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The investigators studied the experiential state of stimulus overinclusion (SOI) in 109 consecutive acutely hospitalized patients. This phenomenon has been cited in theoretical formulations of the schizophrenic defect. Schizophrenics did not experience significantly more SOI than other patients. Specific relationships to diagnosis, emotional states, and altered states of consciousness (particularly psychomimetics) were studied and etiological implications are discussed.

Erika Bourguignon, ed. Religion, Altered States of Consciousness, and Social Change. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1973. x+389 pp. Tables, illustrations, references, appendix, notes, and index. $12.50.

1. Introduction. When Sir William Logan, in the early years of the Geological Survey of Canada, was gradually unravelling the stratigraphical succession as displayed in the Dominion, he found that at the base of the whole column lay the crystalline rocks of the Laurentian Mountains. The name ‘Laurentian Mountains’ had been previously given to that great stretch of iron-bound coast which lies along the north of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and is not, properly speaking, a mountain-range at all, but is merely the margin of a great rock-plateau—the Laurentain peneplain—which forms a portion of the northern protaxis of the North American continent. Logan9s studies in the Province of Quebec led him to believe that the Laurentian System, as he termed it, consists of a series of highly-crystalline limestones interstratified with quartzites and gneisses, which in their turn overlie a great thickness of foliated orthoclase-gneiss, the foliation of the latter being regarded by him as the survival of an almost obliterated bedding. He subsequently found in Eastern Ontario a series of rocks which he considered in all probability to represent the Grenville Series in a less altered state, and to this he gave the name of the ‘Hastings Series.’ Later investigations showed that the anorthosite of the Laurentian System is of intrusive origin; but little further light was thrown upon the relations of the underlying limestone-series (which is now termed the Grenville Series) to the Lower or Fundamental Gneiss. The relation of the Grenville and the Hastings Series also remained

This presentation has been concerned with the elaboration of a paradigm for the study of altered states of consciousness. Emphasis has been placed upon the differentiation of ordinary-waking state and altered state behaviour-types in terms of patterns of physiological, sensory and perceptual responses. Prototypic differences in psychophysiological response characteristics, indicative of differences in "attention styles", have been described between ordinary-waking state subjects and schizophrenic subjects, LSD-25 drugged subjects and individuals in certain other altered states of consciousness.

My object in bringing forward this subject is more to exhibit the specimens themselves than to give any thorough description of their structure. This would be very difficult, except aided by numerous careful drawings, and would even then fall far short of what can be seen at once by inspecting the thin sections with the microscope. I am indebted to Mr. James G. Marshall, F.G.S., of Headingley House, Leeds, for the material used in my microscopical inquiries. He melted in some cases above a ton of the rock, and allowed it to cool very slowly. I have prepared thin sections of various specimens, and I may remark that the facts I am about to describe form part of a wider inquiry in which I have for some time been engaged, and that I have already studied, and shall still further most carefully study, the comparative structure of various kinds of igneous rocks in their natural state, and after having been fused and slowly cooled. However, not to take up time with such general remarks, I will at once proceed to describe the structure of the Mount Sorrel Syenite, and of the products derived from it by fusion. The rock operated on is a mixture of reddish felspar, clear green hornblende, and quartz, along with some opaque mineral, evidently in a greatly altered state, perhaps originally pyrites or magnetic oxide of iron. The felspar is in very distinct crystals, but has often caught up much hornblende; and the quartz fills up ...

In this in-depth psychosocial study of a famous conversion, the author analyses the possible correlations with the process of “working through” in psychotherapy. A theoretical framework for understanding the altered states of consciousness during the conversion is proposed.

K/Ar ages on rocks from the Deccan Traps include results on exposed lava flow sequences at Mahabaleshwar and Amboli. Several criteria were used to assess their reliability. The calculated ages range from 40 my to 66 my and are not concordant with the stratigraphy. This can be explained by the altered state of most samples, which is visible in hand specimen and in thin section. This conclusion is further supported by the measured H2O(+) contents, almost all of which exceed one percent. Consideration of these factors, in addition to the possible error magnification of a large air correction in some samples, leads to the conclusion that the age of these flows is at least 60–65 my.

(1971). Altered States of Consciousness: An Experimental Case Study. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 40-58.

1. 1. In untreated general paralysis there is an apparent excess of serum protein with corresponding globulin increase. 2. 2. Following malarial therapy in general paralysis there is no discernible increase of serum protein, but the albumen-globulin balance is disturbed, with an apparent increase of globulin. 3. 3. In general paralysis pyrexial therapy induced by sulfosin appears to affect the serum protein in exactly the same way as malaria; the same sulfosin treatment in dementia praecox is not associated with an increase of total protein, but there is an apparent increase in the globulin fraction. 4. 4. Tryparsamide treatment in general paralysis has no obvious effect on the total serum protein or the albumen-globulin partition. 5. 5. There is no apparent relation between any altered state of the serum protein and the intensity of the Wassermann reaction.

Andropause is a clinical condition characterized by a partial deficiency of androgens in blood and/or a decreased sensitivity in target tissues. This state of hypogonadism leads to a decline of physical energy, an altered state of well-being, a sexual dysfunction and various metabolic alterations. These issues may have deleterious effects on muscle mass, bone density, lipid profile and eventually cognitive functions. The diagnosis of andropause depends mainly on clinical features and laboratory investigations. Awareness about this condition may help to diagnosis it earlier. doi: 10.3329/taj.v21i1.3228 TAJ 2008; 21(1): 87-92

The importance of allergy, or an altered state of reactivity to specific agents, has been stressed repeatedly in the recent ophthalmic literature. Much of this literature deals with purely experimental lesions of the eye, and a small amount deals with clinical investigation. Rather broad deductions appear to have been made from these experimental and clinical findings, and at present clinical ophthalmologists are constantly confronted with the questions of therapeutic desensitization and various forms of vaccine treatment for patients with inflammatory lesions of the conjunctiva and anterior part of the uveal tract. I have no wish to minimize the importance of allergic reactions in these conditions. However, the questions involved are complicated and in many instances not clearly understood, and often lie more in the domain of the immunologist and of the bacteriologist than in the province of the ophthalmologist. It is my purpose in this paper to outline, from

The hypothesis that hypnosis is an altered state of awareness characterized by a lack of spontaneous behavior was tested by determining if hypnotized Ss can simulate waking behavior. If hypnosis represents an altered state of awareness, Ss should not be able to simulate the alert, waking state. Eight somnambulistic Ss were unobtrusively observed while they waited with a waking S for the experimenter to arrive. The observers were able to identify seven of the hypnotized Ss on the basis of their relative lack of spontaneity. This was also true for an independent replication group of five Ss. State theory was supported and it was concluded that more can be learned about an altered state by the attempt of a hypnotized S to simulate the waking state.

Both yoga and hypnosis have been commonly thought to involve altered states of consciousness and to give rise to unusual phenomena. However, empirical studies reviewed in this paper indicate the following: (a) Since the hypothesized altered states (yogic samadhi and hypnotic trance) have not as yet been adequately denoted, they cannot, at present, be viewed as scientific concepts, (b) The observable phenomena that are popularly associated with the term yoga (e.g., fire-walking, burial-alive, lying-on-nails, and voluntary control over autonomic functions) and with the term hypnosis (e.g., hallucinations, age-regression, amnesia, and the human-plank feat) are quite different from what they seem to be superficially; are not mysterious at all; and are readily explainable. A methodological critique of studies in these areas is presented and suggestions are made for further research.

Detailed measurements of the complete vector-velocity and temperature fields have been carried out for an upper symmetrical (Hadley regime) flow in a rotating, differentially heated annulus of water in order that precise comparison could be made with numerical integrations by G. Williams. To make the measurements, small hypodermic probes must be inserted into the fluid from above. Definite and significant alterations of the torque-angular momentum balance of the fluid, and associated alterations of other field variables have been detected experimentally and shown to be due to the probes. Measurements have been made that allow extrapolation from the altered state to a “no-probe” state and the determination of correction fields for the temperature and velocity. Evidence that the drag on the probes in the upper westerly zonal flow may be the main source of the flow alteration is given. Important implications of the existence of such effects for quantitative meteorological experiments are pointed out...

Responses of Ss on the Altered States of Consciousness Induction Device (ASCID) were scored for hypnotic depth on the LeCron-Bordeaux Scale to compare ASCID with hypnotic experience. The ASCID is a movable platform suspended from a single point upon which Ss are rocked. Under these conditions, Ss entered a light to medium trance, although specific experiences reported ranged from those characteristic of light to those characteristic of very deep trance. Similar data were obtained with a group of Ss asked to experience themselves in a trance, although the relative frequencies of specific experiences were different. Both seem related to conventional hypnosis but different from it and one another. Altered syndromes of consciousness may be a better term for this area of investigation than altered states.

Four Ss with histories of reported spontaneous ESP occurrence participated in 8 sessions per S. Each session consisted of 3 trials in which the contents (art prints) of sealed envelopes were assessed by clairvoyant means. One trial took place while S was in his ordinary waking state, one while S was in a self-induced altered conscious state, and one while S was in an altered state induced by sensory-bombardment techniques. Written transcripts of each S‘s statements were given to 3 outside evaluators who ranked each transcript against the 4 possible art prints in the target pool randomly selected for that session. Using median ranks of 1 and 2 as “hits” and ranks of 3 and 4 as “misses,” the 4 Ss were awarded a total of 58 “hits” and 38 “misses” ( CR = 2.04, p = .041, two-tailed). S-judgings produced a total of 61 “hits” and 35 “misses” ( CR = 2.65, p = .008, two-tailed).

Auditory hallucinations were experienced by a hysterical patient during periods of intense daydreaming (or altered states of consciousness), and were disclosed to be the result of an unconscious wishing and yearning to resurrect and rejoin her mother. The fact that the patient could almost turn "the voices" on and off, recognize them to be products of her own imagination, i.e., thoughts and wishes, and was clearly able to resolve their underlying determinants suggests she was neurotic rather than psychotic during the course of treatment.

Various authors state that from 90 to 99 per cent of all bleeding from the nose is due to a local vascular defect, and that 90 per cent of this is situated in the anterior portion of the septal cartilage in Kiesselbach's area. This area was first described by an American named Little. The vessel in question is a small branch of the internal sphenopalatine, and bleeding usually occurs at about its anastomosis with a branch of the superior coronary, or artery of the septum, where there is a little racemose group or minute plexus, superficially situated. The conditions affecting this large majority are multiple; there are local causes, such as traumas, ulcers and engorgement of all sorts, and the general causes, such as high blood pressure, altered states of the blood, as for instance the anemias and leukemias, puerpura, alteration of the coagulability, vicarious menstruation, changes in atmospheric pressure

Mouse peritoneal macrophages were infected with varying numbers of Nocardia asteroides 10905, and the fate of the ingested organisms was determined by viable plate count (VPC), light microscopy (LM), immunofluorescent microscopy (IM), and electron microscopy (EM). The results obtained with these methods differed. VPC indicated that intracellular Nocardia decreased in numbers during the first 12 days, followed by significant increases after 16 days. LM suggested that N. asteroides 10905 was slowly degraded by macrophages with no subsequent increases observed. In contrast, IM demonstrated large numbers of intracellular Nocardia throughout the experiment. EM studies of infected macrophages failed to demonstrate intact bacteria after 8 days; however, wall-less and spheroplast-like organisms were seen. These results suggested that N. asteroides 10905 was present within the macrophages in an altered form. By using hypertonic culture medium, we were able to isolate, from infected macrophages, organisms which exhibited many of the properties of bacterial L-forms. IM demonstrated these variants to be of nocardial origin. These altered forms also reverted to typical nocardial cells either spontaneously or upon transfer into broth. These findings indicate that N. asteroides 10905 is capable of existing within macrophages in an altered state. Further investigation is in progress to determine whether these altered forms represent L-forms or transitional-phase variants.

GREAT advances in the diagnosis of altered states of adrenocortical function have been made possible by improvements in methods of steroid analysis and by the availability of purified preparations of ACTH and adrenocortical hormones. The development of simple methods for the measurement of blood and urinary 17-hydroxycorticoids has facilitated the estimation of the quantity of hydrocortisone secreted by the human adrenal cortex.1 , 2 The availability of ACTH has opened the way to the exploration of adrenocortical reserve in a wide variety of physiologic and pathologic states. It now appears that the intravenous administration of ACTH with the determination of 17-hydroxycorticoids and . . .

Subjects who received EEG alpha feedback recorded from two homologous scalp areas (central-temporal) were trained to have ON-OFF control over the left and right sides. The partial success in demonstrating localized control suggests that subjects may be trained for very specific control. Localized training may be used to partition the subjective, conscious and behavioral experiences associated with selected EEG patterns and to develop an independent subjective physiological language. Applications to medicine and altered states of consciousness are discussed.

THE anatomical arrangement of the blood-vessels in skeletal muscle was examined in detail by Ranvier1 and by Spalteholz2. The capillaries were found to form a columnar network with longitudinal branches running parallel to the muscle fibres and transverse branches forming segments of rings around the fibres. Ranvier noted that the red muscles of rabbit had a higher density of capillaries than the pale ones. Investigations by Stoel3, and Duyff and Bouman4, revealed a difference in the number of capillaries in various muscles of the same animal. Subsequent studies of capillaries in animals under normal and physiologically altered states, by investigators such as Krogh5, Lindgren6, Petren et al.7, showed only a change in the total number of capillaries. Bullard8 demonstrated that pale muscles consisted of a variable mixture of fibres of different darkness and size. Recently, Dubowitz and Pearse9 have shown histochemically that these fibres of a pale muscle have different intensities of cytochrome oxidase activity.

The disease which thus evokes these new and wonderful talents and operations of the mind may be compared to an earthquake which, by convulsing the upper strata of our globe, throws upon its surface precious and splendid fossils, the existence of which was unknown to the proprietors of the soil in which they were buried. 1 THIS PAPER is concerned with subjective experience in the early phases of some psychotic reactions and has been prepared with two problems in mind. First, in the experimental production of altered states of awareness in man, the most common source of information is the self-report; yet when data obtained in this way are compared to clinical conditions it becomes clear that we have very little comparable information from patients. As a result, when studies in experimental psychopathology are related to clinical states, comparisons may be confusing and can give rise

The effects of electroshock (ES) are experienced by individuals in our culture mainly by accident or under medical supervision. Increasingly sophisticated techniques using ES in medicine suggest the need for intensive research into such factors as state-dependent effects, behavioral sequelae, conditioned responses in various neurophysiological systems, and effects upon the memory trace.

Summary1. The distribution and breakdown of insulin-I131 in rats under various changes in carbohydrate metabolism has been studied. 2. An intravenous glucose load exerted no detectable effect other than to reduce renal radioactivity. 3. Intravenous fructose markedly reduced renal precipitable radioactivity, and increased hepatic and muscle radioactivity. 4. Intraperitoneal glucose or fructose has the same effects as intravenous fructose but to a lesser degree. 5. Alloxan diabetic animals concentrated more precipitable radioactivity in the liver and blood. 6. Phloridzin exerted no effect on insulin distribution and degradation. 7. Fasting effected little change; there was some decrease in renal and some increase in hepatic precipitable radioactivity. 8. The limitations and implications of the study are discussed.

Comparative studies were made on cardiac actomyosin from normal dogs and from dogs with experimental failure. Actomyosin was characterized by ultracentrifugal sedimentation velocity, viscosity and ATP-ase measurements. The data on actomyosin from normal cardiac muscle showed a striking similarity to the findings reported by others for skeletal muscle actomyosin. The only difference found between cardiac actomyosin front the normal and experimental material was an abnormal component ( S 20 W = 5.0-6.7) in the sedimentation pattern for actomyosin from 4 of 11 dogs with cardiac failure. It seems likely that the changes in actomyosin which resulted in the abnormal sedimentation pattern were produced during extraction or preparation of the actomyosin and that they do not reflect an altered state of actomyosin in the functioning heart. The explanation for the occurrence of this slow sedimentation component solely in the experimental material is not clear.

For 19 Ss a condition of sensory overload induced several kinds of altered states of consciousness. RFT scores correlated .39 with degrees of altered consciousness, indicating that field dependency is associated with the experience of radically altered consciousness.

BENEATH man's thin veneer of consciousness lies a relatively uncharted realm of mental activity, the nature and function of which have been neither systematically explored nor adequately conceptualized. Despite numerous clinical and research reports on daydreaming, sleep and dream states, hypnosis, sensory deprivation, hysterical states of dissociation and depersonalization, pharmacologically induced mental aberrations, and so on, there has been little attempt made to organize this scattered information into a consistent theoretical system. It is my present intention to integrate and discuss current knowledge regarding various altered states of consciousness in an effort to determine (a) the conditions necessary for their emergence, (b) the factors which influence their outward manifestations, (c) their relatedness and/or common denominators, and (d) the adaptive or maladaptive functions which these states may serve for man. For the purpose of discussion, I shall regard "altered state(s) of consciousness" [hereafter referred

What strikes the observer of subjects in hypnosis is, of course, the amazing and often dramatic behavior they display, apparently in response to words only. However, persons who themselves have been hypnotized or who have carefully interviewed other persons after they have been hypnotized, know that from the subject’s point of view hypnosis is more than anything a remarkable experience.

DEFINITION. By hyperidrosis we understand an excessive production of sweat due primarily to anomalies of the nerve centers influencing the sweat secretion; and secondarily, to circulatory disturbances depending on the altered state of the vasomotor nerves. The definition tries to embrace the two main central causes of overactivity of the sudoriparous glands. It will be shown later that there are also peripheral causes for hyperidrosis. It is impossible to determine how much the other follicular secretions—those of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles—contribute to the volume of exuded material. We have no reliable method of separating both kinds of secretions from each other. Already Meissner1maintained that the coil glands serve as fatty lubricators, and more recently Unna2tried to prove that the sebaceous glands contribute only in a small degree to the function of lubricating the skin with fatty material, and that the coil glands mainly perform this

Recently the authors 1 briefly reported complications and misuses associated with hallucinogenic drugs, such as D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Recently, an increasing number of adverse reactions to these drugs have occurred, and a discussion of the nature of the complications appears indicated. It is not our intention to minimize the potential value of these agents. Rather, we wish to emphasize the importance of continued research with this group of compounds, so that their advantages and limitations are eventually understood. We have already reported on certain aspects of their therapeutic properties. 2,3 However, the question of their therapeutic value remains unsettled since no definitive study has been reported. It is our impression that they are unique tools in the study of altered states of awareness, perception, and ideation. The nomenclature of these compounds poses problems. "Hallucinogen" is a poor name for this group since true hallucinations occur infrequently.

DUNLOP, D. M. (I963): Eighty-six Cases of Addison's Disease, Brit. med. J., ii, 887. FELix-DAvIEs, D. (1955): Addison's Disease Presenting as Loss of Weight without Pigmentation, Ibid., 48, 1023. FELLOWS, R. E., BUCHANAN, J. R., PETERSON, R. E., STOKES, P. E. (I:962): Chronic Primary Adrenal Insufficiency without Hyperpigmentation, New Engl. Y. Med., 267, 215. JENKINS, D., FORSHAM, P. H., LAIDLAW, J. C., REDDY, W. J., THORN, G. W. (1955): Use of ACTH in the Diagnosis of Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency, Amer. Y. Med., I8, 3. JoREs, A., TAmm, J. (1959): Uber Einen Fall Von Sogenanntem Weissem M. Addison Mit Cushing-ahnlichem Habitus Nach Substitution Mit Prednison, Acta endocr. (Kbh.), 32, 519. LAIDLAW, J. C., RIDDY, W. J., JENKINS, D., HAYDAR, N. A., RENOLD, A. E., THORN, G. W. (1955): Advances in the Diagnosis of Altered States of Adrenocortical Function, New Engl. Y. Med., 253, 747. LAWSON, H. A., BECK, I. A., MURPHY, R. G. (1943): Addison's Disease: Report of a Fatal Case, New Engl. Y. Med., 228, 480. STONE, D. B., JEWEL, J. G. (I96I): The Danger of Corticotrophin in Addison's Disease, Arch. intern. Med., 107, 372 THORN, G. W., JENKINS, D., LAIDLAW, J. C., GOETZ, F. C., DINGMAN, J. F., ARONS, W. L., STREETEN, D. H. P., MCCRACKEN, B. H. (I953): Pharmacological Aspects of Adrenocortical Steroids and ACTH in Man, New Engl. . Med., 248, 588. WILKS, S. (I862): On Disease of the Supra-renal Capsules or Morbus Addisoni, Guy's Hosp. Rep., 8, I.