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This is a contrastive analysis of Dari and Pashto, both official languages of Afghanistan, with a view toward outlining the difficulties faced by speakers of Dari learning Pashto as a second language. The main focus is on morphological structures, although phonology is also briefly dealt with. The brief phonological comparison, with emphasis on a Dari speaker's difficulties in learning Pashto phonology, is followed by chapters describing Pashto and Dari morphology. A detailed analysis is made of difficulties encountered by the Dari speaker in learning Pashto morphology. The major difficulties are divided into the following areas: (1) number, gender, and case in parts of speech other than the verb; (2) the verbal system; (3) agreement, involving number, gender, case, and the verbal system; (4) order, only as it affects phrase constructions; and (5) the noun. (Author/AM)

We study the implication of the algebra of currents and the concepts of unitarity, analyticity and high energy behaviour of scattering amplitudes to investigate sum rules for some scattering processes. In Chapter I we introduce the concept of current algebras and show how to derive sum rules starting from equal time commutators. In Chapter II we apply the formulation developed in Chapter I, to the equal time commutator of axial vector charge and the isovector electromagnetic current, and obtain a relation between the πN*N* p-wave coupling constant to s-wave πNN coupling constant. In Chapter III we show how to derive sum rule for strongly interacting particles starting from commutator of weak currents. This leads us to examine whether we could derive the same sum rules without the help of current commutator , and using only the concepts of pure strong interaction, namely unitarity, analyticity, high energy behaviour. We find that this can be done. We then apply the formalism to derive sum rules for πD (N*1525) scattering, obtaining a value for the πDD coupling constant. In Chapter IV, we develop and apply the helicity formalism to obtain superconvergence relation for πN → πN* and πN* →πN*. We obtain a relation between πNN coupling constant g(_1) and p-wave coupling constant g(_3). We also find the value of g(_3) in terms of g(_2), the πNN* coupling constant.

The study of some condensation reactions of malonyl chloride with nitriles revealed some very interesting results. It was found that fluoroacetonitrile reacted with malonyl chloride in the molar ratio of 2:1 and yielded 4-chloro-2-fluoromethy1-6-hydroxypyrimidine (65%). The reaction of malonyl chloride with chloroacetonitrile produced mainly 2-chloromethyl-4-chloro-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine along with some 2,3-dichloro-4,6-dihydroxy-pyridine. In contrast, like fluoroacetonitrile acetonitrile, bromoacetonitrile and a-bromopropio nitrile with malonyl chloride yielded exclusively their corresponding pyrimidines. The structures of these pyrimidines and pyridines were established with the aid of nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, infrared and ultraviolet light absorption spectroscopy. Their structures were also confirmed by chemical transformations. The formation of RCOC1 along with the pyrimidines has been established by nuclear magnetic resonance,isolation of a characteristic derivative, and gas-liquid chromatography. The possible mechanisms of this new synthesis of pyrimidines have been discussed. In seeking evidence, some syntheses were performed with malonyl chloride labelled with carbon-14. The results of these experiments with labelled malonyl chloride and with halogenomalonyl chlorides showed that all the three carbon atoms of malonyl chloride appeared in the pyrimidine nucleus whilst all of the carbon atoms of the RCOC1 product belonged originally to the starting nitrile. An interesting feature of this new synthesis of pyrimidines is that it is the first direct synthesis of chloro-pyrimidines in which halogen appears at an active position of the ring.

The chemistry of Tecoma stans and cyclopentanoid monoterpene alkaloids is reviewed. A brief review of the chemistry of the related compounds and of 9-azasteroids is also included. Several methods for the construction of a perhydropyrindane system have been investigated. A synthesis of 2:4-dimethyl-l:2:3:4:5:7-hexahydro-6H-2-pyrindin-2-one is given, together with the syntheses of l:5-dimethyl-3-carboethoxy-4-piperidone and N-phenyl-3-carbomethoxy-4-piperidone. Alkylation of the basic keto-esters (e.g. 1:5-dimethyl-3-carbo­ethoxy-4-piperidone) has been achieved in higher yields than reported in the literature. A synthesis of 1:5-dimethyl-3-cyanomethyl-4-piperidone and its conversion to 1:5-dimethyl-3-cyanomethyl-4-chloropiperidine is described together with a synthesis of the ethylene ketal of N-methyl-3-carboethoxy­methyl-4-piperidone.

This thesis is a geographical study of two adjoining Indian cities of the Deccan plateau - Hyderabad and Secunderabad. In this study of the two settlements the physical, ecological and economic structures have been interpreted in the light of functions and historical development. I have tried to make this thesis more than purely descriptive by examining critically these two cities within the more general framework of certain theories of urban morphology. Of the two volumes which comprise this study, Volume I contains text and diagrams while maps are presented in Volume II. All the diagrams and maps are original and the work of the writer, except that in preparing maps 3 to 13 free use has been made of the maps Produced by the Survey of India and the Town Planning Department, Andhra Pradesh.