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Background:: Motor vehicle crashes (MVC) are considered to be the most common safety challenge, causing more than a million deaths worldwide annually. Objectives:: The current study was aimed at identifying the etiological role of human and vehicle safety factors in road crashes, and their effects on the severity of injury and fatality in the Sistan and Baluchistan Province, South East Iran. Patients and Methods:: In this study, 2 703 MVC recorded at the police office during one year period, were reviewed. The profile of the crashes was comprised of data that included; demographic characteristics of the injured persons in a MCV, type of crash, type of vehicles involved, location of crash, as well as human, environmental and mechanical factors which contributed to the crash. Data were analysed using binary and multinomial logistic regressions. Results:: After adjusting for confounding factors, vehicles with passengers were 33% more likely to have a crash. Furthermore, pickup trucks and heavy trucks increased the chance of causing a crash, 1.66 and 1.84 times more than saloon cars, respectively. Vehicles made after 2005 had twice the risk of causing a crash than those made in 1980 or before. In addition, in a multivariate model; drivers age, type of vehicle and circumstances of car damage were contributing factors to the severity of injury. Conclusions:: Type and age of the car, the presence of passengers and the degree of damage to the car were the determinant factors for car crashes, and consequent severity of injury in the study area. Educational programs must be directed at promoting public knowledge about the consequences of their behavior as either a passenger or driver.

SummaryAn adequate supply of oxygen, to maintain aerobic metabolism, is essential during the storage of apples. One of the recommended conditions for storing Cox’s Orange Pippin apples is in 1.8 to 2.5% oxygen; sometimes this is attained by admitting nitrogen to the store. Inaccurate estimation of the oxygen content of the store can result in the fruit being deprived of oxygen and in the accumulation of alcohol in the tissues. If aerobic conditions are re-established, the alcohol content of the fruit decreases, but if the concentration is of the order of 200 mg alcohol/100 g fruit the apples become senescent before they lose the alcoholic flavour.It has been suggested elsewhere that a preliminary anaerobic phase, lasting for a week at 3.5 °C, leads to improved turn-out of apples from C.A. storage. For the English cultivars tested this has not proved to be the case. Accidental or deliberate anaerobiosis is detrimental in other respects, apart from the accumulation of alcohol; losses from rotting are increa...

Thrombolysin was administered to forty-five patients with acute myocardial infarction. Anticoagulants were not administered during thrombolysin therapy but were begun in most patients a few hours after administration of thrombolysin was stopped. There were thirty male and fifteen female patients. Of this group, six died and thirty-nine survived. Those who died were admitted to the hospital either in shock and/or congestive heart failure. Significant side reactions were noted in four patients. In view of the results in experimental animals and the results obtained in our series, early institution of thrombolysin therapy is imperative for optimum results. This is a preliminary report. The patients who survived are being re-evaluated and comparisons are being made with a control group on a long term basis in the follow-up clinic.

Escherichia coli-Endotoxin (1 mg per kg) wurde in die Ohrvene von Kaninchen injiziert: Die Succinat-dehydrogenase- und Cytochromoxydase-Aktivitat in den Mitochondrien des Herzmuskels wurde nach 15 min verandert. Es ist wahrscheinlich, dass das Endotoxin sowohl auf das Herz, als auch auf die peripheren Gefasse direkt wirkt.

Objective: Sleep is an active and complex rhythmic state that may be affected by the aging process. The purpose of present research was to investigate the effect of low and moderate intensity aerobic exercises on sleep quality in older adults. Methods: The research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical sample included 45 volunteer elderly men with age range of 60-70 years-old that divided randomly in two experimental groups (aerobic exercise with low and moderate intensity) and one control group. In each group selected 15 older adults based on inclusion and exclusion criteria (such as, without sleep apnea, not smoking, and no taking hypnotic drugs). First, all subjects were evaluated by a doctor to confirm their physical and mental health. Also, the maximum heart rate (MaxHR) of subjects was obtained by subtracting one’s age from 220. Furthermore, based on aerobic exercise type (40-50% MaxHR for low intensity group and 60-70% MaxHR for moderate intensity group) the target MaxHR was calculated for each subject. The exercise protocol consisted of 8 weeks aerobic exercises (2 sessions in per-week) based on Rockport onemile walking/running test and the control group continued their daily activities. All subjects in per-test and post-test stages completed the Petersburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: In pre-test stage, results showed that there were no significant differences between control and experimental groups in sleep quality and its components (P > 0.05). On the other hand, results in post-test stage showed that there were significant differences between control and experimental groups in these variables (P < 0.05). Also, the Tukey Post Hoc showed that the moderate intensity group scores in total sleep quality and its components were better than other groups (P < 0.05). Finally, the low intensity group scores in total sleep quality and its components were better than control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Generally, the present research showed that the aerobic exercises with moderate intensity (60-70% MaxHR) have a positive and significant effect on sleep quality and its components. Thus, based on these findings, the aerobic exercises with moderate intensity is a useful to improve the sleep quality and its components among community older adults were recommended.

Excerpt The prevalence of all forms of congenital syphilis has declined remarkably in the penicillin era, and only three reports of congenital neurosyphilis have been found in the English literatur...

MALIGNA tumors of thyroglossal duct remnants are rare. A review of the English literature reveals only 27 reported cases of thyroid carcinoma arising along the course of the thyroglossal duct and fewer of lingual thyroid origin. In addition, there are several reports of epidermoid carcinoma originating in the thyroglossal tract.1,2Therefore, the incidence of malignancy of the thyroglossal tract is probably well below 1% A brief review of the embryology of the thyroid gland explains the occurrence of the thyroid tissue in the thyroglossal tract. The thyroid gland forms at about the fourth week of embryonic life from a median diverticulum of the ventral pharyngeal wall at a position marked in adult life by the foramen cecum. As the thyroid gland moves downward, it forms behind it a duct lined by squamous, columnar, or transitional epithelium which passes through the tissue which later becomes the hyoid bone. Ordinarily, the