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This is the report of investigation of trees damaged by the Second Muroto Typhoon in Osaka and Sakai City.1) Native species were damaged lightly with a few exceptions in parks and the precincts of the shrine and temple.2) Especially, Celtis japonica, Aphananthe aspera and Taxodium distichum were not damaged at all.3) Following six species, Ginkgo biloba, Ilex rotunda, Quercus glauca, Zelkova serrata, Acer buergesiamum and Firmiana platanifolia were damaged less ten per cent.4) On the other hand, ten species, Liriodendron tulipifera, Populus sp., Cedrus deodra, Salix sp., Populus carolinensis, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Juniperus chinensis, Cinnamomum camphora, Pinus caribaea and Abies firma, were damaged above fifty per cent.5) It is possible, however, to reduce their damage with propping up, as in Sanadayama Park.6) The rate of damage of street trees was about fourteen per cent in Osaka City.7) Species damaged heavily were Pterocarya stenoptera-33% Platanus sp.-18%, Populus carolinensis-18%, Salix deodra-17%, and one lightly was Firmiana platanifolia-9%.8) Summer pruning for Populus carolinensis is effective to reduce their damage. And the damage of the ones pruned is as low as non-fifth compared with one-pruned.

Summary The majority of stands of Dacrydium cupressinum, Podocarpus spicatus and Libo cedrus bidwillii at six localities in the South Island and Stewart Island show a “regeneration gap”, i.e., a paucity of seedlings, saplings, and young trees. This is most evident to the east of the Main Divide and least evident in Stewart Island. Increment borings indicate that the lowest rate of regeneration occurred between 1600 and l800 A.D., if it is assumed that the growth rings are annual. It is suggested that during this time. the area supporting regeneration contracted into the coolest, moistest, and least drought prone parts of the country, and that more recently, it has been expanding again. This is in fair agreement with Holloway's hypothesis concern ing the effects of climatic change on South Island forests.

The analysis of a series of samples carried out in the versicoloured conglomerates of the “Oued Fares” (Ougarta Mountains, western Sahara) gives the first conception of what the vegetation was like in this region throughout the Ougartian (second phase of the Middle Quaternary). Superimposing on the herbaceous layer which widely represents the desert-like xerophyte element, the arborescent flora bears the imprint of diverse influences: a typical Mediterranean influence ( Quercus ilex, Quercus coccifera, Pinus halepensis, Cedrus cf. atlantica , Oleaceae, Anacardiaceae, Vitis, Argania ); an influence undoubtedly of the mountainous zones of the eastern Mediterranean ( Alnus, Ulmus, Carpinus betulus , Salicaceae), and finally a tropical influence ( Acacia , cf. Sapindaceae). If one should attempt to characterize the three main episodes which the stratigraphy permits one to distinguish in these formations studied on the spot (Lower Ougartian, Middle Ougartian, Upper Ougartian), one can recognize from the Lower Ougartian a relatively dry period both preceded and followed by a more humid phase; during the Middle Ougartian the climatic conditions favourize the simultaneous blooming of Mediterranean species and those of the outer Sahel; the Upper Ougartians remains poorly characterized by a very limited number of pollen grains.

There are some very interesting anatomical features which beconme differentiated in the embryos of matured conifer seeds. Some differences may be found between the embryos of different genera and families, even though the plan of meristematic organization in the embryo is remarkably uniform throughout the Coniferales. A survey of the literature shows that relatively little which has to do with details in cellular arrangement and organization has been recorded. Most of the investigations have been concerned with the gross external morphologv including size, shape, and number of cotyledons. Schleiden (I3), in his text-book, was among the first who gave a description of tlhe half-grown embryo of a pine and of the embryo in the stage of the matured seed. He reported the order of appearance of the primordia for the organs: root tip, stem tip, and cotyledons. Strasburger (14), the largest single contributor on this subject, corrected Schleiden's error concerning one feature, namely, that it is the plerome apex of the root and not the true root tip which is the first part of the embryo to become differentiated. Schacht (I2) described the meristem of the root tip in a pine and Strasburger gave us more fully the meristematic organization of the root tip and stem tip of various conifers. 1Ie also gave a description of the more mature embryos of Thuja occidentalis, Pinus pnitvilio, Picca vulgaris, Tarus baccata and Ephedra altissima, pointing out the great uniformity in the anatomical structure and organization of the embryo in conifers. His investigations did not include Cedrus which has, at least externally, some striking differences from most of the remaining genera of Abietineae. A few other stages of conifer embryos have occasionally been described such as the descriptions of germinating seedlings by Lord Avebury (ii). In taxonomic monographs and general text-books there are scattered records concerning the size, shape and the number of cotyledons, and occasionally these show sections of seeds or the embryos removed from the seeds. In an extensive series of studies of the vascular anatomy of conifer seedlings, Hill and De Fraine (7) have given a conmprehensive comparison of the seedlings in stages after the early vascular elements are well organized. From these we know the facts concerning the number of cotyledons in a large series of species, with records of the vascular connections in the root and transition region, occurrence and prevalence of fused cotyledons and cotyledonary tubes, divided or fused vascular strands, etc.

Post-Glacial sapropelic muds in a deep-sea Mediterranean core, offshore Crete, reveal an abundant pollen content, supposedly coming from the nearby island. Above a littoral zone of herbaceous vegetation, the pollen spectrum suggests a dense Mediterranean forest cover, with Pinus and Quercus dominating, but with quite a few balkano-caucasian trees—Tilia, Liquidambar, Ostrya, Alnus, Betula, Corylus, Carpinus, Zelkova, cf. Pterocarya, cf. Engelhardia (which have now all disappeared from the island,, except Zelkova and Carpinus and Cedrus, now also extinct, whose closest present-day occurrences are in Lebanon, Cypus and Morocco. These rich flora and dense vegetal cover do not necessarily imply a more humid climate than today; the present rainfall is sufficient for these species in convenient locations; rather, it points to the devastation of the vegetation by man and goat in the Mediterranean area for 8,000 years.

et l'organogenese vegetale. Rev. Canadian Biol. 4: 493-693. PRIESTLEY, J. H. 1923. Light and growth. I. The effect of brief light exposure upon etiolated plants. New Phytol. 24: 271-283. SAINT-LAURENT, J. DE. 1937. Fibres corticales extraendodermique chez Abies numidica Lann et Cedrus libanotica L. ssp. atlantica (Man.) Holmb. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 84: 720-722. SCOTT, L. I., AND A. B. WHITWORTH. 1928. On a structural peculiarity of the exodermis of the root of Pelargonium. Proc. Leeds Phil. and Lit. Soc. 1: 312-317. SUMINER, J. B., AND G. F. SOMERS. 1943. Chemistry and methods of enzymes. Academic Press. New York. VArN FLEET, D. S. 1946. An oxidation and absorption method for differentiating the endodermis and the collenchyma. Stain Tech. 21: 95-98.

Ether extracts from the cones of Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carr and C. libani A. Rich have yielded resin acids of the abietane and pimarane types and related diterpenoids. The extract composition differed from that of the wood for both species but showed characteristic relationships to wood extractives of other species in the Pinaceae.

1. The medullary rays of Cedrus are provided with a margin which varies greatly in composition, being made up of tracheids and parenchyma in varying proportion, or devoid of marginal cells for considerable stretches. 2. Marginal parenchyma when present occurs at the limit of annual rings, and may also extend beyond this point so as to be more plentiful than ray tracheids. 3. The constant occurrence of marginal parenchyma cells at the limit of annual rings, and their close connection with resin cells, indicates that parenchyma has replaced tracheids in connection with secretion of the so-called resin. 4. The marginal cells in Cedrus show distinct evidence of being in a degenerating condition. 5. The medullary ray structure confirms the view that Cedrus stands intermediate between Pinus and Abies.

The Author, on the basis of numerous results of pollen analysis on turfy-clayey deposits especially in Delta Padano, shows the gradual impoverishment, the main ancient species (Pinus haploxylon, Abies nordmanniana, Tsuga, Cedrus, Carya, Pterocarya, Zelkova, Castanea latifolia) suffered from during middle and upper Pleistocene.

The Deodar Cedar, a well known Southern ornamental is seriously attacked by a weevil of the genus Pissodes . Hopkins, 1911, described it as a distinct species and called it P. deodarae . Observations show that P. deodarae Hopk. is not specifically distinct from P. nemorensis Germ., which breeds commonly in the native pines. The weevil has only one life cycle a year; adults emerging in April, aestivate until late fall, copulate, lay eggs and go thru their life history in either Cedrus or Pinus . Repellants were of no value in keeping weevils off of Deodar Cedar.

THE arum family (Araceae) is well represented in tropical parts of the world, and, in India, genera like Colocasia, Alocasia, Typhonium, Amorphophallus and Pothos belonging to this family are commonly found. Some of these genera are associated with the hydrophytes and others form constituent plants of the secondary vegetation of the ‘terai’ forests or the foothill vegetation of the Himalayas. The ‘terai should be regarded ecologically as the real tropical rain forest. The arum family as a whole, therefore, comprises plants which are not found in high altitudes in India in places like Simla, Darjeeling or Sikkim. We are apt to think of plants like lofty Magnolias, Cedrus, Quercus, Rhododendrons and other plants like Primulas, Gentiana and Senecioswhen we imagine the vegetation at high altitudes in the Himalayas. An exception to this is the interesting and fascinating genus Arisœma belonging to the arum family. The species of this genus are always found in high hills and some reach altitudes of 15,000 ft. (5,000 m.) in the Sikkim Himalayas.

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