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Historical data, and surveys of rookeries during 1956–69, document the increase and spread of rooks since their introduction near Auckland and Napier during the early 1870s to control insects. The Auckland rooks disappeared after 30 years, but the Napier ones had increased by 1969 to at least 20 000 breeding adults in 128 rookeries distributed over some 6000 km2 of farm land in central and southern Hawkes Bay; small colonies have appeared in several widely separated North Island localities, including the Auckland district. Compared with other European birds in New Zealand, rooks have spread very slowly, probably because of their strong attachment to traditional breeding and roosting places. The death of nesting trees and disturbance of birds by control measures probably accelerate spread, which is of two kinds: a progressive colonisation of new territory just beyond that already occupied and, less commonly, the establishment of small, remote groups. The breeding population in Hawkes Bay appears from nest ...

We have examined the redox equilibria of azidomethemoglobin (low-spin) and fluoromethemoglobin (high-spin). We have derived a modified Hill equation which includes the tetramer--dimer equilibrium of the oxidized form, and also generalized the two-state model to incorporate ligand binding to the ferriheme. The pH dependence of the redox Hill's constant for fluoromethemoglobin is the same as that for methemoglobin, demonstrating that this dependence and the marked cooperativity achieved (n = 2.2) are not coupled to changes of the ferriheme spin state. The redox Hill's constant for azidomethemoglobin, however, is as large as the oxygenation Hill's constant (n approximately 2.7) and is also roughly pH independent.

The isothermal luminescence and thermoluminescence of squalane and its solutions has been studied following irradiation with γ-rays at 77 K. The main solute used was biphenyl which gives excimer fluorescence under these conditions as well as monomer emissions. The luminescence is ascribed to ion recombination. It is only necessary to postulate two kinds of electron trapping, in the solvent or as solute anions, but there are five recombination processes giving glow peaks. If electron-attaching solutes are absent, the dominant process is thermal release of trapped electrons at ∼100 K. In solutions of biphenyl most electrons form anions; these recombine with biphenyl cations when large molecules become mobile at the glass transition (∼180 K). Close ion pairs can also decay by electron tunnelling: this produces the isothermal luminescence at 77 K. At intermediate temperatures, there is a peak ascribed to thermally assisted tunnelling; this process becomes predominant at very high concentrations. Oxygen appears to act as a carrier of electrons between anions and cations, giving an extra peak, with a high proportion of phosphorescence, below the glass-transition. Carbon dioxide and sulphur hexaflouride also have striking effects on the glow-curves. Scavenging at 77 K can be distinguished from scavenging in the melting glass.

Although there have been several reports of investigations of speech perception in schizophrenia (Laffal, 1961; Lawson, McGhie and Chapman, 1964) in all cases the assumption was made that the patients’ difficulties arose, not from an inability to perceive the individual words, but from a deficiency in perceiving the words in a meaningful relationship to each other, as part of an organized pattern. In this study, however, instead of examining the performance of schizophrenic patients on a task involving the perception of sentences, as these earlier workers had done, we have used individual words as stimuli in a series of tests of speech perception.

A method is described of determining the thickness of a valley glacier from measurements of gravity. On a Norwegian glacier approximately 4 km. long and km. wide values of gravity were measured at points on four transverse lines. For comparison, values were measured at points on three lines in the valley below the snout of the glacier. The positions and altitudes of these gravity stations were determined by triangulation. After making corrections for the altitudes of stations and for the effect of the valley walls, the differences between the gravity values obtained on the glacier and those obtained in the valley below the glacier are attributed to the thickness of the ice. Four transverse sections of the glacier, obtained in this way, are given. Errors in the estimates of ice thickness should not exceed 20 per cent on the two lower cross-sections, nor 40 per cent on the upper two.

On the Ross Ice Shelf near Scott Base the annual surface snow accumulation is about 18 g.cm.−2. The increase of firn density with depth is greater than normal, due to horizontal compaction. Where the bottom of the ice shelf has a density less than 0.8 g.cm.−3 the shelf becomes brine-soaked by vertical infiltration. The bottom of the shelf is melting, at about 44 g.cm.−2 yr.−1 where the bottom is impermeable ice and 73 g.cm.−2 yr.−1 where the bottom is permeable firn. Surface velocities at 40 points within 30 km. of Scott Base vary between 4 and 840 m.yr.−1. From the pattern of velocities, ice thicknesses and surface features, a transition zone is delineated, separating the Ross Ice Shelf from the “McMurdo Ice Shelf”.

Summary Measurements of the acceleration due to gravity have been made in the Wright Valley area of Victoria Land, Antarctica. On an east-west traverse from the coast of McMurdo Sound, across the Wilson Piedmont and Lower Wright Glaciers and along the Wright Valley the Bouguer anomaly varies from — 10 mgal at the coast to — 80 mgal at the western edge of the Lower Wright Glacier and to — 110 mgal at the head of the valley. The gradient near the coast is about 5 mgal/km; along the valley it is about 1 mgal/km.

Summary Cutis laxa is a genetically determined disorder of connective tissue, which is characterised by extreme cutaneous laxity. Cardio-respiratory involvement is sometimes a feature, and death may occur from these complications. The clinical features and operative treatment of an affected girl are described, to illustrate the important part that plastic surgery can play in the management of the disorder. The skin is not unduly fragile, excess bleeding does not occur, and incisions heal well. The instant results of cosmetic surgery are usually very good, but repeated operations may be necessary.

To test Nye’s formula relating maximum surface slope at a point on an ice sheet with the thickness at that point, observations were made of the surface slope in north Greenland. Values of the shear stress on the bed at these points are calculated. It is unlikely that variations of the shear stress can be related with rates of movement. It is suggested that the difference between values of shear stress in north Greenland and those in south Greenland is at least partly due to the presence of bottom melting in the north.

Summary The palaeomagnetism pole positions obtained from a study of the directions of magnetization of dolerite sheets and dykes from South Victoria Land lie in what is nowadays the South Pacific.

Poxviruses were isolated from skin lesions of eight silvereyes during 1969-71. In all cases, characteristic virus particles were seen in extracts of the lesions and all isolates produced pocks on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken eggs. Comparison by immunodiffusion showed that the viruses were antigenically identical, and that they differed from poxviruses recently isolated from domestic fowls, pigeons and a canary.

Summary A palaeomagnetic study has been made of rock samples taken from a 5000 ft sequence in South Victoria Land. The sequence consists of granites, sediments and hypabyssal intrusives of Mesozoic, Palaeozoic and possibly Pre-Cambrian ages. The directions of natural remanent magnetization are approximately uniform throughout, but small and apparently real differences do occur between some of the units within the sequence. Laboratory tests using alternating magnetic fields suggest that these differences are due to the presence of unstable components of small but variable magnitude and that the mean directions of the stable components are parallel in all the units studied. This uniformity in direction could have resulted from the geomagnetic field in the region being constant in direction for a long period of time in the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic, or from the reheating of the whole area during the last phase of intrusion (that of the Ferrar dolerites) in Mesozoic times. The latter interpretation is favoured. The variations in magnetic properties through the Ferrar dolerite sheets are described and provide information relevant to theories of their emplacement and differentiation.

The composition and yield of the crude lipids obtained from soybeans by successive solvent extractions were determined for two solvents: Skellysolve F (boiling range, 35° to 58° C.) and Skellysolve B (boiling range, 63° to 70° C.). The crude lipids from the first and sixth Skellysolve F extractions showed a variation of 17.5 units in iodine number and of 23.42 per cent in phosphatides. Those from the first and fifth Skellysolve B extractions showed a variation of 10.1 units in iodine number and of 17.33 per cent in phosphatides. With each solvent the series of intermittent extractions removed approximately 97 per cent as much oil as did an analytical quantitative extraction using that same solvent. The variation in percentages of the saturated and unsaturated acids was determined and found to be small. No preferential extraction of any glyceride was found. The Skellysolve B removed about the same amount of unsaponifiable matter, and slightly more than twice the weight of phosphatides, as was extracted by the Skellysolve F.

SynopsisA gravity survey has been made of a glacier-dammed lake in Dronning Louise Land, North-East Greenland. Corrections for the effect of the local topography and the regional Bouguer anomaly are made to the values of the acceleration due to gravity measured at about 230 points on the lake and its shores. From the differences between the corrected values at the lake stations and those of the shores, depths of water under the lake stations are calculated, and a contour map of the lake bottom is drawn. A submerged shelf, 75 metres below the present lake level, persists around the western part of the lake. This may be the shore-line of a pre-glacial lake.

Eighty-one patients with advanced active Hodgkin's disease began treatment with MOPP combination chemotherapy. No patients were excluded from analysis. Twenty-one patients (26%) were induction failures and manifested a median survival of 9 months from the initiation of treatment. Sixty patients (74%) achieved a complete remission (CR) with an estimated median duration of CR of 26 months. Seventeen patients relapsed and 14 of these occurred during the first 6 months of follow-up. Reinduction with MOPP in this group was unsuccessful in eight of eight instances. Prior radiotherapy (60 cases) and prior chemotherapy (21 cases) did not adversely affect the results of treatment. However, a decreased duration of remission correlated with older age, the presence of systemic symptoms, and bone marrow involvement.

In the coastal mountain chain of southern Victoria Land approximately 4,000 km.2 of glacier-cut valleys and dividing ranges are almost completely ice-free, while the surrounding areas are fully glacierized. In the ice-free Wright Valley and Victoria Valley systems evidence of four glaciations is recognized. The earliest two glaciations were the most extensive; glaciers flowed eastwards from the ice plateau through the coastal ranges and cut broad valleys extending to McMurdo Sound and the Ross Sea. The moraines of these glaciations are thin and highly weathered. The third glaciation was less extensive, consisting of advances by smaller glaciers derived from the inland ice plateau, the Wilson Piedmont Glacier and névé fields in the dividing ranges. The surfaces of moraines of this glaciation are now partly covered by saline lakes, evaporite deposits and extensive areas of desert pavements strewn with ventifacts. The fourth and youngest glaciation comprised small advances by remnants of the plateau-fed valley glaciers. Thick boulder moraines of this glaciation overlie earlier deposits. During each glaciation the greatest volume of ice was derived from the inland ice plateau. The volume of ice entering the valleys was dependent on the difference in altitude between the plateau surface and subglacial rock thresholds at the valley heads. Decrease in the surface level of the inland ice plateau caused the rock thresholds to increasingly hinder the eastward flow of plateau ice until practically no ice could flow down into the valleys, thereby terminating the glaciation. Such a condition exists at the present time.

During a seven year period, 370 penetrating wounds of the abdomen were explored surgically. In retrospect, one hundred of these wounds (27 per cent) did not enter the peritoneal cavity. Eighteen per cent of these hundred patients manifested significant intraabdominal symptoms. All hundred patients were operated on with no mortality or serious morbidity. An additional hundred patients with penetration of the parietal peritoneum and serious or minor injury were evaluated with regard to their preoperative physical findings and stability of vital signs. Eighteen of these patients who had no abdominal findings were found to have significant injuries at laparotomy. Prompt operative evaluation of the patient with penetrating wounds of the abdomen is important in decreasing the morbidity and mortality secondary to perforation of vital structures, and we believe that this can be done with minimal risk.

(1965). Nevrologisk undersokelse hos pasienter innlagt i psykiatrisk klinikk-avdeling. Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift: Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 467-477.

Replies by New Zealand fruitgrowers to a questionnaire suggested that the most troublesome bird species in their crops were blackbird (Turdus merula), song thrush (Turdus ericetorum), myna (Acridotheres tristis), starling (Sturnus Vulgaris), white-eye (Zosterops lateralis), and house sparrow (Passer domesticus); and that the most serious damage was to strawberries, grapes, cherries, pears, and apples. Goldfinches (Carduelis carduelis) and redpolls (Carduelis flammea) ate strawberry seeds, and redpolls, sparrows, chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs), and greenfinches (Chloris chloris) attacked fruit buds. Current control methods and their claimed effectiveness are tabulated.

Studies of the luminescence characteristics of different types of industrial diamonds (80-100 mesh dust) have been made. Blue fluorescent diamonds (3,650 A. exciting radiation) exhibit thermoluminescence characteristics of two groups of metastable electronic states, with mean activation energies of 0.5 and 0.7 ev. respectively. Transitions of a forbidden nature from these states to the normal states of emission centres give rise to a temperature-independent, green-yellow phosphorescence, whose longest-lived component has a decay constant of 2 × 10-5 sec-1. Most yellow luminescent and non-luminescent diamonds (3,650 A. exciting radiation) exhibit a blue luminescence when excited by energetic particles or by X-rays, but no thermoluminescence is observed after any type of excitation. The luminescence of diamonds appears to be characteristic of the matrix crystal, and a tentative model for the emission centres is given.

In the ice-free area north-west of the Koettlitz Glacier, values of the Bouguer anomaly decrease from +5 mgals in the north-east to −80 mgals near the Royal Society Range. The pattern of gravity anomalies is controlled by an old north—south fault system delineating the Antarctic Horst, a younger volcanically active shear zone south of the area, and varying thicknesses of dense volcanic material in the area. Cross sections of three underfit glaciers have been calculated from measurements of gravity on their surface.

Gravity studies indicate that the Sukkertoppen ice cap is about 400 m. thick. The annual snow accumulation increases westwards from about 13 g. cm.−2 near the eastern edge of the ice cap to about 34 g. cm. −2 near Mount Atter, in the south-west. Probably all of the ice cap is “temperate”.

Following the first interaction between the reflected shock from the end wall and the advancing contact surface in a shock tube, cold gas has been observed at the end plate at a time much earlier than that predicted on the basis of simple shock tube theory. Investigation of the nature of this cold gas has been made by an infra-red absorption technique. The driver gas hydrogen is "tagged" with a small quantity of infrared active gas, and shocks are driven with this gas mixture into an infrared inactive test gas. The time of arrival of driver gas at the end plate is measured from the absorption records and calculations based on a modification of the shock bifurcation model agree substantially with these experimental results. Use is also made of an infrared absorption/emission technique to determine the temperature of the infrared source.

Measurements of the annual snow accumulation have been made at many points on a traverse of north Greenland. In lat. 77–78° N. the annual accumulation above 1800 m. was about 13 gm. cm.−2 in the years 1948–53 and, in contrast to results which have been obtained further south, did not vary with longitude. In 1953–54 the accumulation was greater. The annual accumulation in north and central Greenland has varied significantly over the last 50 years, but similar variations are not shown in the precipitation records at coastal stations. Using all the available information, the mean annual accumulation on the Greenland Ice Sheet has been calculated as 29±3 gm. cm.−2.

It has been found that in the cold firn of the Greenland Ice Sheet a direct relationship exists between the specific gravity of a layer and its “resistance to penetration” as measured with a Rammsonde. Corrections which should be applied to the measured “resistance” to allow for the frictional resistance of the walls of the hole on the Rammsonde tube are discussed. In certain circumstances these corrections can be estimated with reasonable accuracy for tube lengths up to three metres. The statistical method of obtaining the relationships between “resistance” and specific gravity is briefly outlined, and the effect of the size of the snow grains is also considered. It is shown that under these particular conditions it is possible, from measurements of “resistance”, to estimate the specific gravity of a firn layer with a standard error of 0.04, when the specific gravity of the sample is in the range 0.3 to 0.57.

An extensive program of glacier mapping and associated glaciological studies has been in progress for about 10 years at the Department of Geodetic Science and the Institute of Polar Studies of the Ohio State University. The program covers glaciers in the western United States, Alaska, the Yukon Territory, Greenland, and Antarctica. Ground surveying and aerial triangulation have been employed, and the mapping has been performed stereophotogrammetrically by means of first- and second-order instruments. Surveying and mapping phases of the work are described, and data on glacier structure, volume variations, and surface ice velocity are presented to illustrate the value of photogrammetric techniques in glaciological studies.

Our reactions to a stranger can often be influenced by the clothes he wears. In this study a male experimenter, whilst posing as a market researcher, dressed either smartly or untidily. Style of dress was found to have a significant influence upon the number of agreements from both older and younger women to answer the interviewer's questions. Dress did not have a significant influence upon men and older individuals were more influenced by clothing than were the younger ones. The results of this study are believed to have implications for many kinds of interview settings.

A review is made of work leading to the discovery that tetramethylammonium bromide (TMB) is an excellent inhibitor of corrosion of steel by bis (2-chloro-ethyl) sulfide. The nature of the corrosion problem involved is considered for both Levinstein H and distilled H. The search for a stabilizer for Levinstein H is described. Data are reported with no stabilizer, 1 percent hexamine stabilizer and 1 percent TMB stabilizer to show the rate of decomposition of Levinstein H in a 75 mm shell, rate of pressure developed in a 75-mm shell filled with Levinstein H, and rate of pressure development in 75-mm shell filled with distilled H. The rate of loss of liquid filling at 150 F with distilled H filled to 10 percent void in 75-mm shell is reported for no stabilizer, 1 percent hexamine and 0.5 percent TMB. 5.8.2

Data are presented to show the effect of moisture on the quantitative determination of lipids in soybean samples which were pretreated by: (1) Conditioning to a range of moisture contents, (2) by heating in the presence of 60-40 percent mixture of benzene and methyl alcohol, and (3) by heat-denaturation of the protein in the sample in the presence of water vapor. The wide variation in results for lipid content indicates that the lipids removed cannot be considered as either triglycerides alone, or total lipids, but an empirical value given by a rigidly controlled procedure. It is apparent that methods are needed to determine the triglycerides and the total lipid content of soybeans and soybean meal.