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Detection of hydrologic change is taken to mean analysis of historical records to establish the plausibility of nonhomogeneity of data. Such nonhomogeneity is conventionally associated with some watershed physical change. A change could conceivably occur in any one of a vast number of recorded or derived items of data. Therefore, summarization of methods for detection is not given specifically for selected variables. Rather, a general description of data provided by various experimental hydrologic designs is given. General models and selected illustrations are given for different types of data. It is shown that the conventional statistical methods of discriminant and regression analysis are suitable for many situations. An evaluation of any method for detecting change is provided by examination of its conformity to these or other classical statistical methods.

Presents a summarization and analysis of certain leadership-development and leadership-analysis techniques. Nature of sociodrama and sociometry techniques; Basic difference between psychodrama and ...

A very little reflection on the part of the reader will lead to the realization that, long as this review is, it represents in its present extent a virtual summarization of the available literature of the subject. It is probably not possible to condense further, i.e., to summarize, and at the same time to keep the review representative of the actual literature.

Preparation of material and equipment quantity surveys for project costing is examined. Types of material by usage are outlined as well as considerations for preparation, organization, and summarization of quantities surveyed. The translation of nonpermanent material into usable quantities for pricing is explained. Material is related to labor, and quantity survey details versus field cost accounting methods as they bear on the survey breakdown and accuracy are examined. Included also is an investigation of the primary considerations for surveying equipment, all of the items that might be included, and a logical method of analyzing the installation.

A source form for the collection of feed composition data has been designed which is adapted to electronic data processing equipment. By coding this form in a prescribed manner, a variety of data manipulations and summarization control steps can be automatically accomplished. Information contained on each source form is transferred to a series of cards, each bearing an identical six-digit assembly number punched into each card of that set. Data on the punched cards are then transferred to magnetic-tape files. The primary sorting, summarization control, and identification number is the NRC feed-name reference number. A unique reference number identifies each of the approximately 5,700 feeds named according to the NRC nomenclature system. Secondary sorting and summarization control is attained by use of code numbers for laboratory name, date of sample collection, geographic area designations, literature references, digestibility trial data, and method of nutrient analysis. A code factor is also used in association with each nutrient datum recorded in a unit of measure other than the preferred unit. By interrogating this factor, the computer can use a designated calculation routine to convert each such datum to the preferred unit of measure before beginning summary calculations.

In today's high speed networks it is becoming increasingly challenging for network managers to understand the nature of the traffic that is carried in their network. A major problem for traffic analysis in this context is how to extract a concise yet accurate summary of the relevant aggregate traffic flows that are present in network traces. In this paper we present two summarization techniques to minimize the size of the traffic flow report that is generated by a hierarchical cluster analysis tool. By analyzing the accuracy and compaction gain of our approach on a standard benchmark dataset, we demonstrate that our approach achieves more accurate summaries than those of an existing tool that is based on frequent itemset mining. Key words: Cluster analysis, Internet management, Traffic analysis, Summarization. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i3.4400 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(3), 281-288, 2009

The economic possibilities in the use of the autogiro and airplane for controlling the pests and diseases of forest and shade trees and agricultural crops have required the preparation and study of concentrated mixtures that might be used in aerial spraying. Since 1936 the writer has been investigating various aspects of this problem. In the laboratory special attention was given to the compatibility of the mixtures, the ratio of the various ingredients necessary to make the most economical and most effective mixtures, the most suitable method of mixing and the stability of the suspensions. In the field special attention was given to atomization, the degree to which the spray ingredients dried out before reaching the foliage, the effect on different kinds of foliage and the adherence. Methods used and data obtained are omitted from the present paper, which is a summarization and discussion of experience so far gained, with particular reference to composition and characteristics of the various mixtures studied. It is hoped that methods and results on various aspects of the general investigation may be published later.

A brief summarization of deveiopments in mammalian cytogenetics, gene action during development, and cell clones and pattern formation is presented. (P.C.H.)

In city planning, data-processing machines permit the rapid handling and summarization of data in housing, renewal, land use, transportation, and basic urban research. Electronic computers. specifically, are exciting because they offer a means of solving complex city planning problems, especially in forecasting land use and travel demand. For most planning operations punched card data processing is superior to other processes. The functions of these machines are described herein and three examples of data processing are elaborated on. In future years, planning techniques may have to be altered considerably to take advantage of the potentials of data processing.

The general procedure and detailed steps for attaining complete factor analyses of scores are presented. Both orthogonal and oblique factors are considered. It is shown that a single average by conventional procedure gives an incomplete summarization of the data when the rank exceeds one. There should be as many averages as there are common factors.

Given a set of items (predictors) suppose one wishes to predict another set of items (predictands) in asimultaneous way. Such a situation may occur when the predictands are different measurable aspects of the same phenomenon. Alternatively one might wish to predict the success of an event (say a successfully performed task) which has many correlated or uncorrelated failure modes (say a set of possible mental or physical disabilities each of them by itself precluding the achievement of the said task.) In such a case a unidimensional prediction is of value only if prediction is simultaneous for all possible failure modes. A linear summarization of the predictors is suggested, which is unique and has “maximum” predictability value for all predictands simultaneously. Other summarizations or scores are found that give “maximum” explanation of residual measures on the predictands and that are uncorrelated. The set of those simultaneous linear predictions is compared to the set of the individual multiple regression predictions as used, for instance, in the same context by Horst [4] for each predictand given the original predictors. We suggest that this technique can be applied in particular to the summarization of a subset of items when the whole set of items constitutes the set of predictands.

The last general review of elastomeric adhesion and adhesives appeared in this journal eight years ago. At that time an attempt was made, at least in a limited way, to develop the subject from its scientific beginnings and to present a fairly broad and connected picture. The objective of the present review will be more modest, an up-dating only. Much of what was said in the earlier review remains pertinent and relevant today, and no attempt will be made to restate such material in detail, although summarization of current status will be attempted. On the theoretical side, emphasis will be on those studies which have modified earlier views, disproved some theories or strongly confirmed others, or unified previously disconnected observations. On the technological side, emphasis will be on new applications for adhesives, new adhesive raw materials and techniques and the increased scope they offer, and new materials to be bonded with the problems and challenges they engender. For some time, growth in adhesives has consistently outstripped the general economy, and elastomeric adhesives have more than held their own as compared with other types. Adhesive production in 1965 was estimated at 3.2 billion solid pounds. Probably at least 10% of this could be considered elastomeric, and, if expressed in dollar value, would be a much greater proportion. A recent estimate of growth rate for adhesives and sealants was 10% per year, approximately twice that of the dry rubber industry. There is every reason to believe that this trend will continue in the foreseeable future as the former psychological resistance to “gluing” as opposed to rivets, bolts, nails, and welds fast disappears. Accelerating economic growth has stimulated technical advances, and the reverse, and this is reflected in a burgeoning literature.

This paper is a compilation, correlation, and summarization of the views of the participants in the Workshop on the Biologic Basis for Modern Endodontic Practice. It represents a synthesis of three input sources: the position and review papers presented at the Workshop, the consensus of the Workshop participants, and the particular expertise of the author in the subject area.

A solution is demonstrated for the chronic research problem of summarizing teachers' discrete observations of pupil behaviors. A complex classification system conceptualized by Leary & Coffey (L-C) was used to combine a possible maximum of 72 teacher nominations per child in a fifth grade sample ( N = 468) from eight socio-ethnically diverse schools. Classification into one of four categories ws possible for 224 pupils. Opposing types, compared on each of 17 criterion measures (GPA, intelligence, achievement, sociometric choice, and self-report instruments), supported the L-C model's viability for such data summarization and for developmental comparison.

This study attempted to measure the generalization of the counseling skills learned via the microcounseling paradigm to the actual counseling setting. Twenty practicum counselors were assigned to two groups: (a) experimental group, training focused on the microcounseling skills of attending behavior, reflection of feeling, and summarization of feeling and (b) control group, no training. Measurements of the microcounseling skills were obtained at four intervals: (1) pretraining, (2) posttraining, (3) counseling session I, and (4) counseling session II. Results indicated that experimental subjects evidenced greater learning and retention of skills in reflection of feeling and summarization of feeling. There were no significant differences between subjects on attending behavior skills. Results are discussed with implications for training counselors via the microcounseling paradigm.

Central to the various purposes for which general classification is practiced is the preservation, or summarizing, of information (Michener, 1963; Sneath, 1957; Sokal, 1962; Farris, 1967; Johnson, 1968; Rogers, 1961; Wirth, Estabrook, and Rogers, 1966). This discussion will present one method in which this fundamental concept can be made more precise and, within that context, suggest possible logical formulations for preservation or summarization of information.

(1969). The Summarization of Data. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 68-71.

The presentation of a mathematics lesson, whether it be by verbal exposition, written format, programmed instruction, or heuristic teaching, presupposes the establishment of connections with previously learned material. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of using three kinds of information related to the lesson content, and thereby facilitating the acquisition and retention of some mathematics content. The three kinds of information were: an advance organizer (AO), a cognitive set (CS), and a post organizer (PO) of lesson content. Advance organizers, cognitive sets, and post organizers are concepts that apply to the structure of an individual lesson. They represent possible variables in the design of a lesson. The theory of advance organizers is a theory of the organization of lessons. Likewise, the theoretical points of view concerning cognitive sets and post organizers deal with organizational properties of lessons. These variables have intuitive appeal to the mathematics teacher, both singly and collectively, and they support some of the practitioners' maxims about mathematics teaching. For instance, mathematics teachers work hard at meaningful introduction to new material. They sometimes attempt to let the student know specifically what the aim of a lesson may be. When the presentation is finished, closing with a concise summarization is usually desirable. The use of previous student knowledge as a general framework in the advance organizer and the post organizer and specifying the lesson objective in the cognitive set connect these variables to some of the folklore of good mathematics teaching practices.

This paper presents procedures for site characterization, method identification, data validation, and data summarization that are being established by the Environmental Protection Agency for the National Aerometric Data Bank. These procedures are being presented to provide guidance to state and local agencies for handling such data.

The Statistics Gathering Package, SGP, is an information retrieval program supplemented with a variety of summarization techniques. It is used to access a data base of performance and usage information collected by OS, SMF, and LASP. SGP provides information that is needed by installation management, system programmers, consultants and computer users to make decisions.

A statistical technique called “probit analysis” to aid in the interpretation of dose-mortality data has become common practice, not only among entomologists but also among other biologists conducting tests that involve dose and response when the response is quantal. An adequate summarization of dose-mortality data consists of the LD50, its confidence (fiducial) limits, and the slope of the probit regression line or that dose which will cause 50% of the population to respond (die) and the standard deviate of the distribution of tolerances (reciprocal of the slope). However, in practice, the tedious, extensive, and often baffling calculations associated with probit analysis have deterred many biologists from obtaining an adequate summarization of dose-mortality data. The increasing number and availability of electronic computers and their ability to process routinely large volumes of calculations present the biologist with the opportunity of obtaining a much more adequate summary of his dose-mortality data.

O artigo aborda a primeira etapa de uma proposta metodológica para facilitar o acesso de estrangeiros a dissertações de mestrado escritas em português disponíveis em repositórios digitais. Essa etapa consiste na criação e formatação para tratamento computacional dos corpora de dissertações, na seleção de um sumarizador automatico da língua portuguesa, no processamento das sumarizações automáticas e na comparação dos sumários assim obtidos com os resumos das dissertações. São também apresentadas e analisadas as métricas obtidas através do programa ROUGE (Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation). É mencionada igualmente a etapa final do trabalho (que fará uso de tecnologias da língua tais como tradução auxiliada por computador, alinhamento de textos), a partir do corpus ora construído, a ser usado para completar o desenvolvimento da metodologia proposta, a qual poderá ser testada em salas de referência de bibliotecas.

Contents: Testing programs in general Requirements of a good testing program: Function al requirements; Administrative requirements; Interpretation facilities; and Technical requirements National testing programs: The American college testing program; The college entrance examina tion board tests; The psychological corporation Advantages of statewide testing programs: Devel opment of adequate counseling and advisory systems; Advantages due to single test battery; Adequate processing facilities Difficulties in setting up state testing pro grams: Emotional difficulties; Administrative difficulties; Technical difficulties The variables of differential prediction: The criterion variable; Predictor variables Methodological and technological problems: The incomplete data matrix; Predictor selection; Criterion summarization; Predicting predictors; Criterion grouping; Transformation of high school and college grades; Optimal classification

“Current facilities for computing, display, and real time interaction have developed substantially beyond our understanding of how to use them effectively in data analysis. Current limitations in data analysis technology are mainly in explicating and organizing the science of data analysis and of defining and implementing the necessary associated computer software. “From the statistical side of the discipline must come: broader, more permissive, empirically oriented concepts and theories; more inclusive and realistic classifications of objectives; more effective and coherent classifications of useful techniques; research toward more empirically informative techniques that will provide both exposure and summarization; more understanding and research on techniques of reforming and re-expressing variables; deeper insight into the psychology of graphs, pictures and output formats in general, both for interaction and for communication; progress toward standardized data structures of great flexibility and compr...

Although accurate and relevant data about land are valuable in helping to answer many questions of public policy and private action, such data have not been generally available in the past. Most data about land have been fragmentary in the land uses included or in areas covered, or both; data series have typically been established to meet special purposes. The various concepts about land have often been confused; the areas of data summarization have typically been too large; and data collected at considerable expense have often not been kept current in spite of the fact that it would have been possible to do so, from records of current operations of local governments. Two major and other related efforts at improving land use data are briefly described. These include an attempt to define an ideal land data system, and to show how one can be put in operation. The possibilities for major improvement in land data seem good, although much further work is yet to be done.

In making an attempt at a summarization of the present position regarding life-forms of plants and their classification in ecology, a certain difficulty is at once encountered owing to the very different outlook taken by different schools of workers. As an example, in two recent text-books issued from the same publishing house, the classification of life-forms is not mentioned at all in one (73), while in the other (10) it receives a whole chapter. In recent ecological work generally the subject has received rather less attention than was the case a few years ago. Plant-form was the first character used for classification and all schemes were based upon it from the first attempts up to the advent of the Linnaean system. Following that, form was treated as of very little importance for many years but has recently (33) regained some of its prominence in taxonomic classification. It is, however, the ecological, not the systematic aspects, of plant-form that are under consideration. In ecology plant-form has always been recognized as of great importance. There is in many cases such a close relationship between the general grouping of plant-forms and the environmental conditions, repeated in separated geographical regions in which totally different floras are concerned, that it is impossible not to imagine some distinct correlation, even if not a causal relationship. The similarities in both form and environment of such vegetation types as "rain forest," "grassland," "alpine vegetation" and others, on whatever part of the earth they occur, are too well known to need further mention. (Schimper (54) was the first to attempt a serious world classification of vegetation, as distinct from floras, on this basis, and his ideas have been followed with expansions and modifications ever since.) In the description or classification of form in vegetation there are two distinct aspects, as has been pointed out by Lutz (37) and others. In the first case, the form of the dominant or characteristic plants is dealt with; in the second, all the component species. The former aspect is a description of the physiognomy of the vegetation. 546

As implied by the title, the intent of this article is to relate the manner of use and value of the Traffic Usage Recorder as applied to telephone traffic engineering. To develop a full appreciation of this, a general knowledge of the responsibility of the traffic engineer is required. In a broad sense, the traffic engineer must see that facilities of the right kind and of the right amounts are in the right place at the right time to give the right grade of telephone service. An important phase in this provision of telephone facilities is in determining the requirements of the telephone subscriber. In the process of estimating subscriber requirements, summarized call carrying and associated equipment usage data are analyzed, projected, and modified to reflect expected growth, new service, and proposed equipment arrangements. The modified basic data are then converted to equipment quantities and trunks through the use of probability tables reflecting the desired grades of service. The first step of this process, the gathering and summarization of usage data, is of prime importance and has been a major problem to the traffic engineer.

A practical summarization of the factors affecting interconnected operation is presented which shows that the interest of management, adequate organization, careful planning, and correct procedures are the essential elements contributing toward successful interconnection.

This chapter discusses several objective measures for summarizing sample data, either discrete or continuous. Although a frequency table and a graph such as a histogram will give one quite a bit of information about the data, most of it is rather subjective. To describe the data more objectively and to provide tools for analysis, it is desirable to use what are called sample statistics. Such statistics are of three kinds: averages, measures of variability, and measures of curve shape. The first two are used with most samples, the last only with large samples. The aim of an average is to give a one-number description of the sample of numbers. If all the numbers are identical, the average would be this number. If the numbers vary, but still show some central tendency, then it is the object of the average to locate this level. Different kinds of averages have various characteristics: advantages and disadvantages, and each kind has its special use and interpretation.

A national statistical agency such as the Bureau of Labor Statistics usually produces the results of its surveys in tabular form at the cost of a substantial portion of its data processing resources. The tables are often quite complex with common requirements for cross tabulation of irregular patterns of hierarchical data files with many intermediate levels of summarization, percentage distributions, measures of statistical precision, and intricate publication formats. The Table Producing Language (TPL) has been designed and implemented as a general tool for producing statistical tables. The syntax of the language allows the user to construct expressions representing the desired tables and auxiliary operations. The expressions are problem oriented, nonprocedural, compact, and written with English-like nomenclature. Together with a Codebook, they allow the specification of complex data reduction, cross tabulation, and table generation operations. Users may be research economists, statisticians and other social scientists who need not have experience with conventional computer programming languages, as well as computer oriented staff concerned with production tasks.

The two remaining code properties of synchronizability and comma freedom for the per word substitution error models are given the now standard treatment which was developed in the preceding chapters. The attendant profusion of implication chains suggests the desirability of a graphical or tabular summarization of results. These are provided by the diligent authors at the end of the chapter, written in December 1966.

This paper is a compilation, correlation, and summarization of the views of the participants in the Workshop on the Biologic Basis of Modern Endodontic Practice. It represents a synthesis from three input sources: the position and review papers presented at the workshop, the consensus of the workshop participants, and the particular expertise of the author in the subject area.

I have been requested to express the needs of the communications users in the Arctic. Any brief summarization of the needs of all users must of necessity be a gross oversimplification, however, the papers and discussions of the past several days have suggested what may probably be a new approach to the expression of such needs.

This paper is a compilation, correlation, and summarization of the views of participants in the Workshop on the Biologic Basis of Modern Endodontic Practice. It represents a synthesis of three input sources: the position and review papers presented at the Workshop, the consensus of the Workshop participants, and the particular expertise of the authors in the subject area.

fluorine in foods and in certain compounds used by various branches of medicine, as well as in the review of studies conducted to determine whether or not fluorine should be considered a dietary essential. This reviewer was particularly interested in the excellent discussion of the legal aspects of fluoridation presented by Bernard J. Conway, a lawyer, who points out the contribution which fluoridation litigation has made to political science and legal learning. Adding to the value of this publication are the references at the end of each chapter, Doctor Muhler's summarization, and the detailed index. "Fluorine and Dental Health" provides overwhelming evidence in support of the safety of communal water fluoridation. POLLY AYERS

For the first time in 2007, TRECVID considered structured evaluation of automated video summarization, utilizing BBC rushes video. In 2007, we conducted user evaluations with the published TRECVID summary assessment procedure to rate a cluster method for producing summaries, a 25x (sampling every 25th frame), and pz (emphasizing pans and zooms). Data from 4 human assessors shows significant differences between the cluster, pz, and 25x approaches. The best coverage (text inclusion performance) is obtained by 25x, but at the expense of 25x taking the most time to evaluate and judged as being the most redundant. Method pz was easier to use than cluster and rated best on redundancy. A question following the TRECVID workshop was whether simple speed-ups would still work at 50x or 100x, leading to a study with 15 human assessors looking at pzA (pz but with better audio), 25x, 50x, and 100x summaries (these latter 3 with an unsynchronized more comprehensive audio track as well). 100x gives the fastest time on task but with poor usability and performance. PzA gives the best usability measures but poor time on task and performance. 25x does well on performance as before, with 50x doing just as well but with much less time on task and better ease of use and redundancy scores. Based on these results, 50x with its audio skimming is recommended as the best way to summarize video rushes materials.

Computer applications in mining geology include the implementation of formal statistical procedures, as well as the editing, display and summarization of typically voluminous data. Besides the standard statistical procedures of estimation of means, variances and other parameters, calculation of confidence intervals, hypotheses tests and analyses of variance, mining geologists use less familiar statistical procedures. In mining exploration and delineation of ore deposits, these include such fields as multivariate analysis, operations research methods and analysis of trace element data (particularly gold assays). This review article emphasizes some less familiar procedures that may be of interest to geologists in other fields than mining.

Excerpt INTRODUCTION It is not often in a medical career that one has the opportunity to participate in the investigation of the clinical pattern of a new disease entity. That opportunity, fortunat...

Publisher Summary In considering the application of dynamic stability of structures to design, the question arises as to the frequency of occurrence of dynamic stability problems in actual structures. For this reason, a survey was made to determine where such problems existed and what was done about solving them. A total of 62 people were contacted and asked to fill out a questionnaire, presented in this chapter, for each design problem. Most of the people contacted were in the aerospace field and were associated with industry and government. Answers were received from 20 individuals. The chapter presents a summarization of their inputs containing the reported instances in which transient or shock loading was a design problem, the reported examples of flight flutter, and other types of oscillatory instabilities. A great deal of research work on structural dynamic stability is being devoted to problems that are not occurring or not being recognized in actual design. Either the research program should be reoriented or the designers educated. Probably, both are desirable.

SUMMARY In taxonomy, the most subjective branch of a biological discipline, rigid application of the principles of the macrobiologists to bacteria has created puzzles and problems. Too much attention has been given to nomenclature, and too little to the bacteria themselves, their characters, and what they do. Different principles, which some will regard as heretical, should be applied to the classification and nomenclature of bacteria; ten of these principles are described briefly, but defy further summarization.

This paper describes an economic computerized simulation model of an airline carrier, where a mix of aircraft (CTOL, VTOL, STOL) competes for passenger markets by satisfying a given level of passenger demand and preference. Data inputs consist of aircraft characteristics of performance and cost; route characteristics of distance, yields, and various routings; port characteristics by type, size, and location; passenger preference for out-of-pocket costs, flight frequency speed, demand, and value of time; level of operation defined in terms of both an adequate service to the passenger and a satisfactory return on investment to the carrier. Simulation and dynamic programming techniques are employed. The five steps of the process are 1) initialization of input passenger demand, 2) development of route interaction, 3) flight evaluation by aircraft types, 4) flight assignments, 5) system summarization and analysis. A marginal concept is used such that flights are added to the system on the basis of incremental earnings to the system as a whole and not on the basis of individual routes. A major output of the model is the system summaries of revenues and expense. From these data, airline return on investment may be determined.