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Two caryophyllaeid cestodes are described, Monobothrium fossae sp. n. from the blacktail redhorse Moxostoma poecilurum (Jordan) and Monobothrium mackiewiczi sp. n., from the Alabama hog sucker, Hypentelium etowanum (Jordan) from Alabama. M. ulmeri Calentine and Mackiewicz collected from the silver redhorse Moxostoma anisurum Robin and Raney in Lincoln County, Georgia constitutes a new locality record for the cestode, previously unknown south of Tennessee or east of Oklahoma. A table comparing the five North American species of Monobothrium is presented.

The fine structure of the ciliated sensory endings of the unactivated metacestode of Hymenolepis microstoma is described. The type I sensilla, localized in areas of the scolex and sucker tegument, are characterized by a long cilium (1.20 × 0.20 μ) embedded in a bulb containing two electron-dense collars and three to five mitochondria. The type II sensilla, located in tegumentary pits of the rostellum, are characterized by a short cilium (0.62 × 0.28 μ) possessing ciliary rootlets, embedded in a bulb containing a single electron-dense collar and one to three mitochondria. Both sensory cilia are characterized by a 9 + 6 + 1 microtubular substructure. The sensory bulbs contain large numbers of membrane bound electron-lucent vesicles; neurotubules are absent at this stage of development.

Acceleration of the growth of tetrathyridial populations of Mesocestoides corti (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) by splenectomy. International Journal for Parasitology 4, 165–168. Experiments with LDF 1 hybrid mice showed that splenectomy 7 days prior to infection, increases the total biomass of tetrathyridial populations of Mesocestoides corti in hosts of both sexes. This increase is accompanied by a decrease in the size of individuals, and by an increase in the percentage of two-suckered and acephalic forms. Splenectomy thus accelerates both the growth of the biomass of populations and the asexual multiplication of the tetrathyridia.

1. 1. The effects of the plerocercoid growth factor on several species of lower vertebrates were tested. 2. 2. There was little effect on growth or fattening in either fish or frogs. 3. 3. Plerocercoid infections and to a lesser degree worm homogenate injections markedly stimulated growth but not fattening in lizards.

The chromosomes of the monozoic tapeworm Glaridacris laruei, from 4 locations in New York State, were studied in leucobasic fuchsin stained squashes of testes and vitelline cells. The diploid chromosome number is 16. Metaphase figures from vitelline cells consist of 3 pairs of metacentrics (“V's”), 4 pairs of acrocentrics (“rods”), and 1 pair of submetacentrics (“J's”). The complement is characterized by a pair of metacentrics 9 μm long, representing 11.5% of the total chromosome length. The shortest are acrocentrics, 2–4 μm long. Meiosis was observed only in spermatogenesis, which proceeds as usual with normal sperm formed after 2 meiotic divisions. Colchicine pretreatment did not facilitate analysis of chromosomes. The scarcity of cell division in 2 populations of G. laruei suggests a possible mitotic rhythm or temperature effect on cell division. Similarities were observed between the the complements of G. laruei and Hunterella nodulosa (2n = 14). A theoretical idiogram, constructed from that of G. laruei, closely resembles H. nodulosa, indicating that there may be a close cytological relationship between these phenotypically different caryophyllids. An idiogram and photographs of chromosomes supplement the paper.

Two species of caryophyllids, L. longicollis sp. nov. and L. indicus (Moghe, 1926) were found in the fresh water cat fish, Clarias batrachus (L) (Clariidae) in India. The adult of L. longicollis is described in detail. It differs from all other species of the genus in having a receptaculum seminis.

Hymenolepis chalinolobi n. sp. is described from the small intestine of the New Zealand long‐tailed bat, Chalinolobus tuberculatus (Forster, 1844). The tapeworm is distinguished by its small size (16–19 mm), 23 hooks, and the shape of the ovary and testes.

Adult worms recovered from naturally infected sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts provided the eggs for regeneration of Eubothrium salvelini in the laboratory. Of several copepods tested three species of Cyclops proved to be successful intermediate hosts whereby infections were ultimately transmitted to sockeye fry. The parasite's life cycle is described. The rate of development within the intermediate host is shown to be related directly to temperature. It is also demonstrated that susceptibility of fry to infection diminishes as they exceed a certain size.

Two-hundred and nine fish of 13 species from Laurel Creek, Ontario, were examined for parasites between May and October 1973. Eighty-four species of parasites (22 of Protozoa, 24 of Monogenea, 17 of Digenea, 11 of Cestoda, 4 of Nematoda, 1 of Hirudinea, 1 of glochidia, and 4 of Crustacea) were collected and are listed and discussed.

Worms of secondary infections of Raillietina cesticillus established in 10-week-old birds but failed to grow mature strobilae. This was taken as an indication of resistance to the cestode. The resistance was inhibited by the immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone, which prevented the local inflammation around attached scolices characteristic of secondary infections of R. cesticillus. Mast cell hyperactivity and eosinophil infiltration in intestinal tissues and immunofluorescent antibodies in sera of infected birds were also demonstrated. Scolices without strobilae from refractory hosts with both primary and secondary infections regrew their strobilae when transplanted into susceptible hosts.

The effects of several antibacterial or antifungal antibiotics on the growth of 3-day-old Hymenolepis diminuta cultivated in vitro were investigated. Worms were recovered from the rat and cultured in roller tubes for 4 days without a medium change. The medium contained horse serum, yeast extract, and liver extract; the gas phase was 5% CO 2 in N 2 . It was found that penicillin and streptomycin did not inhibit the growth of worms at concentrations lower than 5000 units and μg/ml of medium, respectively. Cycloheximide was toxic to H. diminuta , retarding or inhibiting growth at levels higher than 1.5 μg/ml. The antifungal antibiotics nystatin and amphotericin B did not affect worm growth at concentrations lower than 1000 units and 123 μ/ml of medium, respectively. The use of penicillin and streptomycin, and nystatin or amphotericin B can be recommended for the control of bacterial and fungal contaminants in the cultivation of H. diminuta removed from the rat.

Paradilepis longivaginosus (Mayhew, 1925) is redescribed from fresh material, and the systematic position of P. longivaginosus, Paradilepis simoni Rausch, 1949, and Paradilepis rugovaginosus Freeman, 1954 is discussed in light of the new morphological data. The three species can be readily separated by two prominent distinguishing features: the number and size of the rostellar hooks, and the structure of the vagina.

Light and electron microscopy were used to describe the functional morphology of Bothrimonus sturionis in detail. In particular, the musculature, nervous system, osmoregulatory system, and tegument are dealt with, and the findings compared with those of other workers. The musculature of the scolex consists of several interrelated systems, the structure of each being discussed in relation to its function. Associated with the regular nervous system, considered typical of cestodes, is an extensive system of giant nerve fibers. The osmoregulatory system is unusual in that there are lateral "excretory" pores in many proglottides which open directly to the exterior of the worm. The microtriches of the tegument are long, like those of other primitive cestodes, and are covered by a noncellular sheath while the worm is in its gammarid host. The sheath is lost when the worm becomes established in its fish host; the nature and function of the sheath are discussed.

The effect of farnesyl methyl ether, a mimic of insect juvenile hormone, on Hymenolepis diminuta in vitro. International journal for Parasitology 4: 211–218. The inhibition of weight gain of Hymenolepis diminuta in vitro by farnesyl methyl ether (FME) was not dose-dependent, so that there were no differences produced by FME in concentrations from 10 −5 to 10 −13 m . At all concentrations of FME used the weight gain over a 6-day culture period was half of that of controls. The FME-treated and control worms were identical to each other in proglottid number and the degree of maturity. Neither the dry to wet weight ratios of worms nor the carbohydrate, protein or lipid ratios were altered by FME. The release of neurosecretory material from the neurosecretory cells in the rostellum (as measured by the degree of their fuchsinophilia) was more advanced in time in the FME-treated worms than in the controls, and it is suggested that this premature release of neurosecretion, triggered either directly or indirectly by traces of FME in the medium, upset a control mechanism in the germinative tissue of the neck region, which determines the mass, but not the number, of the proglottids in the strobila.

Alteration of the free amino acid pool ofHymenolepis diminutawas observed following incubation of worms with a single exogenous amino acidin vitro, recovery from which depended upon the initial magnitude of alteration. The free amino acid pool of both rat small intestine andH. diminutawas rendered imbalanced after feeding a single dietary dose of proline. Recovery was more rapid in the host than in the parasite tissues. The quantitative dynamics of amino acid change with time were examined. The effects of amino acid variation upon the uptake and incorporation of lysine-C14into worm protein were examinedin vitro. Four amino acids altered lysine incorporation; aspartate stimulated incorporation while ornithine, arginine and histidine reduced variously the absolute amount of lysine uptake but produced relative stimulation of lysine incorporation. These data indicate that, in the system examined, short term variation of the free amino acid pool is unlikely to affect protein synthesis inH. diminuta. Data were obtained suggesting the possible occurrence of certain amino acid inter conversions inH. diminuta.

Summary The growth hormone-like substance of Spirometra mansonoides in the incubation medium of the worm as well as in serum from infested rats was studied with the radio-receptor assay (RRA) for growth hormone (GH). Sparganum growth factor (SGF) inhibited the binding of hGH tracer to the rabbit liver receptor in a parallel manner to human GH. Serum concentrations of SGF in normal rats increased to a level equivalent to 1 μg/ml hGH eight days after subcutaneous implantation of 50 worms. Upon gel filtration in G-100 Sephadex, SGF eluted in the fractions corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 70,000. The Rf of SGF upon polyocrylamide disc gel electrophoresis was 0.32 and after gel isoelectrofocusing, the growth factor was detected in gel segment of pH 6.0.

Regional differences in the tegumentary tissue of Moniezia expansa, as revealed at the light-microscope level by histological and histochemical techniques, are described and evidence for secretory activity by the interproglottidal glands is presented.In very immature proglottides the interproglottidal glands are at the ‘precryptic’ stage. Gland cells may be differentiated from other tegumentary cells by their high RNA content and in certain gland cells the presence of an alcian blue staining material.In mature proglottides the glands consist of rosette-like clusters of cells around crypt-like intuckings of the tegument. Two types of cells are found in the gland, small alcian blue-staining cells which are most numerous in the neck region of the crypt, and larger cells, the predominant gland cells, which do not stain with alcian blue but possess non-specific esterase activity. No other tegumentary cells in Moniezia exhibit this activity. Esterase and phosphatase activity is found in the tegument and crypt of the glands and in the interproglottidal folds.The non-enzyme histochemistry confirms and extends the observations of previous workers.Cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase were detected in the tegumentary cells and tegument. Very strong reactions were given in the neck and scolex, with a progressive diminution of activity posteriorly along the strobila. Very low activities were recorded in the tegument of the glands.

Ninhydrin-positive pool components of the cestodes Lacistorhynchus tenuis and Calliobothrium verticillatum from the smoothhound shark (Mustelus canis) and Phyllobothrium foliatum, Rhodobothrium pulvinatum, and Acanthobothrium sp. from the northern sting ray (Dasyatis centroura) were extracted and quantitatively determined. Total pool concentrations of the different species ranged from 46.05 to 112.06 μmoles norleucine equivalents per gram wet tissue. These quantities were distributed among 26 identified compounds and at least three unidentified constituents of relatively low concentration. All species examined were particularly rich in taurine and glycine (respectively, 6.73–10.39 and 5.50–9.78 μmoles norleucine equivalents per gram wet tissue), both of which are known to be particularly abundant in certain free-living marine invertebrates.

The cestode, Hymenolepis diminuta , has been tested for its capacity to transport either colloidal carbon, colloidal ferritin, or colloidal thorium dioxide. All three materials are transported by the cestode studied. The mechanism of transport is conjectural, and considered not to be pinocytosis.

1. 1. The calcareous corpuscles of Cysticercus cellulosae , larval Spirometra mansonoides , Taenia saginata , and Diphyllobothrium latum contain various proportions of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and CO 2 as major components. 2. 2. The corpuscles of these worms, and those of the previously studied Taenia taeniaeformis , contain in addition several minor inorganic constituents. The corpuscles of the larval worms show a smaller variety of the minor components than those of the adult worms. 3. 3. The crystallization patterns induced by heat or KOH treatment vary, especially in respect to the phosphorus-containing compounds. Three of the latter have been identified: Hydroxyapatite, whitlockite, and calcium-magnesium-orthophosphate. The crystallization variations may be related to the ratios in which the major components occur in the corpuscles of the different species.

It has been shown that: 1) In vitro, the larvae of Hymenolepis diminuta, H. nana, H. citelli and O. symmetrica require bile salts for activation and excystment. 2) The larvae of Taenia taeniaeformis evert in the absence of bile salts. 3) The larvae of T. taeniaeformis, H. diminuta, H. citelli and H. nana require the presence of a proteolytic enzyme to dissolve their cysts. 4) Pretreatment of the hymenolepid species in a pepsin solution enhances the rate of excystment upon subsequent treatment in a solution of bile salts and trypsin.

In the spiral valve of the "sand shark" (Carcharias littoralis) taken from the Woods Holl region there is found in a large majority of the specimens examined the Cestode, Crossobothrium laciniatum. This genus and species was first described by Linton ("Rept. U. S. F. Com." for I886), and in subsequent papers appearing in the same publication or in the " U. S. F. C. Bulletin," he has added further important notes, the whole making an accurate and satisfactory systematic description. A striking feature of the species is the remarkable clearness with which the important features of Cestode structure can be demonstrated. The water vascular system, main trunks and flame-cells can be seen in the fresh specimen with the greatest ease. Almost every detail of the complicated reproductive organs is seen in well-stained whole mounts of the motile proglottids and much of this in specimens freshly prepared. The mode of using the suckers on the head, the activities of the motile proglottids and their mode of egg-laying and the development of these eggs in sea-water as far as the six-hooked embryo are all easily demonstrated. Moreover, there occurs in the cystic duct of the squeteague (Cynoscion regalis), a not uncommon food of the "sand shark," a tetrabothrian larva which, if not the larva of Crassobothrium laciniatum, probably belongs to some very closely related form. This larva, which was first described and figured by Linton (" Rept. U. S. F. Corn.," I886), is again an extremely favorable object for study. If it is possible to obtain conclusive evidence that this tetrabothrian larva of the squeteague is indeed the larva of C. laciniatum, we shall have but one gap in the life history of this species, viz., the transfer to the squeteague of the six-hooked embryo which develops in the open ocean. Such favorable material it seemed to me might present, upon careful examination, facts which would be suggestive along the