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Four commercial hydrogenations were carried out on 20,000 1b batches of soybean oil with 0.25, 0.5, and 1% fresh copper-chromite catalyst and 1% used catalyst. Hydrogenations proceeded smoothly at catalyst levels of 0.5 and 1%, but the reaction was slow at a 0.25% concentration. Kinetic, selectivity ratio\((K\frac{{Ln}}{{Lo}})\) and fatty acid compositional data were acquired during several of the hydrogenation runs. Nickel contamination, confirmed by analysis of used copper catalyst, lowered selectivity. Copper content of the oil rose during hydrogenation, but normal processing steps, particularly bleaching and winterization, removed it to below levels (0.01–0.02 ppm) detectable by direct atomic absorption spectroscopy. Both copper and chromium remaining in the oil after processing were concentrated by winterization in the stearine fraction. Organoleptic, oxidative, and room odor tests showed that oils of good stability can be produced on a commercial scale by copper hydrogenation and winterization. Information was gained regarding problems involved in the plant use of copper-chromite catalyst for hydrogenating soybean oil for edible purposes.

The anisidine test, a measure of secondary oxidation products in glyceride oils, was applied to a number of soybean salad oils processed from sound and damaged soybeans. A highly significant correlation (−0.68) was found between the anisidine values of salad oils from sound soybeans and their flavor scores. Multiple correlations between flavor scores, anisidine, and peroxide values yielded a correlation of 0.81 and provided a method for predicting the initial flavor scores of sound soybean salad oils. Similar data for oils from damaged beans gave a highly significant, but lower, correlation (−0.65). Comparative studies indicated that sound crude oils usually contain lower levels of oxidation products than damaged crude. Oxidation in both sound and damaged crudes increased roughly in proportion to iron content. Reproducibility of the test and the effects of hydrogenation, accelerated storage, and fluorescent light on anisidine values were studied. Analysis of damaged oils before and after deodorization showed that little, if any, reduction of anisidine value occurred. Deodorization of sound oils, however, lowered anisidine values. In comparison with damaged oils, the anisidine values of sound oils were lower at comparable stages of processing. The poor quality of damaged soybean oil was substantiated by organoleptic evaluations. Flavor scores of oils given special processing treatments increased as anisidine values decreased.

Dried egg mixes prepared commercially with hydrogenated-winterized soybean, corn, or cottonseed oils were evaluated for initial flavor and for flavor storage stability. Quality evaluations were made on products from two processing plants; flavor, color, stability, and mix volumes were determined periodically during storage at 100 F for 1 year. All mixes contained 15% of the specified oil and were air-packaged in 6 oz laminated foil pouches. Replicated triangle flavor tests on reconstituted dried eggs (scrambled) indicated that neither an analytical-type taste panel nor a palatability panel could distinguish between the mixes containing the different vegetable oils. All samples, regardless of oil component, deteriorated at ca. the same rate when stored at elevated temperatures. Minor differences in flavor scores, color indices, and mix volumes were noted in samples stored at 100 F for 9 or 12 months. A dried egg mix made with hydrogenated-winterized soybean oil could not be distiguished, after 4 months’ aging at 100 F, from a fresh (unaged) mix made with corn oil. After 6 months’ storage at 100 F all aged mixes, regardless of the vegetable oil used in their preparation, could be distinguished from the fresh corn oil mix.

A climate chamber experiment is reported in which were investigated the growth and transpiration of uninfected wheat plants (C), plants infected with either Puceinia recondita (leaf rust) alone (R), Septoria nodorum (glume blotch) alone (S), or with both pathogens together (I). The rust inoculation was at the 75 ~ heading stage, and was followed four days later by the glume blotch inoculation; re-infection was prevented. Effects of disease on axial development were not observed. The rate of total dry weight increase of the plants was reduced in S and I, mainly because of smaller dry weight increase of the heads. Kernel weight and kernel number in I were lower than in C, R, and S. Stems in S and I were shorter than those in C and R, and their weights were lower. Rapid root deterioration was observed in I. The transpiration was greater in R than in C, in S smaller. Transpiration in I was initially equal to that in R, but the transpiration rate decreased rapidly after the glume blotch symptoms became visible. The increase in the percentage of infection by rust in I was lower than in R, and the sporulation came almost to a stop soon after the appearance of glume blotch flecks. The percentage of infection by glume blotch in I increased faster than in S. Regression equations for growth and transpiration are given.

9-Aminononanoic acid, 9-aminononanamide, and related compounds derived from soybean oil by reactions, including reductive ozonolysis and reductive amination, were separated on an analytical scale either by gas liquid chromatography of trifluoroacetylated or trimethylsilylated derivatives or by thin layer chromatography and on a preparative scale by ion-exchange chromatography. Comparative analyses also were carried out with certain homologous ω-amino acids and amines.

Copper and nickel hydrogenations give a wide distribution of double bonds in the monoene fraction from both reduced soybean and linseed oils. With copper catalysts, high pressure hydrogenation reduces the extent of this double bond distribution when compared with low pressure hydrogenation. With nickel catalysts, some Δ17-octadecenoate is formed but less than with a copper catalyst. In room odor evaluations, copper-hydrogenated soybean (CuHSB) oil gave higher scores and lower fishy responses than nickel-hydrogenated soybean oil after both had been exposed to fluorescent light. A mixture of CuHSB oil (33%) and peanut oil received room odor scores equal to or better than peanut oil alone, whether light exposed or not. Although hydrogenated products with remarkable stability to oxidation were obtained by copper hydrogenation of linseed oil, these oils have lower organoleptic stability when compared to nickel-hydrogenated, winterized soybean oil.

The effect of soil water potential on wheat seedlings infected withPuccinia recondita was studied. The seedlings were grown in soil of which the initial water potential was −200 Jkg−1, −500 Jkg−1, or −800 Jkg−1. Uredospore production per seedling was retarded when the soil water potential was low, and soil water potential decreased more rapidly near the roots of diseased seedlings than it did near the roots of uninoculated seedlings.

Molecular distillation of deodorizer condensates followed by chromatography on alumina, gave substantial quantities of hydrocarbons free of other unsaponifiable constituents. Squalene comprised 50% of the hydrocarbon fraction and contained practically all the unsaturation. A crystalline, saturated hydrocarbon fraction of 4.2% was composed primarily of C29 and C31 paraffins. An unresolved fraction was composed of two major components, each estimated to contain about 30 or 35 carbon atoms. Minor amounts of many hydrocarbons with chain lengths of 15\s-35 carbon atoms were present but not completely identified. C14 analysis showed that the hydrocarbons are natural to soybean oil and they are not artifacts arising from petroleum solvent residues.

Variables affecting the use of stannic chloride as a catalyst for initiating polymerization of conjugated and nonconjugated soybean vinyl ether were studied. Molecular weight of the polymers increased with an increase in catalyst and a decrease in initiation temperature, and it decreased when the amount of moisture in the solvent, the amount of free fatty alcohol in the monomer, or the ratio of solvent to monomer was increased. Aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents were superior to halogenated solvents for conducting polymerizations. Similar results were obtained with nonconjugated monomers except that viscosities of the polymers were considerably lower than those of polymers of the same molecular weight obtained from conjugated monomer.

Adducts of methyl linoleate with itaconic and citraconic anhydrides have been prepared. Each adduct was separated into monomeric and polymeric components. With ethylene diamine, the itaconic and citraconic polymeric adducts gave gelled products at 170° in one hour and 3.5 hours, respectively. The adduct of citraconic anhydride and monomeric distillate gave a tough, tacky resin which did not gel during a reaction time of 20 hours at 170°–180°.

Free radical additions of hydrogen sulfide, ethanedithiol, and 1,6-hexanedithiol have been made to methyl oleate and linseed oil with ultraviolet radiation. Reactions were carried out in dichloromethane at −70C and in benzene at 25C. With the dithiols, a new dibasic ester has been prepared from methyl oleate in which bridging is accomplished through a dithiol moiety. Hydrogen sulfide has been added to linseed oil in suitable solvents at both −70C and 25C. It appears that zero-order kinetics control the additions at both temperatures. Infrared data show a linear relationship between mercapto absorption and the amount of sulfur incorporated. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra demonstrate a decrease in olefinic protons with an increase in sulfur content. Fair agreement on the extent of reaction exists between data from NMR, sulfur content, and infrared analyses. Hydrogen sulfide-treated linseed oil films air-dry slowly at room temperature; at 250C for 1 hr under a CO2 atmosphere these oils cure to brown films with Sward Rocker values of 24 to 32 and pencil hardness values of five to greater than six. Pencil hardness and alkali resistance increased with sulfur content. The film from the 4.2% sulfur sample resisted alkali at room temperature for 24 hr.

A polyaldehydie product called aldehyde oil was prepared by the ozonization of soybean oil, followed by reductive decomposition of the ozonolysis products. Reductive decomposition by chemical means gave 85–90% yields of carbonyl in the aldehyde oil. Catalytic reduction gave 75–80% yields. Partially-hydrogenated soybean oil gave more efficient results than did unhydrogenated oil. The polyfunctional aldehyde oil was found to undergo condensation reactions with phenolic compounds, urea, amines, and polyols to give cross-linked polymers.

Methyl 9(10)-formylstearate from hydroformylated oleate is autoxidized effectively to the corresponding carboxystearate in the presence of metal naphthenates at 20 C. Up to 95% conversion is obtained by treatment with Ca naphthenate for 24 hr. Catalyst activity based on disappearance of formylstearate approximates the following order: Co>Pb>Mn>Ce>Fe>Zr>Ca. Decreasing yields of carboxyester obtained with different catalysts follow the approximate order: Ca>Pb≈Fe≈Zr≈Mn>Co>Ce. The active redox metal catalysts such as Co, Ce and Mn produce varying amounts of methyl stearate, epoxy-, keto- and hydroxystearate as side products. Ca naphthenate minimizes free radical decarbonylation and other side reactions. Mechanisms are proposed for the formation of side products.

Alkyd resins were modified to 50% oil length with crude, flash-distilled, and 78% pure cyclic fatty acids. These resins were compared with ones modified with naturally occurring fatty acids and with vegetable oils. Those modified with the cyclic acids process more rapidly than those prepared with linseed, safflower, or soybean fatty acids, and they also have good nonyellowing properties. Resins modified with 78% pure cyclic acids show definite improvement in drying time, hardness, and chemical resistance in air-dried films, and an almost equal improvement in baked films, over resins obtained with the other modifiers. Distilled cyclic acids also improve alkyd resins although not to the extent that pure acids do. Both give resins superior to commercial oil-modified resins under the test conditions. Resins with crude cyclic acids are as good in air-dried films as are the others, but are poorer in baked films.

Adducts of maleic anhydride with methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and monomeric distillate have been prepared. Reaction of the adducts with ethylene diamine gave a linear, soluble polyamide in the case of the oleate adduct, but gelation occurred at a low degree of reaction with other adducts. The linoleate adduct was separated into monomeric and polymeric components. It is suggested that this polymeric component is responsible for the rapid gelation of polyamides from the adducts of methyl linoleate and monomeric distillate.

Anticipated reduction in cost of hydrazine, resulting from its increased production as a rocket fuel, suggests the need to reconsider this chemical as an industrial reactant for fats. Hydrazinc reduces the individual double bonds of linolenic acid (9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid) nonselectively and without altering the position of residual unsaturation; thus the monoene fraction from hydrazine-reduced linolenic acid consists of an equimixture of the 9-, 12-, and 15-octadecenoate acids. Equal amounts of the C9, C12, and C15 dibasic acids are derived from this fatty acid mixture by oxidative cleavage along with the corresponding monobasic acids.

This paper describes a numerical technique for determining the exact stability region of second-order non-linear systems described by [xdot] = f(x) about the point x = 0. Many numerical examples have been included to illustrate the method.

Inter-esterification and isomerization reactions offer opportunities to modify drying oils by changing the arrangement of the acids in the fats and oils and by changing the arrangement of double bonds and the groups around the double bonds in the fat acid chains. Although much work has been completed, much more remains to be done.

Research conducted at the Northern Laboratory on vegetable oils during the past two decades includes polymerization, isomerization, flavor stability, and structure. Some early accomplishments—dimeric fatty acids and their derivatives, conjugated oils and their aftertack as well as the use of citric acid to inactivate iron in soybean oil—and more recent accomplishments—aldehyde oils, cyclic fatty acids, and tests for hidden oxidation and hydrazine reduction—are among the subjects reviewed.

In exploratory tests, mono-, di-, and trialdehyde oils and methyl azelaaldehydate (MAZ), preferably in the form of their acetals, reacted with various polyols with few exceptions to produce potentially useful derivatives. The polyols included pentaerythritol, methyl glucoside, glucose, sorbitol and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Preliminary evaluation of some of the derivatives was carried out in several applications. Among the more promising were: films derived from MAZ and glucose or PVA; melt adhesives for nonpolar substrates from trialdehyde oil and methyl glucoside; and molding compounds derived from MAZ and PVA.

The acetone-insoluble material from soybean “lecithin” has been fractionated by submitting alcohol-soluble and alcohol-insoluble portions to countercurrent distribution between hexane and methanol. The alcohol-soluble portion was found to contain lecithin, cephalin, and sugars or glycosides; the alcohol-insoluble portion was separated into two major inositol-containing phosphatides and sugars or glycosides. While the commonly accepted value of 30–35% for lecithin in the phosphatides was confirmed, it appears that the accepted value of 65% of cephalin needs revision. The approximate composition for one sample of soybean phosphatides is estimated to be 29% lecithin, 31% cephalin, and 40% inositol-phosphatides.

A liquid-partition chromatographic method was developed to determine dimers in fats. Silicie acid treated with 20% methanol in benzene served as the immobile phase. A mixture of 2% methanol in benzene was the mobile solvent. Chromatographic separation of free fatty acids from oxidized-deodorized oils gave three well-isolated fractions composed of unoxidized acids, dimeric or polymeric fatty acids, and polar fraction (ethyl ether eluate). Recovery of acidic materials from the column was essentially quantitative (96–100%), reproducibility was good, and the standard error of regression was ±0.26.

The shell drain condensate from a commercial soybean oil deodorizer was analyzed for nonpolar unsaponifiable constituents by liquid-liquid partition chromatography. A procedure for obtaining large quantities of these nonpolar constituents for flavor studies is described, and data on extraction techniques, purification, and analyses are presented. High-purity soy sterols can be obtained as a by-product.

A chromatographic study was carried out to investigate the nature of polymeric products in edible oils. Dimers from low-temp oxidation of methyl linoleate were compared with thermal dimers from high-temp polymerization of conjugated methyl linoleate. The distilled dimers were subjected to liquid-partition chromatographic separations on silicic acid columns as methyl esters, as free acids, and as methyl esters prepared by saponification and reesterification. Chromatographically isolated dimer fractions were also rechromatographed before and after each treatment.

Both soybean and linseed alcohols were heated with potassium hydroxide and boric anhydride at 300°C. for 3 to 4 hrs. Products obtained under these conditions contained no unreacted starting alcohol, and each one appeared to be a mixture of condensed alcohols with average molecular weights of 720–860. Infrared spectroscopic studies and chemical analyses indicate that little or no ethers, esters, or carbonyl compounds were present in the final product from either alcohol. Such reactions as thermal cross-linking of the unsaturated side chains probably account for higher molecular weight products than those obtained in the Guerbet reaction of stearyl alcohol. Condensed alcohols from soybean and linseed alcohol were esterified with acrylic, sorbic, maleic, and soybean fatty acids to yield products with low acid numbers. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that these alcohols and their esters showed promise as materials for protective coatings. Films from these alcohols and esters were cast from toluene containing a cobalt naphthenate drier and were baked at 150°C. for 1 hr. or at 200°C. for 20 min. All of the baked films were hard to moderately hard and showed good resistance to aqueous alkali and organic solvents. In general, films from soybean condensed alcohol and its esters were harder than those from linseed condensed alcohols, but the linseed films were superior in alkali and solvent resistance. A soybean fatty acid ester of soybean condensed alcohol air-dried to a soft film in 3 days.

Circumstantial evidence has long pointed to linolenic acid as the unstable precursor of “reversion” flavors in soybean oil. Direct evidence has now been obtained from two sources: a) A qualitative study of the flavors after storage of soybean oil in which the linolenic acid content has been significantly lowered by furfural extraction, and b) organoleptic identification studies of stored soybean oil, stored cottonseed oil, and a cottonseed oil into whose glyceride structure linolenic acid has been introduced with the use of an interesterification catalyst. It is concluded that linolenic acid is an unstable precursor of “fishy-painty-grassy-melony” flavors in soybean oil.

Certain ester-acetal derivatives of azelaaldehydic acid have been evaluated as a new type of plasticizer of PVC. In gerneral, these compouonds have high compatibility and impart excellent low-temperature, mechanical, heat- and light -stability properties to the plasticized PVC. The 2-ethylihexyl ester bis (2-methoxyethyl) acetal, in particular, appeared to have the best combination of properties for a useful plasticizer. The results indicate that a unique and useful type of plasticizer-stabilizer can be obtained from derivatives of azelaaldehydic acid.

The acrylic esters of carnuba wax alcohols and the vinyl esters of nonhydroxy carnuba wax acids have been synthesized. The acrylic and vinyl esters have been homopolymerized and copolymerized with vinyl chloride. Acrylonitrile–acrylic ester copolymers also have been prepared. The copolymers were quite brittle when molding was attempted.

The records of 772 children who experienced 2,876 episodes of acute otitis media were examined. Oral treatment with antimicrobial agents (penicillin G in 42 per cent of the patients, tetracycline in 35 per cent, and other drugs in the remainder) was found to be an effective and practical method of eradicating this condition. Performance of a tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy at the ages done in this group was not shown to influence the later occurrence of otitis media significantly. Myringotomy was not found to be a necessary part of treatment for this condition. The incidence of deafness was not shown to bear a significant relationship to otitis media, nor were other significant complications found to occur under this regimen of therapy.

Yield improvements in carbonyl compounds obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of methyl oleate ozonolysis products have been achieved by use of catalyst poisons and by the proper choice of catalyst support. Byproduct dimethyl azelate formation with palladium on charcoal was about 20% in the absence of a poison; 10%, with sodium acetate present in the support; 8%, with triethyl amine in solution. Palladium on calcium carbonate-lead acetate gave about 7%, palladium on zine oxide with pyridine or lead acetate present gave 9%. The literature is reviewed on the catalytic hydrogenation of methoxy hydroperoxides derived from ozonolyses in methanol.

New polymeric coating materials have been prepared by a triethylenediamine-catalyzed reaction of hydroxyl-terminated polyesteramides (HTPA) from soybean or linseed oils with diisocyanates. Eight dibasic acids or anhydrides were reacted with excess N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) fatty amide to yield HTPA; those containing 10 mole per cent excess gave isocyanate-modified polymers with best overall film properties. Reactivity of four diisocyanates with a linseed-HTPA was measured by disappearance of the isocyanate band in the infrared. Depending on chemical composition, structure and curing conditions, films prepared from these polymers have a wide range of drying characteristics, hardness and chemical resistance. Drying times of linseed HTPA-urethane polymer films varied from 0.3 to 48 hr, hardness values (Sward) were from 4 to 70, alkali resistance ranged from 2 to 126 min and the hydrochloric acid and xylene resistances were good to excellent. Impact resistance exceeded 160 in.-lb for all films except two. The soybean-derived polymer films likewise exhibited a wide range of properties; they chiefly differed from linseed-derived films in having greater flexibility and improved alkali resistance.

A table oil or a salad and cooking oil must serve both as an oil for salad dressings ;nd for cookino potatoes in a deep-fat fryer. BI;nds of peanut and unhydrogenated soybean oil that have been treated with a metal inactivating agent such as citric acid were scored fairly high by a research taste panel after aging for 4 or 8 days at 60 C. Heating the samples to frying temperature resulted in significantly higher room odor scores for peanu t oil than for the blends. Blends of hydrogenated or hydrogenated-winterized soybean oil with peanut oil were generally scored abou t equ al to peanut oil in room odor tests. Potatoes fried in these oils were generally given comparable and not significantly different scores.

Liquid C-18 saturated monocarboxylic acids, which are termed “cylic acids” because they contain a ring structure, have been prepared by the action of excess sodium hydroxide on linseed oil in ethylene glycol at elevated temperatures, followed by distillation and hydrogenation of the resulting free fatty acid monomers and by separation of the straight-chain components by low-temperature crystallization from acetone. In a survey of other possible catalysts and reaction conditions, cyclic acid yields were improved from the previously reported 32.4 g to 43.5 g of cyclic acid per 100 g of linseed fatty acids by removing water from the starting materials and using the monosodium derivative of ethylene glycol as catalyst. The corresponding amount of polymer formed decreased because of a decrease in hydroxylation and subsequent polyester formation.

Penetrations of concrete specimens by solutions of boiled linseed oil in mineral spirits and emulsions of boiled linseed oil were measured. Concrete specimens were cured with polyethylene sheet (removable) and wax-based and resin-based compounds prior to penetration tests. Penetration was greatest at 35 days and least at four and seven days after curing. Penetration at 105 days was only slightly less at 35 days. Maximum penetrations were obtained with solutions more dilute than 50 volume per cent of linseed oil in mineral spirits. Penetrations on polyethylene-, wax- or resin-cured specimens varied from 1.5 to 3 mm when 50 volume per cent linseed oil solution or emulsion was spread on the specimen at the rate of 0.16 lb/yd2.

Reductive ozonolysis of appropriate alkyl soyates in various participating media producted methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, isopropyl andn-butyl azelaaldehydates in good yield and high purity (98+%). The participating media examined were: methyl, ethyl,n-propyl andn-butyl alcohols; mixtures of an alcohol and acetic acid; water; and mixtures of water and acetic acid. Any combination of solvent and ester, except methanol-methyl soyate, allowed good separation by fractional distillation of ester and acetal impurities from the azelaaldehydate. A preparative method was developed by which high purity ethyl azelaaldehydate is produced from soybean oil by reductive ozonolysis in water. The only major impurity by this method was ethyl hydrogen azelate, which was easily removed with a bicarbonate wash. After a single fractional distillation with a short Vigreux column, the azelaaldehydate was obtained in 78% yield and 98+% purity. Physical properties and spectral (IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy) and chromatographic data were determined for the pure alkyl azelaaldehydates. Several of these properties were also determined for acetal and diester byproducts.

Commercially prepared and packaged soybean and cottonseed salad oils from several different processors were evaluated periodically during storage for 12 months. Partially hydrogenated and winterized soybean oils, as well as unhydrogenated soybean salad oils, were stored in bottles and cans at 78 and 100 F. Control samples of all oils were held at 0 F during the entire test. Some lots in bottles and cans were packaged under nitrogen to improve storage stability. Agreement was good between organoleptic and oxidative evaluation of aged oils. After 26 weeks of storage at 100 F, the flavor of partially hydrogenated-winterized oils packaged under nitrogen showed a minimum loss. These same oils did not exhibit much, if any, reduction in their oxidative stability as indicated by storage peroxide values (active oxygen method). Soybean oil not protected with nitrogen demonstrated progressive flavor deterioration at 100 F. After 10 weeks of storage, the deterioration became marked and the flavor score was below 5. From limited observations, bottled oils appear to have a better stability than oils packaged in screw-cap tin cans. Hydrogenated oils packaged under nitrogen in cans had good oxidative stability, but some lowering of the flavor score was observed. Nonhydrogenated soybean oils packaged in tin cans not under nitrogen exhibited the most rapid flavor deterioration of all lots of oil investigated.

The use of copper catalyst to reduce selectively the linolenate in soybean oil improves its flavor stability. As previously shown, the copper must be removed or properly inactivated to obtain an oil of high initial quality. In oven and heat tests, odor and flavor development in the hydrogenated soybean oil samples correlate surprisingly well with actual levels of linolenate, but there were some differences in overall responses among cottonseed oil, copper-reduced (0.0% linolenate) and nickel-reduced (3.0% linolenate) soybean oils. The taste panel generally scored the last three oils in the following order: cottonseed oil, copper-reduced and nickel-reduced soybean oil.

Hydrolytic, reductive and pyrolytic decompositions of ozonolysis products formed in water were surveyed as potential preparative routes to aldehydes. Water is an effective ozonolysis medium and reacts with the transient zwitterion formed during ozonolysis in the same manner as participating solvents. Reductive decomposition proved to be superior to either hydrolytic or pyrolytic decomposition for the preparation of aldehydes. Pyrolytic decomposition, as carried out in the injection port of a gas chromatograph, gave varying amounts and types of products depending upon the type of ozonolysis product used. Interconversion of the various types of ozonolysis products, including ozonides, methoxy hydroperoxides, acetoxy hydroperoxides and hydroxy hydroperoxides, does not occur except under acid catalysis.

Copolymers and terpolymers, based on vinyl ethers from linseed conjugated fatty alcohols and selected as having the most potential for commercial use, were evaluated as chemically resistant coatings, metal-decorating coatings, small-applicance and architectural finishes, wire coatings, and adhesives. Studies show these materials to have promise in areas where a high-temperature baking schedule can be tolerated and where color is not of prime importance. Good compatibility with most commonly used pigments was observed. As wire coatings, film showed good continuity and had superior dielectric strength and resistance to cut-through; however, improvement in flexibility and adhesion to copper would be needed for successful application. Performance as adhesives was disappointing, since curing in the absence of air was poor. The polymers showed some promise as can coatings, but the need for modifications in them was demonstrated.

Although determinations of the magnetic permeability of nickel have been made by Rowland and others, there appears to be no published investigation of the effect of cyclic magnetising processes. The study of such processes is interesting not only in its direct bearing on the relation of magnetisation to magnetising force, but indirectly as yielding data from which one may calculate the dissipation of energy that occurs in reversal or other variation of magnetism, in consequence of hysteresis in the relation of magnetisation to magnetising force. Cyclic processes have been very fully examined for various kinds of iron and steel, and one object of the following experiments was to obtain information of the same kind with regard to nickel. Another object was to examine the effects of longitudinal stress on the magnetisation of this metal in the same manner as they had been examined in iron by one of the writers. Sir William Thomson’s early results in this subject had shown that, when subjected to longitudinal pull, nickel undergoes much change of magnetism, of a kind opposite to that which ordinarily occurs in iron, and it seemed that a fuller investigation of the effects of stress might be useful. The experiments, with the exception of one group described at the end of this paper, were made with specimens of nickel wire supplied by Messrs. Johnson and Matthey. The wire was 0.068 cm. in diameter, and was supplied in what appeared to be a hard-drawn state, in which its magnetic susceptibility was decidedly less than when the wire was annealed. Its magnetic quality was examined both when in this hard-drawn state and after annealing. The direct magnetometric method was employed, in the same manner as in the experiments on iron referred to above.