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Institutional forms in the futures field should be founded on the functions to be performed. These functions are viewed in relation to the contribution of visionaries to more and better images of the future; to a family of related analytical activities aimed at enhancing intentionality and explicitness in planning and decision making; and to a variety of grass-roots movements aimed at encouraging participatory social planning. Five basic functionsgoals formulation; methods development; applications; coupling; implementation—are explored and some existing institutional forms are examined: image generators; research organisations; corporate or government planning groups; and citizen groups. These provide guidelines for the possible development of modified institutional forms and their orientation.

Women's political roles in six Southeast Asian countries are surveyed. It is found that women have equal legal privileges in running for offices or voting, but that their actual role in these activities is minor, except in the Philip pines. However, quantitative indicators such as the number of women voters may underestimate the political role of South east Asian women. Using Thailand as a case study, it is shown that women can influence the political processes impor tantly in ways outside the legislative process. For example, Thai women are a highly important force in Thai education and in professional associations. They also have a significant role in higher levels of the Thai bureaucracy. Nevertheless, the political role of women in Southeast Asia is limited, not legally, but by other factors such as substantial domestic duties limiting the time available to participate actively in politics. Significant changes in the political role of women in Southeast Asia are not foreseen. Their direct influence in the legislative process will continue to be secondary, but they will increase their influence in other phases of political processes, perhaps behind the scenes.

A probabilistic communication network is one in which the nodes and links are subject to random failure (or destruction). For a class of such probabilistic networks-in which user traffic demands are converted and stated in terms of required number of circuits or trunks between each node pair-an optimum method of design and utilization (or control) is described. A linear programming model of the communication network is formulated. The solution yields the initial link capacities and the network restoral (or control) doctrine for maximizing the network performance ratio. Estimates are made of the computational complexity as a function of network size. Both off-line and real-time computer-controlled implementations are described. Several simple numerical examples are presented to illustrate the methods employed.

The class of systems treated in this paper is that characterized by a multiplicity of inputs and outputs. For such linear multivariable systems subject to continuous stochastic inputs with arbitrary self- and cross-correlations, a derivation is made of the equations to be satisfied by the optimum transfer-function matrix. The criterion of performance which is used is the minimization of the sum of the mean-square errors between the set of actual outputs and a set of desired outputs. The analysis divides the multivariable problem into two principal parts. In the first, designated the filter case, are included those systems in which the only restriction on the linear transfer-function matrix to be realized is that of physical realizability. Included in the second, the control case, are those systems in which a controlled matrix or plant is specified which imposes additional restrictions on the over-all performance of the system. The results of the analysis are presented compactly in matrix form. For signal power spectra and plant matrices satisfying prescribed conditions, explicit matrix solutions to the minimization equations are obtained.

The domain of interest is goal formation and policy planning at the national level. A preliminary research framework for analysis of national policy alternatives is defined. Included are the following basic elements: values, goals, attainments, strategies, societal processes, and societal indicators. Using this conceptual structure as a point of departure, an outline is given of the principal research problems to be addressed. Other possible applications of the framework and model are also described.

A MULTIVARIABLE system is characterized by a multiplicity of inputs and outputs. In the following, it will be assumed that such systems can be described by linear, time-in variant, input-output relations over the whole range of operation or over the restricted range of interest. Thus, let then, the system input-output relation may be expressed compactly as where R, C, and A are input, output, and transfer-function matrices respectively; see Fig. 1. It is seen that a multivariable system derives each output by a simultaneous operation on all its inputs. Furthermore, it is apparent that the class of multivariable systems includes the common single-variable system as a special case.

Military networks must deliver messages during periods of high noise. On a link basis, character reliability can be increased using decision feedback for error control. Two specific decision feedback schemes are described in detail. The improved reliabilities and the reduced capacities for information transfer are computed. A method is then given for determining the optimal message route between each origin and destination-that is, the route whose capacity is maximum such that the route character reliability is adequate. Using a typical military network as an example, and typical jamming noise, optimal routes are determined from a station to each of six stations. The routes thus chosen are compared with routes chosen by another criterion.

Studies were made on the relationship between local circulatory conditions of skeletal muscles subjected to a tourniquet ischemia and serum aldolase level. It was shown that during ischemia there was a rapid loss of aldolase activity of the injured muscles without a corresponding rise of the enzyme in the serum. Removal of the tourniquet after 4 hr of ischemia was followed by a partial resumption of local circulation evidenced by the staining of the damaged muscles by bromphenol blue introduced into the general circulation. A rapid rise of serum aldolase and further loss of aldolase activity of the injured muscles were closely associated with the partial re-establishment of the local circulation. In addition, uninjured muscles of the contralateral limb underwent a secondary damage demonstrated by a temporary decrease of aldolase activity and a prolonged retention of the dye. If the ischemia was maintained for 24 hr, removal of the tourniquet failed to re-establish the local circulation, and, consequently, there was no rise in serum aldolase nor secondary damage to the uninjured muscles.

The redistribution of marks of India ink, tantalum wire, or silk sutures placed on M. gracilis of the mouse during postembryonic growth reveals that the muscle increases its length by addition of new materials at its attachments. Correlation of the distribution of muscle nuclei labeled after birth with thymidine-H3 and the arrangement of fiber bundles in serial cross sections of the entire length of the muscle at various intervals indicates that the macroscopic growth patterns depends on that of individual fibers.

As the example presented demonatrate, the analysis of cross-impactss amount a group of related events is somewhat more complex than perhaps heretofore imagined. Impacts of effects between such events very often carely depend on their temporal sequence. The event outcome space is accordingly multiplied considerably over the case where such dependency is ignored. The result is that high premium is placed on methods that seek to reduce analytical complexity without distorting essential event intrications.

A procedure has been described for the centrifugal fractionation of the cytological components of pigeon breast muscle. An analysis of the distribution of enzyme activity among the different particles reveals a predominant location of magnesium-activated ATPase and myokinase in the cytochondria. The myofibrillar nuclear components are the site of calcium-activated ATPase and adenylic acid deaminase.