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The article discusses the psychology of market and consumer research, stating that research methods have improved so that psychological surveys can be taken, instead of measuring quantitative statistics only. The article discusses the importance to businesses of research that reveals consumer attitudes. The author states that the study of market research is still a new field, and describes how agencies can falsely file questionnaires that contain useless information. The article discusses the problem of selecting a sample field that ensures accuracy, especially in mailed questionnaires. The author discusses the types of questions that should be asked, the importance of the issues involved in the polling, and applications of the results.

The problem considered is how to compare time-to-response data for different groups when the group membership of an individual can be arbitrarily varied during a study. Modified life tables can be constructed which reflect such changes in an individual's status, and associated measures of relative risk and statistical significance calculated. This is illustrated with survival data for heart-transplant patients, for which a patient can transfer from the nontransplanted to the transplanted group. Alternative procedures are given in which distinctive groups are defined for each transplant day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a number of parametric and nonparametric approaches to the analysis of nonexperimental heart transplant data from the Stanford Heart Transplantation Program, and attempts to come to some conclusion regarding whether heart transplantation is life-extending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty patients with active chronic hepatitis, classified on the basis of the treatment into three groups, have been studied: (1) patients treated with cyclophosphamide (10 patients); (2) patients treated with cyclophosphamide after cycles of corticosteroid therapy (four patients); (3) patients treated with corticosteroid (six patients). In all patients we observed clinical, biochemical and immunological changes during and after treatment. Hepatic needle-biopsy was performed in all patients before treatment. The histological picture was rechecked after the first cycle of therapy in twelve patients. The results obtained in the three groups of patients have been statistically compared. Cyclophosphamide treatment produces an improvement of general conditions and a persistent normalization of several biochemical and immunological data, especially in those patients in which active chronic hepatitis was not in an advanced stage (type A aggressive form). The histological picture showed no changes after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article focuses on results of several World Fertility Survey. The catholicity of scope is also revealed in the ways people must cope with different audiences. Some of the output must be cast in the form of national totals to provide appropriate ammunition for journalists and politicians, some of it takes the fancy biometric form of life tables of fecundability and contraceptive efficacy; and some of it is cloaked in the language of the testing of sociological hypotheses. One regrettable byproduct of the excessive ambition is that it takes a very long time to finish each study and get the book out; the record is almost as blemished in this regard as the national vital statistics. Now time considerations should not bulk large in the minds of those concerned solely with adding to the sum total of human knowledge, sub specie aeternitatis and all that, but they surely matter for data which are also designed to serve those responsible for practical problems and programs. The problems of multiplicity of purpose pervade the realm of social analysis as well.

A biometric study of herbarium, wild and cultivated specimens of Caltha palustris L. s.l. in th British Isles indicates that most of the variation in the wild is environmentally determined. Further, there is no correlation of morphology with cytological differentiation. All taxa previously described within C. palustris L. are consequently regarded as untenable, with the exception of plants which differ by the single character of rooting at the nodes, and which show partial geographical differentiation. They are reduced to varietal status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Death rate variations for the United Kingdom and the United States are spatially compared by means of maps. The data mapped include death rates from all causes, and infant mortality. In the United Kingdom, the association between high death rates and areas of industrialization, exploitation, and dense population is very marked. Such an association is somewhat less definite in the United States where the high rates associate more easily with areas of poor socio-economic circumstances such as Indian reservations, Spanish-American districts, and most particularly, the high-proportion Negro areas of the South. In both countries, however, longevity in rural areas and in urban places of limited industry is likely to be greater than in areas not having these attributes. The quality, of biostatistics in the United Kingdom has been superior to the United States. The recently launched National Health Survey, however, promises to greatly improve the biostatistic position of the United States. The special contribution of medical geography is the mapping technique and the interpretations which potentially it allows. At the national scale the sensitivity limits of such an approach must be recognized and there can be no simple explanation of apparent mortality patterns. Such maps as these are designed to focus on areas where detailed studies may be of benefit in substantiating cause-and-effect relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the spatial pattern of mortality variations in Great Britain particularly in England and Wales through the medium of maps. Implications of the inaccuracy of biostatistics for comparative studies in medical geography; Identification of the individual cause of death categories used in a map; Importance of the inclusion of a map of mortality from all causes.

The article proposes the application of the biometric model in behavior analysis. The authors define biometrics as the science which applies quantitative analysis to the structure and function of living organisms. By using the said approach, the authors stated, behavior analysts will be able to explore the hypothesis that mental disease are the outward manifestations of impaired brain function. There are several factors that needs to be observed in behavior analysis including physiological, sensory, perceptual, psychomotor and conceptual activities.

The article discusses the connection between personality and psychopathology. The behavior of individuals can be analyzed into a set of overlapping domains of ascending psychological complexity, that is, physiological, sensory, perceptual, psychomotor, and conceptual, and the aid of biometrics is invoked for the design of a program of experimentation, for the integration of findings at different levels of complexity, and for the development of new research tools. These areas have not received equal attention from students of psychopathology because in the past, there has been too much preoccupation with the conceptual domain.

The article presents an experiment with two-gradient models for the problem of non-linearity in ordination. This paper focuses on the environmental factors in relation to the species performance. Information on the optimum and decline to zero for high and low levels are discussed. An ecological assumption implication for ordination methods assuming monotonicity and frequent linearity is presented. Models representing environmental space in two factors are given. The experiment's results is briefly discussed.

The article presents a discussion on the study about the characteristics of communities of herbaceous plants. The study was conducted in order to determine whether biometrical standards can be formulated to define the characteristics of a specific plant community. In order to undertake the study, samples of different sizes were gathered and only the presence of the particular plant specie was taken down. It is noted that a light portable frame was used to implement the sampling in faster and more accurate way.

The article presents the results of a study which investigated the structure of the palate in teenage boys for the purpose of determining its impact on the Class I and Class II types of malocclusion. Details of the experimental protocol. It was found that width measurements were characteristically distinct, whereas height and length were not useful for distinguishing Class I from Class II.

Discusses the development of eugenics. Criticism of the biometric method; Mendelian methods in eugenics; Rationale and popularization of eugenics; Relation of eugenics to natural selection; Outlook for eugenics.

The article presents an examination of the dental biometrics of identical twins. Issues discussed include the vindication of the relative influence of forces that have an effect upon the shape of the dental arches and the determination of a genetic peculiarity of tooth structure that could create a predisposition for the development of dental caries.

Presents a report on an inventory of biometry in the United States. Variation of theoretical statistical work; Differences of requirements for graduate degrees in biometry; Qualifications for biometry training.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The investigation concerns the sediments of an ancient lake in southwestern Scania, South Sweden. On the basis of macro- and microfossil analyses together with stratigraphical and chronological studies the changes of the Late-Glacial biota and its environment are described, especially the fluctuations of' the water level. The chronology is based on pollen-analytical investigations. The pollen dia- grain covers the Alleröd, the Younger Dryas and the Pre-Borcal zones (c. 10000 to 8000 B.C.). During the Alleröd time the area was surrounded by birch woods, during the cooler Younger Dryas time by open communities with a mixture of plants which nowadays have an arctic-alpine or southern-continental distribution. The occurrence of different birch species is discussed on the basis of biometric investigations of macrofossils and pollen grains. A lowering of the water level can be established to have occurred during the later part of the Alleröd period, as well as during the later part of the Younger Dryas period. Between these lowerings there has been a rising of the water level during the early part of the lastmentioned period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift Für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From bronchial measurements in 136 deceased coal miners a comparison with well-documented ante-mortem findings shows that with increasing clinical severity of chronic bronchitis there is increasing narrowing of intrapulmonary airways due to wall thickening at the expense of the lumen. With the aid of the Reid index (gland/wall ratio) and a new proposed index which more directly measures airway obstruction—the wall internal to cartilage/lumen radius ratio—both of which tend to be independent of bronchus size but change with increasing abnormality—it is possible to quantitate chronic bronchitis pathologically and to obtain satisfactory correlations with ante-mortem data. Chronic bronchitis may thereby be evaluated independently from pneumoconiosis and emphysema, thus facilitating the study of their separate relationships with cigarette smoking and with other possible aetiological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Focuses on the use of the P-technique to study the interrelatedness of rates of growth among physical characteristics in adolescence using a longitudinal growth data. Educational and psychological significance of organismic concepts; Nature of growth within and individual; Comparison between intra- and inter-individual growth.

The article gives profiles Karl Pearson, a socialist and Darwinist. He had studied at the University College School and had been Third Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos of 1879 at Cambridge. He proceeded with his study and practice of the law in England. But the law seemed rather narrow to a young man with wide interests and through the efforts of his friends, and with his success in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos sustaining him, he was offered and persuaded to accept the Goldsmid Professorship of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics at University College, London in 1884. In his new post, Pearson determined to employ his mathematics to prove Darwinian theory correct. In the course of these efforts, he played a leading role in creating the subject of biometrics, statistical biology, and helped to establish, in 1901, the journal devoted to the subject, "Biometrika." Pearson's socialism was not easily classifiable. He appears to have been an adherent of Marxist economics. In an address to London working-men during the eighties, he spoke of sociologist Karl Marx as "the great economist" and defended the labor theory of value, which had already been brought under considerable attack.

Systematics currently is seeking mathematical approaches to aid in the resolution of its basic problems. Progress will depend largely upon logical congruity between problems, data-forms, and numerical methods. A probabilistic model is presented to facilitate decisions concerning within-population identifications and between-populations relations illuminated by data that reflect quantitative, continuous, multivariate-normal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses some studies related to bioscience. In the study "Bioengineering: A Definition," Robert M. Arthur attempts to define bioengineering and delineate its area of application. Bioengineering can be defined as application of the knowledge acquired by a study of the physico-chemical phenomena of biological systems so that both biology and engineering can be utilized for the benefit of man. Edward Batschelet in his study "Biological Experiments and Statistics," discusses the importance of statistical methods in biological research. In the paper "Wilderness and Behavior Research," John T. Emlen focuses on the study of animal behavior.

Biometrics and psychometrics have developed a variety of methods to derive empirically clusters or types of variables, objects, or subjects. These empirical classificatory methods have been applied to data at one point in time—they have been used for static analyses. An extension is presented to the ease of dynamic analyses, that is, the empirical identification of subjects with different time changes in one or more observed characteristics and their grouping based on sufficient similarity of time changes. Two management applications of the extension are given, the first dealing with behavioral, and the second with behavioristic, data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on pattern recognition applications in the biometrical science. Physicists were among the very first to feel the need of automatic analysis of photographic images, for several years physicists had found themselves faced with an increasing number of photographs of bubble-chambers and spark-chambers to examine. When the possibilities of manually processing such a quantity of photographic data become insufficient, pattern recognition ceased to be the problem of basic research in the artificial intelligence field that it had been up to the fifties and became above all an applied research aiming at the realization of automatic recognition systems for particular images. The definition of the neurophysiological processes of perception and pattern recognition represents a not yet solved problem. The coming of electronic systems of transmission and processing of data has also supplied the subject of pattern recognition with new methods of studying, suggesting the designing of machines capable of carrying out operations of recognition as replies to a series of stimuli; that is, working in a similar way to the human brain.

The article focuses on an increase in the amount of literature pertinent to quantitative methodology in psychology. The increase in such literature is particularly dramatic in the statistical journals. The content of the 1953 volume exceeds that of the 1952 volume for each of the four prominent journals--"Journal of the American Statistical Association," "Annals of Mathematical Statistics," "Biometrics," and "Biometrika." Total increase in size of the four is 484 pages, a 22 per cent jump over 1952. Further, it appears that a high proportion of the articles have direct relevance to research methods in the social and biological sciences.

The article discusses ordination methods and Euclidean metrics. The article gives comparision for each method. The article gives formula and algorithms for each in depth. the article concludes with a discussion on the dissimilarity on the four methods of ordination.

The article presents the results of a study which investigated the biomechanics of the mandibular arch. Measurements were taken of the width of the arch, which was found to narrow during opening and protrusion of the mandible. An overview of related previous research is provided, along with details of the experimental protocol.

Sociologist Francis Bacon once said: "For it is the nature of man, to the extreme prejudice of knowledge, to delight in the spacious liberty of generalities, and not in the inclosures of particularity." If the social sciences are ever to justify such a dignified appellation they will have to submit to the same quantitative treatment which the more advanced physical sciences have long recognized as prerequisite. For entirely too long a time we have been in the habit of recounting individual conduct by a broad barrage of meaningless approximations instead of utilizing the specific methods of biometry. From the Malay Archipelago to the Court of St. James, we derive our knowledge of the deportment and colloquy of humanity not from the exact data of systematic investigation, but from the ambiguous generalities of superficial impression. Historically it is impossible to draw representative pictures of past demeanor from such misleading evidence. Coevally the situation is only improved within the narrow orbit of personal acquaintance. Otherwise we still found our conception of the mores of the majority of mankind on the casual basis of shallow and often prejudiced assertion.

The article discusses the significance of statistical methods in biological research. Any kind of scientific research, data needs to be analyzed statistically. Experimenter gets information through graphical approaches as well by the calculation of means, variances, covariances and other quantities. A principal experiment should be planned together by biologists and statisticians. In any biological research, biologists should be mastered in the experimental technique and the statistician should be responsible for the logical and statistical aspects. Free exchange of ideas between life scientists and statisticians can only produce powerful methods for biological research.

This article presents information on the Mindel C. Sheps award in mathematical demography. Nominations are requested for the Mindel C. Sheps Award in Mathematical Demography to be presented for the first time in 1974 and every other year thereafter. The award has been established by the Mindel C. Sheps Memorial Fund and is sponsored by the Population Association of America and the University of North Carolina School of Public Health. The award is named for Mindel C. Sheps, who at her death in January, 1973, was Professor of Biostatistics at the University of North Carolina School of Public Health and Second Vice-President of the Population Association of America. The recipient of the Mindel C. Sheps Award will be selected by a committee appointed by the President of the Population Association of America and the Dean of the University of North Carolina School of Public Health. Presentation of the award, comprising a certificate and $1,000, will be made at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America.