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(1937). A Study of the Extent of Agreement between Friends' Opinions and their Ability to Estimate the Opinions of Each Other. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 433-442.

Owing to the rarity of primary carcinoma of the lacrimal sac, the following case warrants recording. REPORT OF A CASE History.—E. J., a man aged 78, consulted me in June 1927 with regard to a mass over the right lacrimal sac. This growth was first noticed about two months prior to the time of the examination and had slowly increased in size. His only complaint was of epiphora. Examination.—The vision of each eye was normal. Over the region of the right lacrimal sac was a firm, smooth, round mass approximately from 1 to 1.5 cm. in diameter. The skin was not red and was freely movable. Neither tears nor pus could be expressed from the puncta. A diagnosis of mucocele was made and removal advised. Operation.—With the part under local anesthesia, the lacrimal sac was excised after the method of Meller. The anterior wall was much thickened

* Accepted for publication by C. J. Warden of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office on July 22, 1937.

(1941). The Comparative Approach to Typology. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 39-48.

1. Object and results. In this paper I define for every function f (x), bounded and summablet on an interval a x b, or a measurable subset thereof, two numbers, the measurable upper and lower bounds of f (x) on (a, b). These numbers are analogous to the extrema extremorum of a function which is continuous on (a, b), with which in fact they coincide when f (x) is continuous. I show that the measurable bounds can be determined by means of an enumerable set of constants (the " momental co1stants ") defined by the Lebesgue integrals

The author has seen 101 intraocular foreign body injuries in ninety-eight individuals among 15,000 eye patients in the last twenty-five years. He discusses the location and type of the foreign bodies, and the diagnosis, treatment and results of these cases. Read before the Minnesota Academy of Medicine, March 12, 1930.

* Received in the Editorial Office on July 22, 1937. 1 This investigation was carried out in the Laboratories of the Department of Neuropathology of the Psychiatric Institute of the State of New York, to the directors of which the authors wish to acknowledge their appreciation for the use of the facilities.

A horizontal incision is made in the conjunctiva five millimeters above the limbus; and the conjunctiva is loosened downward to the limbus and in a pocket on either side so as to expose the upper two fifths of the limbus. A double suture is inserted and the loops laid aside. While making puncture and counterpuncture at the limbus, the conjunctival flap is first grasped on the side corresponding to the puncture, and then on the opposite side. In spite of some increase of difficulty in making the incision, and a tendency for blood to be retained in the anterior chamber, iris or vitreous prolapse is prevented, convalescence is shortened, and in the author's series of cases excellent results have been obtained. Read before the Hennepin County Medical Society, February 6, 1928.

FORSYTH t has recently discussed at some length the construction and the geometric meaning of the differential invariants of a surface and of space, i. e., the differential invariants of binary quadratic differential forms and of ternary quadratic differential forms of class zero. It may not be amiss to point out that the methods of Ricci's t Absolute Differentiatl Calculus render unnecessary much of the complicated calculation which occupies so large a part of FORSYTH'S memoirs on this subject, and which, in his opinion ? offers an insuperable obstacle to further progress by the methods be has used. The problem of the determination of the invariants of quadratic differential forms consists of two parts: first, the reduction of the problem to one in the theory of the projective invariants of algebraic forms; and second, the solution of the problem thus reduced. Now the first and more difficult of these two problems has been solved once for all by the introduction by CHRISTOFFEL 11 and Ricci ? of the process of covariantive differentiation. FORSYTH has recognized the double nature of the problem, and has devoted a considerable portion of his memoirs on the subject to the solution of the first part as a necessary prelude to the investigation of the second part. This solution, by means of partial differential equations, he has carried out with much skill, although hampered by the use of the wholly unsuitable notation of ZORAWSKI * which effectually conceals the greater part of the symmetry of the problem. The result of this part of his work is the introduction of new variables which differ but

one or more curves 4 (u, v) const., their radii of curvature p, the normal derivatives d4/du = C, and the derivatives of p and C along the arc and along the normal. He obtains the following results: (1) " There are p2 absolute invariants which involve derivatives of 4) up to order p and are algebraically independent of one another." (2) The quantities C and p, with their derivatives up to orders p 1 and p 2 respectively, form a system of p2 geometrical magnitudes of orders not exceeding p, "1 beinig exactly the same in number as the aggregate of algebraically independent invariants up to the same order. Hence all the geometrical magnitudes are independent of one another, and therefore there are no relations among the geometrical magnitudes," (i. e.) "samong the quantities C, p, and their derivatives common to all curves in the plane. This resuilt differs from the geometry of curves upon a curved surface and from the geometry of surfaces in space."

Three patients with complete heart block had a high resistance to electrical stimulation of the endocardium through transvenous pacemaker systems. One patient died; one needed reoperation for implantation of epicardial electrodes; and the third required a generator of higher current. The present enthusiasm for permanent transvenous implantation of pacemakers must be tempered somewhat by the knowledge that high endocardial resistance to pacing represents another cause of failure. Simple and rapid methods of determining the current necessary to stimulate the endocardium are available and should be used prior to permanent implantation of the generator. If a substantial margin of safety does not exist, one should consider substituting a pulse generator with greater output or an epicardial electrode system.

The Gulf of St. Lawrence Is closed to commercial navigation for nearly five months each year due to ice conditions. In order to lengthen the shipping season, greater knowledge of the behaviour of the ice is necessary. A step in this direction was the inauguration in 1940 of aerial ice surveys in the gulf during the breakup season. The surveys have continued annually for the past thirteen years. Based primarily on the data provided by these surveys, maps were drawn showing the limits of the main ice areas in each breakup season. Although the maps enabled the isolation of several distinct patterns and rates of breakup, they revealed that the behaviour of the ice was extremely variable. The factors influencing ice conditions, including tides, ocean currents, temperature, and wind, were examined with the aim of discovering the causes of the breakup patterns. A number of factors were found to be important in determining the fundamental behaviour of the ice, bat the meteorological factors of temperature and wind appeared to be the chief agents in causing the variable behaviour from year to year. In spite of these variations, it was possible to trace average conditions throughout the Ice season. The chief characteristics of the ice season may be stated briefly. The Gulf of St. Lawrence is never completely covered with ice, but rather, it is partly covered with fields of shifting pack ice between which lie broad stretches of open water. The southern part of the gulf is an area of accumulation where ice conditions are most serious. The clearing of ice from the gulf begins slowly in January and February and becomes accelerated in March and April. The bulk of the ice moves through Cabot Strait to the open Atlantic rather than remaining inside the gulf until it melts. Generally, the ice either withdraws from west to east, passing through Cabot Strait directly, or it stagnates in the southern part of the gulf toward the end of the season. By the first of May the gulf is usually clear of ice which constitutes a hinderance to navigation.