constant. There were no significant changes with age in the maximal leftward displacement. The QRS-T angle increased significantly with age. In the frontal plane in younger subjects, the QRS loops were oriented more vertically, with a predominant clockwise direction. In the older patients the direction was mainly counterclockwise, and the loops were placed more horizontally. The QRS-T angle increased significantly with age. In the sagittal plane the measurements followed closely the corresponding displacements in the two other planes. It was shown that the normal vectorcardiogram changes with increasing age.

1. Tonic discharges of homologous units in the left and right metathoracic leg nerves in response to increases and decreases in light intensity were observed. 2. Periodic variations in the frequencies of these units was shown to be related to leg movement and at a frequency appropriate for walking. 3. The intensity and duration of discharge of these units was related to the change in light intensity and the frequency of stimulation. 4. The unit of one side normally fired at a higher frequency than that of the other. 5. This was separate from the asymmetry produced by placing the animal in a rotating drum with a single 55° stripe. In this case, clockwise movement of the stripe produced a higher frequency discharge on the left side, while a counterclockwise movement reversed the frequency ratio. 6. Units in the connectives appeared to trigger this discharge.

Summary The vectorcardiograms of malnourishedinfants were found to be different from those of normal infants. In the latter group, clockwise QRS loops in the horizontal plane were present from birth to the twenty-fifth day of life, and transitional (or figure-of-8 loops) from the twenty-sixth to the thirty-sixth day. Thereafter anticlockwise loops, representing the usual infantile pattern, appeared. The orientation of the repolarization complexes was very anterior for the first 24 or 48 days (yielding positive T waves in V 1 ), but later it changed to a posterior position (−15° to −90°) throughout the period of time under study. On the contrary, in the abnormal group it was noted that clockwise loops were related not only to age, but also to weight. That is, on the average , infants with the lower weight showed a persistence of that morphology beyond the usual age; a phenomenon probably due to a delayed progression of the usual left-to-right ventricular ratio in malnourished children. Finally, it was clear that T looplocation was not related to age or weight, thus representing primary changes in repolarization. Although the most anteriorly placed ones were occasionally seen after the administration of intravenous solutions (sometimes containing potassium salts), their presence in cases displaying definite plasma and electrical signs of hypokalemia favors the assumption that potassium changes, per se, were not responsible for these abnormalities. However, they are not necessarily due to right ventricular hypertension as previously considered.

1. In forward-swimming Paramecium the direction of metachronal wave propagation is turned progressively clockwise from forward-right to backward-left if the viscosity of the medium is increased to more than 100 cP. 2. With increasing viscosity the direction of the power stroke is turned clockwise at a lower rate than the direction of waves. This leads to a gradual transformation of the dexioplectic metachrony toward a symplectic pattern. 3. As viscosity is raised the polarization of the ciliary cycle in time and space is Progressively reduced, so that the beat becomes increasingly helicoidal. 4. Metachronal coordination gradually breaks down at viscosities of more than about 100 cP, but is retained better at the anterior end of the cell than in more posterior regions. 5. At viscosities above 12 cP the left-handed swimming helix of Paramecium is changed into a right-handed helix. This is produced primarily by the viscositydependent clockwise shift in the direction of the power stroke from backward-right to backward-left. 6. The frequency of peristomal cilia (32/s. at 20°C) decreases with rising viscosity. Under constant conditions, a posteriorly directed gradient of decreasing frequency can be observed with the stroboscope. 7. Raising the viscosity leads to an increase of the average wavelength from 10.7 µm at 1 cP to 14.3 µm at 40 cP. In the same range of viscosity the wave velocity, which is the product of frequency and wavelength, is reduced from 340 to 200 µm/s, since the drop in frequency exceeds the increase in wavelength. 8. The wave velocity tends to be stabilized by reciprocal relations between frequency and wavelength, if all other factors are kept constant. However, the wavelength is found to be different in forward-swimming and backward-swimming animals at 40 cP without a change in frequency (14.1 bps; 14.3 compared to 12.7 µm). This is explained if the metachronal wavelength is increased by decreasing polarization of the ciliary cycle. 9. A working hypothesis is put forward which explains the origin of a metachronal system by the distribution of forces parallel to the cell surface produced by polarized or unpolarized cycles of ciliary movement.

Summary Geologically, the Ardmore area consists of Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks lying in E.—W. folds which are transected by N.—S. faults. The orientations of all planar features were measured in localities chosen for detailed examination. The joints, veins and shear-planes were plotted stereo-graphically, and, from the resulting contour diagrams, structural maps were prepared. It has been established that the area has suffered three main phases of deformation—N.—S. compression, E.—W. tension, and clockwise shear, probably in that order. Deductions are drawn on the interrelation of the fracture-planes exemplified by the cleavage, joints, faults and other manifestations of crustal deformation.

1. The maximum orientational response of the snail, Nassarius, to an abrupt experimental reversal of the horizontal vector of geomagnetism occurs when the reversed field deviates least in strength from the earth's horizontal 0.17-gauss one.2. The responsiveness to field-direction change drops off very substantially even before the field strength has decreased to 0.1 gauss or increased to 0.4 gauss. It is already minimal at 0.8 gauss.3. The receptor mechanism for compass orientation in response to geographic direction is, therefore, exquisitely adjusted to the strength of the horizontal vector of geomagnetism, even in contrast with the total strength of geomagnetism.4. There is a persistent effect of experimental magnetic fields deviating in strength from the natural one which remains for at least three to five minutes following removal of the experimental field.5. Following exposure to reversed horizontal fields stronger than the earth's, southbound snails respond in the earth's field by clockwise turning...

Hard bubbles are cylindrical magnetic domains which differ from normal bubbles in their static and dynamic properties.1–3 They form and collapse at fields considerably higher than normal bubble domains (hence the name “hard bubbles”) and, under the action of a gradient in the perpendicularly directed magnetic field, they have a component of motion either to the right or to the left rather than straight down the gradient (right- and left-handed hard bubbles). Under the influence of a small alternating field superimposed on the dc bias field, normal bubbles oscillate in size or strip out in a random manner, whereas hard bubbles tend to strip out in an S-shape and rotate in either a counterclockwise direction for the normal S-shape or clockwise for the reverse S-shape. It has been found that high-speed propagation using permalloy overlay circuits is impossible in materials which are prone to hard bubble formation.

If in the first of two coupled circuits an electromotive force of constant amplitude and variable frequency is introduced, the currents in the primary and secondary respectively may be written i 1 = e /Z' and i 2 = e /Z" where Z' and Z" are complex impedance operators. The loci of these impedances ω as to is varied have definite geometrical forms. Z" is a parabola and Z' a cissoid family. If a parabola if y 2 = (— x ) p where p depends only on the inductances and resistances of the two circuits is drawn, and a pole O is taken a certain distance to the left of the vertex a , then OP represents the impedance Z" to a certain scale. The greater the coupling between the two circuits the longer is O a . As ω increases from a small value, P, starting on the lower arm of the parabola far to the left, moves counter clockwise round the parabola. If O is near a there will be a single minimum value of OP, and a single maximum value of the current i 2 . But if the coupling and therefore O a is larger, there will be two minimum values separated by a maximum value, corresponding to the well-known double hump i 2 /ω curve. The locus of Z' is the cissoid family of curves. The straight line of zero coupling bulges at the axis as the coupling is increased, and develops a loop as the coupling is still further increased. Here again a double minimum impedance appears, corresponding to the double hump resonance curves.

Three major types of volcanic alignment are recognised. Volcanic vent alignments are inferred to be tensional features usually parallel to the local principal horizontal stress (PHS) direction, and include fissures, elongation of centres, and lines of closely spaced contemporaneous vents. Volcanic centre alignments are most likely related to underlying pre-existing faults that dilated at a point or as a fissure during volcanism. Regional volcanic alignments, which incl ude widely spaced centres and volcanic formations within a narrow belt, imply a fundamental relation between volcanism and structure, and may indicate the location of the major fractures that act as volcanic conduits from depth to near-surface minor fault systems. Regional alignments, and those centre alignments that strike west in Northland and north-west in Taranaki, reflect post-Hokonui structures. They show a 30° clockwise swing of strike in progressively more southern areas from the Bay of Islands to Bombay — North Hauraki, an...

1. The planarian Dugesia is able, even while in water, to perceive a change of 2 volts/cm. in electrostatic gradient in the surrounding air.2. There is reason to presume that in order to show this response the organism is responding to differences in ambient static gradient of the order of fractions of a microvolt per cm.3. The strength and character of worm response to a right-angle potential change are related to the direction the worm is oriented in the earth's geographic field, and to time of day.4. A field-change in South-bound worms in the morning effects clockwise turning. A similar field-change for North-bound worms effects counterclockwise turning. In the afternoon the relationship of electrostatic response to geographic direction is essentially the mirror-image of that of the morning.5. Dugesia is able to distinguish the direction of a gradient across its body.6. A few of the possible significances of these findings are discussed briefly.

The equations of motion applied to the planetary boundary layer are numerically integrated for certain special eddy viscosity distributions. Accelerations are retained, eddy viscosity varied with height and, to a lesser extent, with time. The resulting inertial oscillations, although very limited in generality, show agreement with observations. Not only clockwise but also counterclockwise rotation of the end point of the wind vector can occur in some cases. Some solutions agree and others disagree with the analytical solutions for unbounded eddy viscosity.

The effect of various types (sandpaper, spoke, spiral, and white) and speeds (0, 1/2, 3, 6, 12, and 30 rpm) of rotating disk backgrounds upon 276 Ss’ estimates of the apparent verticality of a line moved toward physical verticality in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction was investigated. The general finding was that the estimate of verticality was displaced away from pretest judgments in the direction of the disk rotation. The speed of rotation was significant with maximal vertical displacement at 6 rpm. The direction of line movement was significant with the result that maximal vertical displacement occurred when the line was moved in opposition to the direction of disk rotation. The type of disk employed made a significant difference in the estimates only when the line movement was opposite from the direction of disk rotation. Disks with inadequate stimulus contours (white) produced no significant effect. Results are discussed in terms of stimulus contour and ocular torsion.

Shipborne magnetometer results reveal an arrow-shaped pattern of anomalies pointing into the S.E. corner of the Bay of Biscay. They are interpreted in terms of basalt injections and extrusions filling large tension cracks and forming new oceanic crust during the anticlockwise rotation of Spain.

It has been found experimentally that the turbulent pipe flow through a mitred, right-angle bend produces a downstream secondary circulation which does not conform to the twin-circulatory flow usually to be found in pipe bends. The secondary flow is dominated by a single circulation about the axis in either a clockwise or an anticlockwise sense, between which it switches abruptly at a low, random frequency. The phenomenon is explained in terms of the asymmetry of the inner wall separation and the turbulent axial circulation generated in the upstream flow.

We have found contingent movement aftereffects (CMAEs) lasting several days, contingent upon the color, intensity, and stripe width of moving patterns. Ss adapted for 10 min to a patterned disk rotating clockwise under red light, alternating every 10 sec with counterclockwise under green light. When stopped, the disk then appeared to rotate counterclockwise under red light and clockwise under green light. The effect lasted only a second or two, reappearing each time the field’s color was changed. But it increased in strength over the first 1/2 hand was still present 1 or 2 days later. Color transposition effects were found: after adaptation to red-clockwise (long wavelength) alternating with green-counterclockwise (short wavelength), a stationary yellow (long wavelength) test field appeared to rotate counterclockwise and a blue (short wavelength) field appeared to rotate clockwise. Relative, not absolute, color of the test triggered the CMAE. Similar CMAEs and transposition effects were produced by pairing direction of movement with intensity, with width of moving stripes and with orientation of a stationary grating projected onto a rotating patterned disk.

Geodynamic aspects associated with Tertiary palaeomagnetism from Portugal have been seen in conjunction with available geological evidence from the Bay of Biscay. It is concluded that Iberia rotated away from the rest of Europe at about Early Oligocene time. The pole of rotation appears to have been somewhere in the southwestern tip of France but with Iberia in a position approximately 400 km further west. Immediately after the rotation a strong northeasterly compression gave rise to shear deformations in the newly created deep sea gulf forming the fault structure north of Spain and the north Pyrenean fault along which the Iberian sub-continent appears to have moved eastward into its present position. The new postulated timing of the Biscay event is in close correspondence with the origin of other major geodynamic processes in southern Europe such as the suggested anticlockwise rotation of the Corso-Sardinia block and the major compressive phase in the Alps.

Serial recordings were obtained in eight patients with abnormal left axis deviation and acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. The most important electrocardiographic finding in four cases in which significant left axis shifts occurred progressively after the infarction was the presence of a Qr pattern in lead II. The corresponding frontal plane vectorcardiogram showed superior orientation of the initial and maximal vectors, clockwise rotation of the QRS loop, and superiorly oriented ST-T loop. These abnormalities were attributed exclusively to the inferior wall necrosis. In contrast, pure left anterior hemiblock was characterized by an rS pattern in lead II, inferior orientation of the initial vectors, leftward and superior deviation of the maximal vector and counterclockwise rotation of the QRS loop. The following changes were seen when left anterior hemiblock coexisted with inferior wall myocardial infarction: (a) QS complexes in lead II; (b) superior orientation of the initial and maximal QRS vectors and (c) counterclockwise rotation of the frontal plane QRS loop. These abnormalities were attributed to the infarction-induced abolishment of the hemiblock-related inferiorly oriented initial vectors, with preservation of the subsequent ventricular activation process. Our knowledge of the electrogenesis of complicated left anterior hemiblock has been enhanced by the analysis of sequential electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic changes.

Strong magnetic anomalies associated with the axial trough of the Red Sea are considered to be related to a second phase of opening. Lack of magnetic expression of the first and wider separation is attributed to initial thinning and necking of the continental crust and, possibly, to a slow rate of spreading. The rise of the mantle during this first stage is reflected in the positive Bouguer gravity anomaly which extends over the whole Sea. A displacement of the magnetic anomaly pattern and a grouping of earthquake epicentres at latitude 19½° N delineates a transform fault. Futher offsets in the anomaly pattern between 19½° N and 23° N may be related to other transform faults presently inactive. If Sinai is treated as a separate block then the two-stage clockwise rotation of Africa to open the Red Sea leads to the southerly displacements of this block required by the geology. Negative gravity anomalies in the Gulf of Aqaba support the idea of a shear. A separate rotation of the Horn of Africa is believed to have contributed to the opening of the Gulf of Aden.

The November 9, 1968 earthquake in south-central Illinois occurred in the New Madrid zone, a seismic zone associated with northeast-trending geological structure. Landforms in the epicentral area consist of nearly flat, glacial lake plains surrounding low, loess-covered hills. An extensive post office canvass and a field inspection of the epicentral area indicate that the strongest shaking (MM VII) took place in the Wabash and Ohio Valleys and adjacent lowlands of south-central Illinois. Characteristic damage included broken chimneys, fallen plaster, and occasional instances of collapsed parapets and overthrown tombstones. Observed rotations of tombstones and other objects in the epicentral area suggest a quadrant distribution of clockwise and counter-clockwise rotations.

In a case of suspected right ventricular hypertrophy, when the electrocardiogram shows equivocal findings, the diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy can be confirmed by deriving the horizontal plane vectorcardiogram, and finding anterior displacement of the vector loop and clockwise rotation. The presence of a tall R in lead V1 is the clue to the anterior displacement of the loop. The delayed peak of R in lead V1 compared to lead 1 is the clue that clockwise rotation of the loop is present.

From August 7 to October 4, 1966, near-surface temperature measurements in the eastern Mediterranean Sea were taken on cruise 61 of the R.V. Chain. These measurements consisted of towing a constant-level, continuously recording temperature sensor behind the ship and were supplemented by bathythermograph lowerings taken every 2 hours. Visual inspection of these data shows that near-surface horizontal temperature changes along the cruise track were not continuous, but rather occurred in an approximate stepwise fashion at 20 locations, where the temperature gradient exceeded 1°C/10 km either at the surface or in the seasonal thermocline. The geographical distribution of the locations of these gradients suggests that the ship made 19 crossings of two long thermal frontal zones. One frontal zone was located in the Ionian basin and the other in the Levantine basin; both appear to have separated the warm water adjacent to the coast from the colder water in the interior of the basin. It is suggested that these two frontal zones may have been continuous and associated with the general counterclockwise circulation around the eastern Mediterranean basin.

Study of the precordial electrocardiographic leads of 100 cases of chronic cor pulmonale establishes six patterns of the electrical alterations of the disease. The first four correspond to hypertrophy of the right ventricle; the fifth in part also corresponds to hypertrophy of the right ventricle; and the last, to associated disease. In some cases we were able to study the evolution of the electrocardiogram over long periods. The first electrical abnormality is the alteration of the P wave, but we have not included here cases only with this alteration. In 5 cases there was an arrhythmia. Detailed examination of the vectorcardiograms of 38 cases of cor pulmonale permits us to classify them in five groups according to the projection of the QRS loop and the direction of rotation in the horizontal plane. In the horizontal plane there is a progressive evolution of the orientation of the QRS loop from the front and left, to the front (left and right), to the front and right, to the right and posterior (group I and II); from the left and posterior, to posterior and right (group III) where the loop of the subgroup d (counterclockwise) almost coincides with the loop of group II (clockwise). For the frontal plane we note three stages in the projection of the loop, all clockwise: first, inferior, left and right; second, superior and predominantly right; third, right and predominantly superior. Comparative study of the electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram during the course of the disease case by case enables us to understand the evolution of chronic pulmonary disease up to the appearance of cor pulmonale. There is overall a close correlation between the electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram. The absence of a uniform pattern in either the electrocardiogram or the vectorcardiogram in cor pulmonale is due to the fact that this heart disease has many etiologies.

SUMMARY A series of 864 vectorcardiograms (recorded with the Frank lead system) have been reviewed; 115 cases (13.3 per cent) presented a clockwise inscribed QRS loop in the horizontal plane. This clockwise inscription represents an important diagnostic finding. A study of its significance has been undertaken with the use of special perforated cards: main orientation of the QRSsĚ loop, clinical diagnosis of the heart disease, and electrical diagnosis were correlated. The QRS loops showing a clockwise inscription with an anterior orientation (51.3 per cent) represented, almost without exception, right ventricular overload and/or right bundle branch block. In the latter case, the major portion of QRS was mainly situated in the left anterior quadrant; contrariwise, the loop was shifted to the right, if right ventricular overload was present. Posterior and rightward inscription of QRS was relatively rare (14.7 per cent). Nine cases presented right ventricular overload, generally severe, without bundle branch block. Such an orientation has not been explained in these instances. Tracings displaying a clockwise inscription of QRS with a left posterior orientation (31.3 per cent) were very suggestive of left bundle branch block, either of the "complete" or "incomplete" variety, and either isolated or complicated with left ventricular overload or anterior myocardial infarction. On rare occasions, left bundle branch block loops presented a slight displacement into the right posterior quadrant.

The magnetic properties of 39 oriented samples of Triassic siltstones and of 43 oriented samples of Silurian andesites and basalts from the Spanish Meseta were investigated. After a.c. magnetic field demagnetization up to 3,000 Oe, peak value, and after correction for the dip of the geological strata the Triassic samples revealed a characteristic direction of magnetization with an average declination (D) of 359.5° and an inclination (I) of 23°. One group of samples of Silurian volcanic rocks from the province of Guadalajara had, after a.c. magnetic field demagnetization and correction for the dip, a characteristic direction of magnetization with an average declination of 159°C and an inclination of 18.5°; another group from the province of Ciudad Real had, after a.c. magnetic field demagnetization and after correction for the dip, a characteristic direction of magnetization with an average declination of 130.5° and an inclination of 22.5°. The palaeomagnetic pole position derived from the Triassic rocks is situated at 63°N 177.5°E, and the pole positions of the first and second group of Silurian samples are situated at 35.5°N 157°W and 21°N 132°W, respectively. The divergency between these results and the already known data for Triassic and Silurian from stable (extra-Alpine) Europe highly supports a counterclockwise rotation of Spain.

Synopsis Calcite cleavages are etched with citric acid. Careful observations have revealed that though the individual isolated pits have the same shape and size, their structure differs. Approximately boat-shaped pits, having their ‘keel’ rectilinear or bent at the nose in clockwise or anti-clockwise direction, are observed. The bent ‘keel’ gives the appearance of a ‘beak’. By etching matched cleavage faces with the same etchant and etching one face with one etchant and the other with a different etchant, it has been established that pits of one structure on one face correspond to the pits of the same structure on the matched face. It has also been shown that the structures described above persist on continued etching. The clockwise and anti-clockwise bending of the ‘keel’ may be attributed to the screw dislocation of clockwise or anti-clockwise nature. In addition to usual pits and pits of the above structures, pits having terraced structures are also produced. Their correlation on matched faces has been established. It has been shown that the method of etching, the etchant used and the time of etching have nothing to do with the terracing of the pits. It is shown that the terracing is due to inherent nature of the dislocations. These pits have been thoroughly studied by multiple beam interferometry. From the nature of the interferograms it is conjectured that the structures may be attributed to the precipitation of impurities along the dislocation lines which inhibit the action of the etchant along the dislocation lines for a short while. The implications are discussed.