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From Stereum subpileatum cultures are obtained 5-methoxy-, 5-hydroxy-, 5-formyl-, 5-hydroxymethyl-, 5-carboxy-, 5-(1,2-dihydroxyprophyl)-, 5-(1,2-epoxypropyl)-, and 5-(1-oxo-2-hydroxypropyl)-benzofuran, 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methoxyphenol, succinic acid, and a C 12 benzofuran acid of uncertain structure. Precursor-incorporation studies with product degradations show that in these compounds ( a ) the two carbons of the furan ring derive from acetate, probably via mevalonate; ( b ) the benzene ring and one carbon at C (5) derive from a C 6 C 1 intermediate formed alternatively from C 6 C 3 aminoacids by side-chain degradation or from sugars via shikimic acid; ( c ) the rest of the side-chain in the 5-propyl-derivatives arises from a metabolic intermediate close to enolpyruvate and is attached by an acetoin-condensation type of process. Analytical data suggest that the central route to these benzofurans is via the 5-formyl-compound, which is consistent with the biogenetic pathways proposed.

1959, the first year of the seven-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR, marks a considerable increase in the output of literature on economic problems. That the readers of the journal may be informed on new books in preparation for release in 1959, the editors offer a brief review of the economic literature publication plans of three publishing houses: the State Publishing House for Political Literature, the State Publishing House for Socio-Economic Literature and the State Publishing House for Literature on Economic Planning.

IN AN OFTEN-QUOTED PASSAGE in the preface to The Ambassadors, James observes that it is "quite the best, 'all round' of my productions." He then goes on to speak of the unusual ease and confidence with which it was written. "I recall then in this connexion no moment of subjective intermittence, never one of those alarms as for a suspected hollow beneath one's feet, a felt ingratitude in the scheme adopted, under which confidence fails and opportunity seems but to mock . . . I had absolute conviction and constant clearness to deal with; it had been a frank proposition, the whole bunch of data, installed on my premises like a monotony of fine weather."' This statement is, at first glance, quite surprising because The Ambassadors is the first of three novels-in order of composition, although not of publication, The Ambassadors (1903), The Wings of the Dove (1902), and The Golden Bowl (1904)so closely related that they have been studied as a trilogy by several critics. But there is an explanation of James's ease which has been obscured by the method of these critics. Although I think that their approach is valid, I feel that The Ambassadors has even closer relations with the two novels which preceded it-The Awkward Age (1899) and The Sacred Fount (1901). These novels may be read as preliminary sketches for The Ambassadors, although they

It is the purpose of this communication to review briefly the factors which may be important in the prevention and management of renal osteodystrophy in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. It will be readily recognized that some of the recommendations will be supported by much experimental and clinical data whereas others will be much more speculative. Our justification is based not only on some theoretical reasoning but also on the fact that symptomatic bone disease has been absent in our own patients for a 5½-year period. Two very important general points should be emphasized before dealing with individual pathologic conditions. These are that adequate diet and dialysis are essential if progressive bone disease is to be avoided. We cannot solve the semantic difficulty associated with the word "adequate" and the problem is compounded by the multitude of different systems, dialyzers, and diets currently in use. Evidence is available that a proteinand

LATEX particles is with a water considerable suspension surface of minute area synthetic-rubber per unit weight. particles with considerable surface area per unit weight. Trace quantities in wastwater create a cloudy to milky appearance. Coagulation and removal are essential for COD reduction as well as appearance prior to discharge to natural streams. Since effluent treatment is necessary in any event, it becomes advantageous to recycle continuously the clean water back to the production unit, thus eliminating dual treatment of raw intake plus the discharge. Moreover, the recycle reservoir also provides adequate water for fire protection. At Dow's Dalton, Ga. plant, the process, coolant, and wash waters used in the manufacture of styrene-butadiene latexes by emulsion polymerization are treated, clarified, and collected for reuse. The design, operation, and maintenance of a network of collection trenches, primary settling ponds, and a recycle reservoir are described in the photo story that follows.

Immunologically active peptides containing either two different (N10C) or two identical (N8N) antigenic amino acid sequences, bridged by 10 and 8 glycine residues, respectively, were used to study antigen-binding lymphocyte populations in BALB/c mice. Spleen cells from mice immunized with either N10C or N8N were treated with either normal rabbit serum or brain associated anti-thymus (BA Θ) serum and subsequently examined by autoradiography for the numbers of cells binding 125I-labeled N10C, and 125I-labeled conjugates of either the C antigenic determinant or the N antigenic determinant with polyDglutamic acid. In unimmunized mice there were more cells binding the N determinant than the C determinant. After anti-BA Θ treatment, the relative numbers of each population increased, implying that many of these cells were bone marrow-derived. In N10C or N8N immunized mice, the numbers of cells binding the N determinant remained virtually unchanged after anti-BA Θ treatment, indicating an equal distribution of these cells in both bone marrow or thymus-derived populations. However, the C determinant binding population in N10C immunized animals appeared to be mainly of bone marrow origin. Since the C determinant exhibited mainly B cell reactivity, the role of thymus cells in immune responsiveness to a peptide (Cmal10C) containing two C determinants was examined. Only those mice which were reconstituted with both bone marrow and thymus cells after thymectomy and irradiation were capable of responding normally to this antigen, demonstrating thymus involvement even with antigens that appear to be mainly reactive with B cells.

1. The metabolism of a new schistosomicide, 2-isopropylaminomethyl-6-methyl-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, was investigated in the mouse, rat, rabbit and rhesus monkey.2. All the species studied converted the compound to its 6-hydroxymethyl analogue, which showed greater schistosomicidal activity in vivo than the parent drug.3. Several other metabolites were also produced by oxidation at the 2- and/or 6-positions to give carboxylic acid derivatives. None of these metabolites showed biological activity.4. A species difference was apparent, since the 2-carboxylic acid metabolite was not detected in the urine or bile of the rat.

1. 5,7-Dinitroindazole was extensively metabolized in both rats and mice. The principal biotransformations were nitro group reduction and aromatic hydroxylation.2. Selective reduction of the 7-nitro group to yield the 7-amino derivative occurred in both species in vivo. The same specificity of reduction was evident when dinitroindazole was incubated with a mixed culture of rat faecal microorganisms.3. A species difference in conjugation was found. In the mouse the major urinary excretion product was the N-glucuronide of the 7-amino derivative but this was not found in rat urine, acetylation of the 7-amino group being the preferred biosynthetic reaction.4. This 7-acetamido derivative is the probable precursor of two other metabolites in the rat. One of these has been identified as 3-hydroxy-5-nitro-7-acetamidoindazole and the other may be an N-hydroxylated derivative.

HE teacher of English who is the narrator of Conrad's Under Western Eyes speculates, in pre-1914 Switzerland, on the fundamental difference between Russians and Western Europeans: "I think sometimes that the profound secret of that people consists in this, that they detest life, the irremediable life of the earth as it is, whereas we westerners cherish it with perhaps an equal exaggeration of its sentimental value."' The narrator of Doctor Faustus-Serenus Zeitblom, also a teacher of languages-repeatedly observes, among Germans, the same disdain of ordinary life.2 Each of these novels is ostensibly the factual account, written by an honest and intelligent although rather limited philologist and pedagogue, of the life of a tragic figure who is both angelic and diabolical. The hero of Under Western Eyes, Razumov, is Russia; and the hero of Doctor Faustus, Leverkiihn, is Germany. Doctor Faustus, with its critique of German history and civilization, its brilliant parodies, its elaborate system of leitmotivs, is a more monumental work than Under Western Eyes. Moreover, Mann takes great pains to incorporate most of the thematic material in the various versions of the Faust story into his work.3 Nevertheless, Mann's treatment of his subject-the method of narration, the relation of the narrator to both "story" and author, the characterization, the attribution of value to events and themes-is very much influenced by his reading of Conrad, particularly of Under Western Eyes. Mann had been an admirer and a discriminating critic of Conrad's work for many years when he wrote Doctor Faustus (1943-47). In the preface to the German edition of The Secret Agent,4 he observed that to him the significance of Conrad's career lay in the decision of the Pole to become an Englishman, which led in turn to his becoming an English writer. In Mann's opinion, Conrad's love of the English language was partly motivated by his detestation of the Russian autocracy, of which he had been both a subject and a victim.5 Conrad's passionate

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a metabolic state characterized by an excessive but not autonomous rate of production of parathyroid hormone: this disorder is encountered invariably in chronic renal failure and also in other disease states where there is resistance to the metabolic actions of parathyroid hormone.1The resistance to the biological effects of the hormone lead, through mechanisms as yet unclarified, to hyperplasia of the parathyroids. For many years secondary hyperparathyroidism had been postulated to be present in patients with chronic renal disease.2It was known from postmortem studies of patients with renal failure that the parathyroids were hyperplastic; in addition, changes typical of osteitis fibrosa were found in many patients with far advanced renal failure, as discussed elsewhere in this symposium by Stanbury and others. Studies with the radioimmunoassay by Berson and Yalow, Reiss (reviewed in this symposium), and us have now confirmed that there is an increased concentration of