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Summary An assay system for fusion activity of envelope particles of Sendai virus, reassembled from NP40-solubilized envelopes, was established and conditions for the artificial assembly of NP40-solubilized Sendai virus envelope particles with haemolytic and fusion activities were investigated. Large (GP1) and small (GP2) glycoproteins and lipids seemed to be required for the expression of haemolytic and fusion activities of envelope particles. Potential haemolysin activity was associated with GP2. A relatively high proportion of GP1 was required for formation of envelope particles with a high fusion activity. When the top lipid fraction (Hosaka & Shimizu, 1972a) was used for reassembly, the envelope particles usually exhibited both fusion and haemolytic activities but the optimal concentrations of the lipid for the two activities were different. An unidentified factor extractable with NP40 seemed to be necessary for fusion activity but not for haemolytic activity.

1) We have made clear the periodic contractions in the volume of such organs, as the spleen, intestine, kidney, etc., and the periodic changes in the venous and arterial blood pressures, resulting from above phenomena (8, 9, 10). However, now we were able to observe the volume changes of periods ranging from 15 to 38seconds in the liver, brought about by intravenous injections of Ringer's solution, sodium citrate, etc. (fig. 1 and 2).2) The connection between the change in liver volume and respiration is, during expiration, the liver volume decreases, while during inspiration it increases, but as can be seen in fig. 2, during rhythm occurrence in the liver, no changes could be seen in this amplitude of the respiration on the curve of liver volume. Also no changes in amplitude were observed on the respiratory curve, transmitted from the thoracic wall (fig. 1). Furthermore, directly after an intravenous injection of a solution of sodium citrate, a change occurred in the respiratory movement but this was different from the periodic change in the liver volume.3) Bainbridge and Dale (2) have shown that periodic contractions occur in a gall-bladder, and the periods were approximately 3 times per minute. This is quite similar to what we have seen in the liver, but periodic contractions can also be seen in a liver from which the gall-bladder has been completely removed (fig. 1), so it is quite correct to assume that in our cases this was not caused by the contraction of the gall-bladder.4) The fact that the splanchnic nerves control the liver is beyond doubt (6), but by their severance or even by the severance of the vagus nerves of both sides, the occurrence of a periodic volume change in the liver could not be disappeared. This phenomenon was also seen after the hepatic artery had been ligated. Thus, from the above facts we can see that the periodic changes seen on the volume curve of the liver have connections with the liver tissue proper and with the hepatic vessels.5) However, two types of periodic volume change in the liver can be differentiated. The first, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, is when the direction of change in the liver and the changes in the arterial and venous blood pressure are the opposite, namely when the contraction of the liver caused a rise in portal and arterial pressure. The other as shown in fig. 3 is when the 3 changes are in the same direction, namely the rise in portal and arterial pressure are observed simultaneously to the increase in the liver volume.6) In the cases shown in fig. 1 and 2, since the change in portal pressure and the change in liver volume showed opposite directions, the change in liver volume is thought an active one and based on contractions of the liver. This causes an increase in resistance of the portal blood flow, thus it can be considered as producing an increase in portal pressure. Regarding the active contraction of the liver, it contracts in response to stimulation of the splanchnic nerves (6), and also contracts markedly to adrenaline (7). Also regarding the existence of smooth muscle in the liver, there are reports that it has been found not only in the hepatic veins but also in the cental and sublobular veins (1).On comparing the periods of contraction confirmed in the spleen, intestine and kidney, with that of the liver, they are both approximately 25seconds, and stimulations which cause periodic contractions in the spleen etc., also cause rhythmical volume changes in the liver. This gives us grounds to suppose that the periodic contractions of these organs are but the rhythms of their smooth muscles.7) The case cited in example 1 of table 1, shows that the volume change of the liver was 0.65 to 1.0cc. and that the change in portal venous pressure was 6-16mm. saline. This change of pressure corresponds to 11.9% of its portal pressure.

Intramolecular charge transfer spectra of o−, m− and p-nitrobenzene derivatives were measured in solutions with various solvents. Frequency shifts induced by solvents were analyzed on the basis of current theories of solvent effects on absorption spectra. Results show that the frequency shifts in the absorption bands of nitrobenzene derivatives can be interpreted as arising from both the electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions.

1) By stimulating the central end of the depressor nerve of a dog with a tetanic inductive current a decrease in volume of the liver, simultaneous to fall in the general arterial blood pressure and the portal pressure were observed (see exp. 1). This decrease, as shown in fig. 1 is 0.9-2.4cc. and this result is the directly opposite to the reports of Harada (6) and Richter (9), who obtained a 3.1% increase in volume, in experiments with rabbits.2) However, in order to know whether this decrease in the volume of the liver, occurs in the hepatic artery area or in the portal area, the blood flow of the hepatic artery was temporarily occluded, and also the portal blood flow into the liver was constricted as shown in exps. 2 and 3, decrease in the volume of the liver was confirmed in both cases. Namely, due to the depressor reflex, both blood vessels areas show that they are connected with the decrease in the volume of the liver.Harada (6) reports that normally, due to depressor stimulation, there is an increase in volume of the liver, but a decrease, after ligature of the hepatic artery. However, in our experiments, regardless of the existence or non-existence of a blood flow in the hepatic artery, an one-sided change, namely, a decrease in the volume of the liver occured (see exp. 2)3) On the other hand, it may be considered that the liver blood vessels may dilate by the depressor reflex, however the decrease in the general blood pressure and the portal venous pressure caused by the stimulation of the depressor nerve are so much that the dilatation of the hepatic blood vessels can not be observed on the volume change in the liver. However, this observation can be discarded by the perfusion experiment (see exp. 5) or the experiment whereby the blood flow into the liver of both the hepatic artery and the portal vein were shut off (see exp. 4). Namely, in exp. 4, when the hepatic artery and the portal blood flow into the liver were stopped temporarily, no changes occurred in the volume of the liver, due to the depressor reflex (when adrenaline is injected into the liver tissues proper, even after the stoppage of both blood flows, the volume of the liver shows a decrease).Furthermore, as shown in exp. 5, when the perfusion experiment of only the liver in situ, is carried out, even though there may be a fall in the general blood pressure, no change could be confirmed in the volume of the liver.4) Hence the above experiments would indicate that the change in the volume of the liver due to the depressor reflex is a passive one, caused by the fall of the hepatic arterial pressure and the portal venous pressure, and not an active contraction of the hepatic blood vessels.

The intramolecular charge transfer spectra of some nitrobenzene derivatives were measured in n-hexane. The general features of the absorption spectra and the effect of substituents on the absorption spectra were considered from the concept of the intramolecular charge transfer. The migration effect of electron donating groups was discussed for the nitroaniline in aqueous and hydrochloric acidic solutions. Also other absorption due to the n→π* transition of nitro group was considered.

The effects of tonic and rhythmic contraction of the intestine on the arterial and venous blood flow through the intestinal segment were investigated in dogs.Intestinal contractions always caused periodicity in the arterial and venous blood flow. The correlation between intestinal contraction and the arterial and venous flow was classified into three patterns; the contraction phase type, relaxation phase type and combination type were observed in tonic contraction, and the contraction phase type and relaxation phase type in rhythmic contraction.In the contraction phase type, augmentation of venous flow and diminution of arterial flow was elicited during the contraction period. In the relaxation phase type, diminution of venous and arterial flow during the contraction period was followed by sustained augmentation of flow during the relaxation period. The combination of these two patterns is the combination type.Augmentation of venous outflow during the contraction period was produced by expelling blood from the intestinal wall, as the arterial inflow was diminished during this period. Augmentation of arterial and venous flow during the relaxation period was caused by vasodilatation due to prolonged compression of the blood vessel by contraction of the intestinal musculature.

The influence of electrical stimulation of the medulla oblongata and associated structure on gastric motility of anesthetized and non-anesthetized dogs was studied.Increase in gastric motility was observed on stimulation of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus, the solitary tract and its nucleus and the dorsal region of the reticular formation.Inhibition of gastric motility was obtained on stimulation of the solitary tract and its nucleus, the dorsal region of the reticular formation and the dorsal nucleus of the vagus.The efferent pathways for excitatory effects from the medulla oblongata were not only the vagus nerves but also the splanchnic nerves. The efferent pathways for inhibitory effect were also the splanchnic nerves and the vagus. Diagram presented in FIG.7 illustrates the regulation center upon the excitatory and inhibitory centers for stomach motility and the efferent pathways from them to the stomach.

The purpous of the present study was to find the fundamental information on the viscous deformation of practically used steel making nozzle bricks at elevated temperatures. Creep curves were obtained at 1200°C and under loads in the range 0-10kg/cm2, then stress-strain curves were determined based on a mathematical criterion for separating the viscous portion of the deformation from the elastic and delayed elastic components. The shaps of all flow curves was similar to the plastic flow with a yield value.The temperature effect on viscosity was examined on a home product brick at temperatures in the range 1100°-1250°C with a result that log viscosity varied linearly with the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. The apparent activation energy of viscous flow could be estimated as 31.4kcal/mol.In order to investigate any internal structure changes during the load test, the microscopic observation was employed to compare the specimen before and after the test and from the results was considered the mechanism of deformation.

1) A rapid increase in bladder pressure regularly caused an increase in contraction of the stomach and inhibition of the small intestine. Tne motor response was usually produced in the dog which has a strong peristaltic contraction of the stomach. The inhibitory response of the small intestine was reversed to a motor response by applying nicotine to the coeliac plexus.2) The motor afferent nervous pathway is the pelvic nerves, and this can also be demonstrated by the central stimulation of the pelvic nerves. Tne inhibitory afferent nervous pathway is the hypogastric nerves which can also be demonstrated by the central stimulation of the hypogastric nerves.3) The efferent nervous pathways of the motor and inhibitory response of this reflex are contained in both the splanchnic and vagus nerves.

In experiments on dogs the influences of peristaltic contraction of the distal colon on blood flow through the colonic vein were studied. Blood flow was recorded continuously by electro-magnetic flow-meter.The peristaltic contraction of the distal colon caused the periodicity on the flow-meter tracing of the colonic vein.Three groups of the correlation between the peristaltic contraction and venous blood flow were observed. The first pattern is that the abrupt augmentation of the colonic blood flow was elicited during the contraction. The second pattern is that the diminution of colonic blood flow during the contractile phase was followed by the sustaining augmentation of the blood flow during the relaxation. The above mentioned two patterns being in combination is the third pattern. That is, the augmentation of the blood flow during the contraction was followed by the diminution of blood flow corresponding to the highest level of contraction and by the sustaining augmentation of blood flow during the relaxation. The third type was usually elicited by the stimulation of the pelvic nerve.The initial augmentation of blood flow is due to propulsive action on the blood within the colonic vessels. The secondary augmentation of blood flow is depended on the vascular dilatation which is caused by the obstruction of blood flow through the colon during the prolonged contraction.

— The subcellular distributions of tyrosine transaminase, DOPA transaminase, tryptophan transaminase and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) transaminase were studied in rat brain. 1 For all of these transaminases 60-81 per cent of the total activities were found in the crude mitochondrial fraction. Tyrosine transaminase was the most active enzyme. 2 Tyrosine transaminase and DOPA transaminase had very similar distributions in all fractions, but the distribution of tryptophan transaminase and 5-HTP transaminase differed in the microsomal (Mic) and synaptic vesicle (M2) fractions. Only 5-HTP transaminase was highly concentrated in the M2 fraction. 3 DOPA transaminase was inhibited by dopamine and 5-HT, but these compounds had no effect on 5-HTP transaminase. Both enzymes were completely inhibited by m-hydroxybenzoyloxyamine.

1. A systematic analysis of the relation between 2 parameters of developmental stage — clinically assessed embryonic age and growth — was made for 90 human embryos at Carnegie stages 7–13 from healthy pregnancies. 2. The data showed remarkable individual variation in the relation between age and developmental stage of embryos at stages 11–13. It appears that the mean age for these stages in our specimens was a few days greater than the corresponding age in the currently cited standards, although a definite conclusion must await further studies. 3. The relation between body length and developmental stages in our embryos was not different from the corresponding standards presented by previous investigators. The relation of the number of somites to developmental stage and greatest length in 13 embryos at stages 9–11 was approximately in accord with that reported for several corresponding embryos by other investigators. 4. The oldest age for embryos at each stage in our data may have practical use in denying a causal relation between the exposure of pregnant women to an exogenous agent at such a stage and the subsequent appearance of specific malformations in their progeny.

The effects of tonic and rhythmic contraction of the gut on venous blood flow and oxygen saturation in venous blood through an intestinal segment were investigated in anesthetized dogs.Intestinal contraction caused periodicity not only in venous outflow but also in oxygen saturation in venous blood.(1) It was observed in tonic contraction that augmentation of venous outflow synchronized with reduction of oxygen saturation in venous blood and that diminution of venous outflow produced an increase of oxygen saturation in venous blood.(2) In rhythmic contraction, the correlation between venous outflow and oxygen saturation in venous blood could be classified into two patterns. In the first pattern fluctuations of venous outflow corresponded reciprocally to fluctuations of oxygen saturation, and in the second pattern both curves fluctuated parallel to each other.The mechanism of the correlation between venous outflow and oxygen saturation in venous blood in each type is discussed.

Recent reviews and textbooks state that “the osteoclast is the agent of bone destruction” (Lacroix, 1961) that this cell is “actively involved in some way in the resorption of bone” (Hancox and Boothroyd, 1963) or else that there is “much interesting controversy about the origin, the nature and the function of these cells” (Ham and Leeson, 1961) and that “indeed, the process of bone resorption is not understood as thoroughly as we might wish” (Ham and Leeson, 1961). “On the other hand, resorption may take place in the absence of osteoclasts for instance in the so-called creeping replacement in bone transplants” (Copenhaver, 1964).

The effect of rhythmical contraction of the spleen on the splenic venous flow was studied. The rate of blood flow through the splenic vein was determined in dogs which maintained an almost constant systemic blood pressure before and after the rhythmical contractions was induced. Normal splenic blood flow averaged 2.77ml per minute, but increased to 3.22ml per minute on the average during the period of rhythmical contractions. This increase corresponded to 16.2% of the normal splenic blood flow. This suggests that the rhythmical fluctuation in splenic blood flow accelerates the blood flow in the portal vein.

In 2 cases myocardial infarction was complicated by the occurrence of a left ventricular false aneurysm. In the first case the aneurysm involved the anterolateral portion of the left ventricle; in the second the infarct was in the ventricular septum, and the resulting false aneurysm in the epicardium was basal in situation and extended posterior to each atrium. Whereas a true aneurysm of the left ventricle following myocardial infarction represents a bulging of a weakened left ventricular wall, a false aneurysm occurs as a result of rupture of the left ventricular wall. In contrast to a true aneurysm of the left ventricle, a false aneurysm has a wall consisting of fibrous tissue and is sharply demarcated from the cavity of the left ventricle. The rarity of false left ventricular aneurysms is related to the usual occurrence of fatal hemopericardium following rupture of the left ventricular wall.

The increased motor response of the gastro-intestinal activity caused by peripheral stimulation of the splanchnic nerve, thoracic sympathetic trunk and its dorsal roots was studied on anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs and toads.1) Peripheral stimulation of the splanchnic nerve and thoracic sympathetic trunk, causes universally inhibition of gastro-intestinal motility and at times, produced augmentation. The conditions capable of producing the motor response in the normal animals are different in the individuals.2) After blocking the coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglia, stimulation of the splanchnic nerve and theracic sympathetic trunk always produce augmentation of the movement. The blockade of these ganglia was the indispensable condition necessary in producing the increased gastro-intestinal motor response by sympathetic stimulation.3) By peripheral stimulation of the dorsal root of the thoracic cord, motor augmentation of gastro-intestinal motility can always be obtained. The motor response is not influenced by the block of the coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglia and the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk.After a nicotine-solution is injected into the spinal ganglia, stimulation of the dorsal roots has no effect on gastro-intestinal activity.Stimulation of the ventral root of the thoracic, cord always. causes inhibition.After blocking the coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglia, this inhibitory effect almost totally disappears.

The enteric stimulation by hypertonic saline solution or tetanic current ofone loop of the small intestine elicits the inhibitory reflex responses in anotherloop through the decentralized coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglia.