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OENTGENOGRAPHIC R examination of the pharynx and larynx can yield valuable information as to the site and extent of the disease, especially when the problem is management of neoplastic disease. Although a number of roentgenographic techniques have been described for examining the pharynx and larynx,3’9-13’19’20 it is not necessary to make use of all of them. The techniques most commonly employed are softtissue roentgenograms of the neck, tomography of the larynx, barium swallow, contrast laryngopharyngography, and cineroentgenography.

Case material on 208 patients with Stage II Hodgkin's disease has been reviewed. Survival figures and patterns of secondary manifestations including laparotomy findings have been compared for mediastinal presentations versus other Stage II presentations in patients staged prior to lymphography versus patients staged by lymphography. Higher survival was seen in lymphography-staged patients and in both groups for patients with mediastinal presentation. The influence of age and sex was determined for both series. Age has a significant influence on survival. Females showed higher survival rates in the clinically staged group, but there was no difference observed in the lymphography-staged group.

S OLITARY plasmacytoma in the cranial cavity is a rare lesion. As far as we could ascertain, only five cases of solitary intracranial plasmacytoma have been reported in the literature. Several characteristics distinguish this solitary tumor from other plasmacytomas in the cranial cavity. It is not associated with adjacent lesions in the skull or with tumors of other sites. After complete removal of the tumor by surgery or irradiation, or a combination of both, patients remain free of symptoms. This case report concerns a patient with an unusually large tumor, which was treated by surgery and irradiation therapy. The patient still has no evidence of recurrent disease approximately 3 years after treatment.

Fifty-five patients were treated by radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease clinically localised to the mediastinum or the mediastinum and peripheral node-bearing areas above the diaphragm. Twenty-six have been followed a minimum of five years. Intensive regional irradiation was administered to the neck, mediastinum and, when necessary, the axillae in 48 of 55 patients, the average tumour dose being 3,000 to 4,000 rads. Seven patients were treated less radically. The survival rates for three, five, and ten years, calculated according to the Modified Life Method of Berkson-Gage, were 95·5, 78·4, and 56·5 per cent. Of ten patients who developed a recurrence in the mediastinum, five received tumour doses of 2,500 rads or less. With the exception of those patients who developed complications following retreatment for mediastinal recurrence, no serious complications developed as a result of mediastinal treatment. However, review of serial follow-up radiographs demonstrated an increasing incidence of p...

1. The technique of lymphangiography is not unduly difficult, though it requires some skill and experience.2. An improved technique of lymphangiography is described.3. The advantages of polyethylene catheter and magnifying glasses are presented.4. Precautions in performing lymphangiography are discussed.

The records of six patients referred to The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute for treatment of Ewing's sarcoma—two in the maxilla and four in the mandible—have been reviewed. The pathologic features and biologic behavior of this unusual primary tumor were consistent with those of Ewing's sarcomas in other locations. The radiographic findings and the treatment employed have been described. The four patients with sarcoma of the mandible died of the disease 5 months to 3 years after treatment; the two patients whose tumors were in the maxilla are apparently free of the disease 5 years and 11 years after treatment.

Hysterography, pelvic pneumography, arteriography, venography, and lymphangiography can be utilized to describe the primary carcinoma of the endometrium and its extension. Hysterography localizes the endometrial neoplasm and delineates the uterine cavity which is of assistance in treatment by radium capsules. Pelvic pneumography will demonstrate the size and contour of the corpus and may suggest extension through the uterine wall. Arteriography and venography more specifically determines mural and contiguous involvement by invasion of the branches of the uterine arteries and veins. Lymphangiography complemented by venography is essential in defining lymph node metastasis which must be established prior to instituting adequate therapy.

Autotomography was first described by Vallebona (1) in 1930. The film and tube were kept rigid and the head was rotated. In this way, detail was obtained of the bones at the base of the skull. Ziedses des Plantes (2) in 1949 ingeniously applied the technic to pneumography. Little use has been made, however, of this rewarding method. Few neuroradiological centers are aware of the detail and definition to be obtained from the procedure, which often produces information formerly available only through positive contrast ventriculography. Adequate visualization of the anterior part of the third ventricle, posterior portion of the third ventricle aqueduct, and fourth ventricle is achieved. The use of positive contrast ventriculography may thus be reduced to a minimum. Craniotomy, with the passage of a needle through brain tissue, and shaving of the head, so distasteful to many patients, are avoided. The theory of autotomography has been described by Ziedses des Plantes. Since the axis of rotation of the head pa...

The clinical records and tissue specimens of 20 patients referred to Anderson Hospital for treatment of osteosarcoma of the jaws were reviewed. Nine of the tumors arose in the maxilla and eleven in the mandible. Two were parosteal osteogenic sarcomas, one arising in the maxilla and one in the mandible; two osteosarcomas of the maxilla arose in areas previously irradiated for other conditions. No previous histories of trauma, benign tumors of the jaws, or Paget's disease of bone were noted. The most common presenting symptom in the series was a tumor or swelling of the affected area. The average age of onset of osteosarcoma of the jaw is one or two decades later than the age of onset of osteosarcomas of other locations. Roentgenographic examination is helpful, especially when an osteoblastic lesion is found in the bone. Only one case with widening of the periodontal membrane space was recorded. A histologic examination is imperative for a definitive diagnosis. Surgical resection is the recommended treatment for osteosarcoma of the jaws. Parosteal osteogenic sarcoma of the jaws has a better prognosis than osteosarcoma, since there is less tendency to metastasize. Among osteosarcomas of the jaws, the mandibular sarcomas have the best prognosis.

A rational choice of treatment modality for patients with cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx depends upon a full evaluation of the size and location of the lesion and the extent of invasion of the adjacent structures. Radiological examination of the lesion is a valuable adjunct to clinical and endoscopic examinations. Currently employed methods are as follows: (1) Lateral soft tissue film of the neck. Its value is limited to detecting involvement of the preepiglottic, postpharyngeal soft tissue shadow and thyroid cartilage. (2) Frontal tomography of the larynx. Examination of the larynx by tomography is useful, but frequently disappointing. It is often difficult to detect a small lesion and it is frequently impossible to differentiate a tumor mass from an inflammatory edema.18(3) Barium swallow study. Barium swallow shows a fair visualization of the opacified areas; however, coating is often not adequate for a definite study of the hypopharynx

In preparation for a discussion of our experience with lymphangiographic diagnosis in testicular malignancies, a description of the embryology and anatomy of the testicle and its lymphatic drainage is of value. Embryology.— The urogenital fold ultimately extends from C-6 to S-2. The ridge divides into a lateral mesonephric fold and a medial genital fold, the primordium of the genital gland. The testicle descends from the para-aortic region to the scrotum. Gonadal tissue may exist anywhere along this distribution. Lymphatic Drainage.— Testicular lymphatics accompany the internal spermatic artery and vein and drain into the lumbar nodes. The right trunks terminate in the right lumbar glands which lie between the level of the aortic bifurcation and the renal vein. In 10%, these trunks end in a node in the angle between the right renal vein and the inferior vena cava. 19 The left testicular lymphatics drain into the para-aortic nodes near the

The correlations between the Raman band intensities, concentrations, refractive indices and the absorption frequency of benzene were studied by measuring the integrated intensities of the Raman band 992 cm -1 of benzene in 8 solutions of different concentrations and the refractive indices of the solutions. It is shown that the intensity deviation is proportional to the difference between the refractive index of the solution and that of pure benzene. The band intensities of different solutions depend linearly on their refractive indices, that is, the intensity does not depend on the nature of the solvent, but on its refractive index. The relationship between the band intensities and the resonance frequency factors of benzene in the solutions is also linear. The experimental results are discussed from the point of view of perturbation of the medium on the electronic absorption band.