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Can research be studied in a way that is neither logical reconstruction nor empirical psychology or sociology of science? In contemporary philosophy of science this is usually denied—in spite of the recent 'paradigm shift' there. A system-philosophy approach in theory of research is outlined by means of some models: a research enterprise is viewed as a productive, innovative system, the research process as a transformation of complexes of knowledge-problems-instruments (software and hard ware). The direction this development takes is guided by preconceptions about the subject matter and a programmatic conception of the discipline based on them ('internal steering factors'). The dynamics of the research process are schematized as a co-agency of 'theoretical and 'empirical' moments, which is viewed as a flow of problems, information, and conceptual frameworks. Empirically discovered pieces of knowledge may resist all attempts to explain them: the flow is disturbed, and only an extraordinary innovation on the 'theoretical' level can restore the balance. This involves a shift in perspective: a shift in the 'internal steering factors'. (In this way one type of 'scientific revolution' (Kuhn's type) is conceptualized). After a perspectival shift one will ask 'Does it constitute progress ?' Types of criteria are suggested. Although they do not apply to all research situations, they over-arch research-traditions. Eventually the above models are applied in the reflection of Research Theory on itself. Research Theory should improve our knowledge about knowledge-production. This knowledge should contribute to improving our image of science and the researcher's sensitivity—by providing better tools for concept ualizing research situations and for imagining possible alternatives.

The University of Arizona Archaeological Field School has completed 54 years of student training and archaeological research. The past 11 season's work has been at the Grasshopper Ruin, a 14th century pueblo in east central Arizona. The teaching program emphasizes student participation in an ongoing, multidisciplinary research program. Excavations thus far have uncovered 78 habitation, storage, or ceremonial rooms and a rectangular Great Kiva. Well over 15,000 artifacts and approximately 250,000 potsherds have been analyzed, and 573 human burials have been excavated. A descriptive summary of the expanding scope of the research and teaching over the past 11 years is presented.

In September 1970, the laboratory moved into new premises on the ground floor of a new building. The measuring room is constructed of low radioactive limestone concrete and is lined with grounded copper plate. Air conditioning insures a working temperature of 20 ± 1°C and a relative humidity of 40%.

This list comprises age measurements carried out from January 1976 to July 1976. Dated samples are all of archaeologic interest, from Italian territory. Pretreatment of samples, production of purest CO2 and counting techniques have been described elsewhere (Azzi, 1972; Azzi et al, 1973; Azzi et al, 1974). Ages of samples are calculated using the conventional half-life of 5570 ± 30 yr and refer to 1950. Errors are stated in terms of one standard deviation of counting statistics.

Recently a number of philosophers (e.g. Feyerabend and Kuhn) have maintained that the meanings of terms in a scientific language are “theory-laden” or determined by the theory in which they occur, and thus that if the same term (e.g.; ‘mass’) occurs in different theories, it will take on different meanings in the different theories; so the theories are incommensurable. An often-stated corollary to this doctrine is the claim that possessors of different theories cannot express or possess the same facts since they attach different meanings to the terms used to give expression to the facts. Various attacks against this extreme doctrine on the relativity of facts have been mounted. Some of them consist in showing defective the argument advanced in support of this doctrine; but such criticisms at best show that the defenses offered for the doctrine are defective, not that the doctrine itself is defective.

The liturgical ceremony for the taking of the crusading cross did not develop until well into the twelfth century. Texts which reveal how the cross was bestowed are relatively rare from the period 1095 to 1200. It was not until the thirteenth century that pontificals commonly contained such a ceremony. It is not clear why the rite for taking the cross took so long to develop, but two twelfth-century Italian pontificals from the Graz University library shed some light on how the liturgical ceremony evolved on the continent.

As little as a decade ago most moral philosophers still believed that the exercise of their craft did not include defending positions on actual moral problems. More recently they have come to their senses, one happy result being a spate of articles in the last few years on the subject of abortion.1 These discussions have contributed much toward an understanding of the abortion issue, but for the most part they have «not attempted a full analysis of the morality of abortion.2 Such an analysis is too large a task for a single paper, but a sketch of it will be undertaken here, the details to be filled in elsewhere.3 The moral problem which abortion poses results from some familiar biological and social contingencies. Because homo sapiens is a mammal the young of the species are carried by the female during the period of initial

The use of technical ceramic analysis is not always feasible for the archaeologist seeking information concerning the locale of ceramic production. An alternative method for differentiating imported from locally produced ceramics, utilizing stylistic and functional attributes, is suggested. This method is operationalized in a functional analysis of three ceramic types from the Grasshopper Pueblo. The results of this analysis provide some cautionary implications for the archaeologist interpreting behavioral interactions by means of ceramic data.

An analysis of faunal lists from 160 archaeological and paleontological sites in the Southern Plains reveals a success of long-term periods of presence and absence of the genus Bison in the region....

This paper presents a quantitative method for estimating the total live weight of fish based upon linear measurement of various skeletal elements. The method has the advantage of being both highly accurate and indicating the confidence limits of the estimates. The method is based upon Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson's concept of ".. . weigh[ing] the animal with a measuring-rod..." (Thompson 1917, in Bonner 1966:16). Department of Anthropology University of Washington December, 1972 Quantification of the relationships for various elements is based upon correlation of total live weight with some linear measurement of the skeletal item. All regressions were originally based upon Bartlett's (1949) "best-fit" method and included the 95% confidence limits for both B and A. It has since been shown that in cases such as that under discussion here, the use of least squares regression is both suitable and preferable to the more "robust" measures (Hodges and Moore 1972). As a result all data have now been re-analyzed using least squares regression (Casteel, unpublished data). The strength of the correlation is indicated by Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (r) and its significance is indicated by z. Almost 10 yr ago, Chaplin stated that: There does not exist an adequate collection of data which would allow a particular bone, by means of such measurements as size, weight, volume, etc., to be translated within a known margin of error to the life size and weight of the animal concerned. Until these figures have been produced for all the variants of each species, the translation of bones into live weights can only give a dangerously false impression of accuracy [Chaplin 1965:209]. One can do little but agree with him. The situation at present has changed little from that which obtained in 1965. There has, however, been some change. I have recently (Casteel 1972) completed a preliminary study which provides a nucleus for this "collection of data" of which Chaplin spoke. It provides a basic set of statistics for the estimation of total live weight for many of the native freshwater fish of California. The method itself is applicable to all fish; to illustrate the method used and the results obtainable a number of examples will follow. Considering first the relationship between total live weight and vertebral size, one may plot the total live weight in grams as the dependent variable (Y) and the criterion of vertebral size (here taken to be the greatest . f\ I _i fI , :T* Va &iC sft

For Saturn alone stands apart from the pattern of the remaining celestial bodies, and shows so many discrepant phases, that hitherto it has been doubted whether it is a globe connected to two smaller globes or whether it is a spheroid provided with two conspicuous cavities or, if you like, spots, or whether it represents a kind of vessel with handles on both sides, or finally, whether it is some other shape.

For this study the heart rates of twenty-two members of a college-level music appreciation class were recorded while students listened to the first movement of Beethoven's fifth symphony. The measurements were taken at three different times over a six-week period before, during, and after experimental treatment. Experimental treatment consisted of either audiotutorial tapes or repetitive listening sessions devised for specific musical-ability groups. The same test music was used throughout the entire study to determine the effects of learning and repetitive exposure on heart rate response. A control group had no further exposure to the test music during the study. Stable segments of the test music provoked tachycardia (elevated heart rate) in the subjects, while alternating segments produced bradycardia (lowered heart rate). Heart rate response to music was found to be linked with the presence or absence of learning.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a descriptive catalogue of “Jesuit” and ornamental rings from Seneca-Iroquois archaeological sites in western New York state. Included is a chronological account of the occurrence of ring types and decorative characteristics within the geographical area from which they were obtained.

The excavation of a small preceramic site in the Tonto Basin, central Arizona is described. Analysis of the artifacts is presented to support placement of the site in a generalized Cochise culture association and to reconstruct the activities of the occupants of the site.

It has become increasingly apparent that mathematical models may play a significant role in anthropological methodology. Less apparent is the fact that such models have an important place in formulation of theory as well. At the same time, many errors appear in attempts to use mathematical models. This paper attempts to indicate the nature of such errors and a methodology by which they can be avoided. A case study is presented showing the relationship of mathematical models to anthropological theory. Department of Anthropology University of California, Los Angeles December, 1972 AS IS THE CASE for students in other disciplines, anthropologists are becoming increasingly aware that the use of mathematical models can be a very powerful tool in the analysis of data and the formulation of theory. Mathematics is useful if for no other reason than that the very nature of a mathematical model requires precise definitions, exact statements of relationships between variables, and quantification of data. In a mathematical model, it is not sufficient simply to state that variable A is correlated with variable B, but the precise way in which B changes as A changes-for example, linearly, exponentially, or otherwise-must be stated. Such rigor in defining relationships necessitates a scrutiny of data and a rethinking of theory that might not occur without the formulation of a mathematical model. A mathematical model thus provides a concise way to state relationships among variables. In addition, the attempt to establish a model for use in a particular instance may itself facilitate the process of understanding and explaining the phenomena under observation. This important aspect of mathematical models has, unfortunately, been little exploited. The purpose of this paper is to explore the ways in which mathematical models can be and have been used in this manner. In the anthropological literature, there are many examples that could be cited that demonstrate the usefulness of mathematical models for explication. White's An anatomy of kinship (1963), for instance, shows the power that formal mathematical models have if a set of basic (and exhaustive) definitions for a system can be stated explicitly. By first deriving such a set of definitions for an exogamous marriage system, he was able to demonstrate that the resulting structure has a particular mathematical form, known as a group, and hence can be analyzed by the concepts and theory of that branch of mathematics known as group theory. At the same time that this makes the structure of the marriage system so defined apparent, it also makes equally obvious any sources of error in the model should its conclusions be untenable, for errors can only lie in the basic set of definitions. These can then be modified and, if necessary, a new structure developed. In the absence of such explicit definitions and well-defined theory, the result can be near chaos-witness the debate in the early 1960's over the validity of Levi-Strauss' purported distinction between marriage systems built on "prescription" versus those derived from "preference." Without precise definitions of these terms, it becomes extremely difficult to resolve the validity of the distinction implied by the terms. While Ackerman (1964) tried to do this statistically, it is clear that in part his efforts could not be wholly convincing. He was obliged to test not just an explicit definition, but also his interpretation of Levi-Strauss' term, which need not have been the same as one by Needham. And Needham in turn does not appear to agree with Levi-Strauss (Harris 1968:512). Most mathematical models used in anthropology, though, are statistical in nature. These are the simplest to formulate and, generally speaking, most easily adapted to traditional ways of anthropological analysis. Such statistical models often lack precision, in the sense of formally showing the nature of the relationship between variables. However, there are implicit assumptions

Philosophers often contrast personal authority to authority vested in offices. Some such distinction is traditional and sometimes useful. But it does not provide us with an exhaustive classification of the types of authority, for there is a third type of authority that I shall argue is more fundamental than these two. Let us start with the types marked out by the usual distinction.Consider first the sort of authority illustrated by the following sentences:(1)Smith is an authority on physics.(2)Smith has (some) authority as a physicist.(3)Smith's views (utterances) on physics have (some) authority.(4)O.K., I believe you—after all, you're the authority on physics!A person is an authority in virtue of possessing extensive knowledge of a field or subject-matter. There seem to be no limits on what the field or subject-matter can be—for instance, one can be an authority on trivia.

During the 1973 field season at the Grasshopper Ruin, a systematic sampling of wall faces was undertaken as the first step toward a site-wide analysis of wall composition. Our aim was to provide insights into the prehistoric behavioral patterns involved in the exploitation of building stones. In addition to the local outcrops of Naco and Supai Formations, all walls of rooms excavated during the 1973 season and some of the walls left exposed from the previous seasons were extensively sampled. A comparison of outcropping rocks and wall stones permitted tracing the overwhelming majority of masonry stones to four major outcrops, all located within one mile of the site.Some walls were found to be composed predominantly of one stone type while others exhibited a wide range of diversity. The behavioral implications of the statistical figures presented are discussed. A simple model incorporating distance and energy-time variables is presented in order to account for the observed pattern of lithological ut...

Classification is discussed as a procedure for maximizing information about a cultural system from archaeological data. This concept is made rigorous by defining typologies in terms of assumptions about patterning among variables that result from different artifacts being manufactured for use in different activities. Interval-scaled and nominal-scaled variables are considered independently, as the problem to be solved is different in the 2 cases. For continuous variables, the question is what divisions can be made, and for nominal variables, it is what divisions should be made. Two definitions for typologies are given, 1 for continuous variables and 1 for nominal variables. Cluster analysis and analysis of interaction and residuals in contingency tables are outlined as procedures for discovering types with continuous and nominal variables, respectively. Examples of each technique using archaeological data are given.

In his recent dissertation, David Stampe (1972) discusses the notions of natural processes in child phonology. Earlier, Ingram (1971) discussed the concepts and formulations of phonological rules in child language. What we propose to demonstrate here is that the rules inherent in acquisitional phonology are ordered and, moreover, that these rules are ordered implicationally (in the sense of “unilateral implication” enunciated by Jakobson in discussing the stratified structure of the phoneme inventory). Our contention is that there are rules in child phonology, that these rules are ordered, and that while the entire inventory of rules does not appear in any child’s phonology, the presence of any one necessitates the presence of others - in a specific order.

The initial peopling of South America is reviewed in terms of geochronological and archaeological data. The problem is put in historical perspective and a systematic evaluation is made of the latest typologically oriented arguments for the presence of preprojectile point complexes. Field evidence is very weak for early Biface and Chopper traditions. There is better support for an early Flake tradition, but it is not likely to precede the use of stone projectile points.Radiocarbon dates and “terrace dating” should be used only with great caution and careful attention to the nature of cultural and stratigraphic associations. Uncritical acceptance of determinations on bone and soil samples has led to extremely problematic cultural reconstructions. Emphasis on stratified sites with finished artifacts, faunal assocations, and charcoal dates leads to a reconstruction at odds with those presented in recent textbooks. It is concluded that the bulk of solid evidence favors the entry of man as a big game hunter using stone projectile points and having an adaptation much like that of the Paleo-Indians of North America.

Taborin Yvette. La parure en coquillage de l'Épipaléolilhique au Bronze ancien en France. In: Gallia préhistoire, tome 17, fascicule 1, 1974. pp. 101-179.

The Redbird Focus was defined in 1956, and was initially (Wood 1956) related to both Lower Loup and historic Pawnee Focus materials. Wood (1965) later took the position that Redbird was a more prob...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of musical experiences designed to develop specific musical concepts, on the neurologically handicapped child's improvement in spatial, temporal, and ordinal concepts and in his ability to relate these concepts to their verbal symbol. The researchers, while working with children in special education classes at the Institute of Logopedics in Wichita, Kansas, observed that the severely neurologically handicapped child often demonstrated a keen sensitivity to musical stimuli. The child often seemed to develop functional understanding of musical concepts more readily than concepts in other areas. Basing their work on these observations, the researchers undertook an experimental project under controlled conditions to investigate the possible relationship between the development of musical concepts and the development of similar concepts in other contexts.

In November, 1968, salvage excavations at the site of an art gallery under construction in urban southwest Calgary, Alberta, Canada, revealed a Paleo-Indian bison kill. The single kill level lay at...

I am not sure how confident we can be about our knowledge of the meaning of a sentence, but I am sure that we should be much less confident than we often are about the meaning of a word or non-sentential expression. This paper is an attempt to whittle away our confidence about word-meaning, and it is to this end that I investigate the meaning of the word ‘know'. But the point of the investigation is to show that it is not enough to investigate just the meaning of a word. We must investigate the syntax as well, something that philosophers have often ignored. A theory of meaning must be closely tied to a theory of syntax, and for one to be acceptable the other must be acceptable as well. A theory of language must be an integrated theory, and hypotheses about syntax and meaning stand or fall together.

The increasing popularity of archaeology courses has brought many persons susceptible to coccidioidomycosis into areas endemic for the fungus which causes this disease. The high incidence of infection in susceptibles can be averted by adherence to recommendations developed by the California State Department of Health. A concurrent beneift will be the reduction of potential legal action against universities. Infectious Disease Section California State Department of Health July, 1973 The frequent occurrence of outbreaks of symptomatic coccidioidomycosis among archaeology students and others enrolled in field science university programs in California prompted the California State Department of Health to develop recommendations for preventing the disease. Coccidioidomycosis is not limited to California; it is endemic throughout much of the arid southwestern United States (Fig. 1) and is also present in northern Mexico, Central America, and South America. Coccidioidomycosis is an infection transmitted primarily by inhalation of spores of the fungus Coccidioides immitis present in dusty soil. Infection may also result from laboratory accidents and occasionally from inhaling sporeladen dust from specimens, tools, agricultural

The organic material, especially the wooden objects, from the Key Marco, Florida collection are badly warped and are in an advanced stage of disintegration. An experiment was conducted to preserve a wooden stool from this collection in order to prevent further degradation. The specimen was treated with polyethylene glycol (Carbowax 1000). The loss of the specimens for study from this famous site is lamentable and should cause archaeologists to reflect upon their obligations. Florida State Museum University of Florida March, 1973 In 1895, Frank Hamilton Cushing excavated well-preserved organic remains from an archaeological site at Key Marco, Florida. His account (Cushing 1896) explains the conditions under which preservation was possible and describes the variety of artifacts present. These objects include wooden masks, trays, bowls, figurines; shell dippers, spoons, beads, picks, chisels; netting and cordage; and many other items, such as stone implements, pottery, antler, animal and human bones. Key Marco, nearly 80 yr after Cushing's excavations there, continues to excite prehistorians. Despite efforts to locate an area of aboriginal occupation duplicating Key Marco, no remains have been discovered which are comparable in variety and quantity. Occasionally, isolated finds are made in Florida of specimens manufactured from organic substances. Generally, however, these materials are not preserved anywhere throughout the Southeast because of soil and climatic conditions. At the present time, the artifacts recovered from this site are located at the Florida State Museum, Gainesville; University Museum, Philadelphia; United States National Museum, Washington; and Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York. A number of specimens recovered before the Cushing exacavation are located at the British Museum, London. A few objects are on exhibit at these museums; most are in storage. The Florida State Museum has none of the original specimens on display. The uniqueness of the Key Marco material cannot be over-emphasized. Even so, no systematic study of the entire collection was undertaken until Gilliland (1965) examined and described nearly all objects still in existence as well as their present locations. She also reported upon their present condition: While some of the wooden artifacts were too decayed for preservation when they were found, and some others seem to be missing, the overwhelming and important majority can still be accounted for even though many are now shrunken, warped, and no longer recognizable [Gilliland 1965:2, italics mine]. While no further warping (see Fig. 1) has occurred for years, the specimens are becoming more deteriorated as time passes. Encouraged by reports of investigators who had successfully treated wooden remains reFig. 1. A shrunken and warped wooden mask from the Key Marco, Florida collection described by Cushing as representing Hawkbill Turtle Man. 105 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.120 on Mon, 05 Sep 2016 05:25:36 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

This study was the initial phase of a continuing project to investigate the performance practices of twentieth-century musicians. The purpose of the study was to test and refine data-gathering techniques and to use these techniques in a preliminary investigation of the characteristics of intonation and pitch vibrato of performers of stringed instruments. Services of a number of string instrumentalists were obtained. The performers were gathered in groups of like instruments. Each performer was asked to perform, for recording purposes, a selected musical passage—initially as a solo performer and then as a member of an ensemble. The recordings of each solo performance and each musician's contribution to the ensemble performance were analyzed with the aid of electronic equipment that converted the musical stimuli into a graphic representation of the performance. The results and findings of the pilot study were as follows: (1) Pitch vibrato is present in the initial attack at all tones. (2) When each performer uses vibrato, the speed of the vibrato and pitch width are the same in solo playing as in ensemble playing. (3) The pitch vibrato does not appear to be an oscillation above and below conceived pitch but appears to be an oscillation in an upward direction from conceived pitch. The conclusions offered in the pilot study require the support of additional investigations using other performers and additional musical passages.

Il y a bientôt trente ans que l'essentiel des idées de Karl Polanyi a été publié; près de vingt que les controverses se sont engagées, dans le monde anglo-saxon, sur la validité de ses hypothèses; bien plus longtemps encore qu'il manque aux sciences sociales une théorie adaptée aux sociétés non capitalistes. Et pourtant Karl Polanyi est mal connu en France et, en dépit des traités de paix maintes fois renouvelés entre historiens et anthropologues, une sorte d'écran ne laisse percevoir aux premiers que certaines voix des seconds.

An analysis of three Archaic Nee-American Stage sites along the San Gabriel River of central Texas was performed in order to relate management of local resources to choice of site location. This sa...

An archaeological project's achievement depends on the efficiency of its management. Efficiency tends to be greater with delegation of administration to a qualified specialist. Such administration is economical for all but isolated and shoestring projects. Yet it is uncommon. Reasons and means for improvement are suggested.

The LaMarche Game Trap, 24BE1011, is a stylized, high altitude game trap in the Beaverhead National Forest, southwestern Montana. The site complex includes a wooden pole corral and an extensive sys...

Riquet Raymond. II Etude anthropologique. In: Gallia prehistoire, tome 15, fascicule 1, 1972. pp. 93-110.

The Scoggin Site, an Early Middle Period Bison kill in south-central Wyoming, yielded two distinct stylized projectile point varieties from the one bone layer present. This single component affords...

uring recent months my reflections on wilderness have been worked and reworked through participation in hearings concerning the disposition of areas and rivers in the Northwest which might still be conceived wild. Attending to the testimony of hundreds, and attempting to formulate my own, I have strained to discern both the actual significance wilderness may hold for us in manifold ways and, more deeply, to ponder anew the potential significance it might yet hold within the shaping of our destiny as a people. These hearings themselves have brought out a wracking incongruity of relatively recent origin: When Thoreau wrote "that in Wildness is the preservation of the World," he surely was not thinking of Wildness as being yarded and bounded in specified preserves. Yet more and more, of course, we have been forced to conceive wilderness lands under the rubric of conservation. The deliberateness of Thoreau's Westward Walking was not that of an excursion into an area set aside to remain in its natural state. The "West" he signified did not remain by man's decree, subject to regulations aimed at preserving it from human onslaught, or to quotas of scheduled access. "The unexplored forests and meadows" but for which he thought "our village life would stagnate" still sufficiently abounded matter-of-factly to obviate their holding tenure under the aegis of planning and deliberate disposition. Thus the re-creative tonic of wildness was not about to be bottled and labeled as a recreational resource. And matter-of-factness in the style of human venturing amidst wild places was not yet massively invaded by self-conscious searching for "the wilderness experience," even though eulogies of natural beauty and sublimity were popular among the cultivated. Most widely, in Thoreau's time, the appeal was to venturesomeness, to setting out anew, to a break with conventions in which life might have been constrained if not falsified, to exploration and discovery rich in promise of new beginnings and firmer foundations, to a testing of mettle in which a man might find himself and inherit a dignity proper to him. Wilderness offered invitation and opportunity for active undertaking on which the person might thrive and even communities might be founded. Its call was that of a rallying of men to enterprise, to work that might

The Navaho Reservoir District is an arbitrarily defined unit of salvage archaeological research located in northwestern New Mexico and adjacent portions of Colorado. As such, it is used here as a data source for the study of ninth and tenth century population dislocations due to climatic change and river erosion. The affected Pueblo farming peoples migrated by means of slow, steady upstream drift. Violent land competition between the agrarian communities is offered as an explanation for the use of the leap-frog rather than wave strategy in population relocation. Department of Anthropology University of Colorado April, 1973 THE NAVAHO RESERVOIR DISTRICT is an arbitrarily defined unit of salvage archaeological research located in the upper San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico and adjacent portions of southwestern Colorado. It is an area of some 40 mi2 of rugged canyon and mesa lands straddling the San Juan River surrounding and now partially inundated by Lake Navaho. During 8 seasons of field investigations, salvage archaeologists of the Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe, recorded more than 526 historic and prehistoric sites of human occupation. Of this number, approximately 20% have been studied in detail by excavation or other means. Analysis of the recovered data is in agreement with the formerly inferred sequential presence of 4 major cultural traditions, each of which was separated in time from preceding and succeeding cultural manifestations. These traditions, in order of their appearance within the district, are the following: Archaic (Desert culture), Pueblo, Navaho, and Spanish-American. Of these, only the Pueblo tradition will be treated further. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM River basin salvage archaeology, unlike problem-oriented archaeology, does not necessarily begin with the specific formulation of research problems. Instead, the chance factor of reservoir construction hands the archaeologist a study area from which he is told to collect archaeological data prior to flooding. However, work with the empirical data soon suggests leads from which problems may be constructed. In the Navaho Reservoir research, these dealt with environmental, cultural sequence, and distributional studies (Dittert, Hester, and Eddy 1961: Chap. 6). For purposes of this discussion, I will deal with one specific problem area and that is to explain upstream population movements leading to the Pueblo abandonment of the district. The thesis is advanced that this progressive dislocation of settlement and peoples took place as a slow, steady drift over a 200 yr period (A.D. 800-1000) as a functional response to adverse environmental factors which exceeded the capacity of the sociocultural system to functionally adapt "in place." The principal natural stresses exerted on the Pueblo farmers were: (1) a semi-arid climate featuring a violent summer-dominant storm pattern and (2) headward entrenchment of the San Juan River which systematically destroyed the vital floodplain farmlands. BACKGROUND FOR THE PUEBLO TRADITION The Pueblo tradition, as expressed in the reservoir district, is an evolutionary development derived from a Desert culture base with progressive adaptation to the environment brought about

This date list includes most of the archaeologic and geologic samples dated in this laboratory since publication of our last date list (R, v 13, p 367–381), as well as some samples dated previously, which lacked adequate sample information. Known-age samples are reported in Univ of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates XVI, this issue. The bp ages are based on ad 1950, and have been calculated with the half-life value of 5568 yr. All samples were counted at least twice for periods of not less than 1000 min each. Errors quoted for each sample are derived from the measurement of the sample, the background, and several counts of our mid- 19th century standard Oak sample, but do not include the half-life error. All samples were pretreated with 3N HCL, and some, where noted, were given additional pretreatment with 2% NaOH for the removal of possible humic acid contaminants.

The southern border of Mesoamerica is traditionally drawn at the Ulua river of western Honduras, before dipping southward to include El Salvador, Pacific Nicaragua, and northwest Costa Rica. Recent work in the Department of Colón, Honduras, provides the earliest evidence of aboriginal occupation in the region and extends the established chronological sequence back more than a thousand years. A preliminary examination of the ceramics, and a comparison to other Preclassic sites, indicates that eastern Honduras, despite its later affiliation with Lower Central American cultural patterns, was probably participating in the cultural development and long-distance trade network of Early and Middle Preclassic Mesoamerican neighbors. Using ethnohistoric analogy, the possibility of cacao as a Preclassic trade commodity is raised. Finally, it is suggested that the cultural frontier of Mesoamerica in the southeast be extended for the Preclassic time horizon.