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The article discusses the nature of trading areas in commerce. The author states that objectives of this paper are to measure principal techniques used to delineate retail trading areas, enumerate significant conclusions derived from empirical studies using such techniques, and present an alternative technique, believed to be better conceptually and superior predictively. His findings allow him to define a trading area as "a geographically delineated region, containing potential customers for whom there exists a probability greater than zero of their purchasing a given class of products or services offered for sale by a particular firm or by a particular agglomeration of firms."

The intensive freezing of the rabbit testis or epididymis that is induced under particular thermal conditions, leads to an immidiate and sharply delimited coagulation necrosis in the target area. This injury is followed, in a high percentage of the cases, by a process tentatively classified as an autoimmune response, characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes in the contralateral, non-frozen testis and epididymis of the treated animals. In addition, repeated cryoinjuries give rise to humoral response in the form of circulating antibodies.

Within a tertiary system entrepreneurs frequently must choose between places that command the largest local tributary population and places that possess the most desirable collection of complementary service activities. When command of tributary population is chosen over functional complementarity, the central place system increasingly assumes the clustering of activities in centers of a Läsch-like system and diverges from those to be expected in a Christaller-like system. From 1960 to 1970 some activities in central Iowa were becoming more closely associated with other activities, but others were becoming more independent. Overall. there were more departures from Christallcr's conditional order of entry principle at the end of this ten-year period than at the beginning. Seven functions in southern Minnesota from 1930 through 1970 showed departures from an order of entry scale that could be explained in terms of tributary areas which were larger than average for activities in places which lacked complementary activities, and smaller than average for activities absent from places which had a full complement of supporting activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instrument manufacture is one of the high-technology industries which has become increasingly conspicuous in the mid-twentieth century. It is an industry. which, in a locational sense, is little influenced by transportation costs, i. e., it is footloose, and is probably best understood in terms of the concept of agglomeration economies. Within the framework of agglomeration economies two hypotheses were advanced. The first proposed that instrument manufacture would be closely associated with the more sophisticated later-stage industries with which it has input-output dependencies. The second hypothesis, essentially a labor agglomeration hypothesis. suggested that instrument manufacture would be highly associated with the distribution of scientists and engineers. Two scales were used in testing the hypotheses. the states of the United States, and the seventy-three SMSA's for which detailed manufacturing data were available. The linkage hypothesis was tested by means of both simple and multiple correlation analysis and, although the hypothesized associations were not as strong at the SMSA scale as at the state scale, the posited relationship between instrument manufacture and the later-stage industries was affirmed. Analysis of the residuals from regression gave rise to the suggestion that instrument manufacture is slower to expand toward the margins of the Manufacturing Belt thar many other industries. The second hypothesis was also confirmed by correlation. regression analysis, although employment of scientists and engineers was only moderately associated with employment in the manufacture of instruments at both scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the patterns of rural settlement in the Uttar Pradesh, India. Types and distributions of rural settlements; Factors contributed to the agglomeration of rural settlements; Fragmentation of settlements.

Examines the element of the pattern of American settlement fabric by researchers from the U.S. Universality of farmsteads among the elements; Importance of non-farm homes outside of agglomerations on rural settlements; Origin and development of hamlets; Sources of information concerning contemporary hamlets.

This article deals with the role played by Nowa Huta in promoting the development of the Cracow Agglomeration in the region. The Cracow region belongs to those areas in Poland with the densest population, second after Katowice Voivodship. It is also marked by the largest number of fragmented holdings in agriculture. Until 1950 there was still a predominance of people earning their living on and from the land over the non-agricultural population. At present, as of 1971, only approximately 30 per cent of the population of the Cracow Voivodship, with the exception of Cracow city, live in towns. In such a way Cracow Voivodship jointly with Lublin Voivodship occupies the last but one place on the table depicting the urbanization of the country. Only Rzeszów Voivodship has a smaller percentage of urban population and also has a larger number of fragmented agricultural holdings. These two voivodships belong to former Galicia, a traditional area with overpopulated villages, the proverbial Galician destitute population. The people from the suburban villages around Cracow accepted already in those times all kinds of jobs in the town, and the villages gradually became the subject of spontaneous urbanization.

Japanese city incorporation policies, especially since World War II, have brought into the urban category a significant number of population agglomerations which show heavy agrarian occupational commitments. The unique interpenetration of agrarian and industrial activities in Japan's modern development presents a range of problems for census classification largely unknown in the West. This paper analyzes the extent of the agrarian commitment in Japanese urban structure and suggests means of evaluating official statistics relating to level of urban residence in contemporary Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the rapid classification and ordination method and its application to vegetation mapping. An agglomerative method was used as the method of group analysis for the rapid checking of possible misclassifications which are inevitable in a monothetic divisive process. Relative to this, the method is designed for rapid computation even when the survey is large. The method achieves this through the placement of the calculation of N-dimensional space with K-space. On the other hand, the graphic displays of data were gathered directly from an online digital plotter which eliminates tedium associated with vegetation ordination and mapping studies.

The article examines the classification of plant communities with the use of an agglomerative method. An agglomerative clustering method is outlined in the study while its application is illustrated by reference to a classification of flood-plain communities. Agglomeration is carried out in successive cycles. The within-group sum of squares is minimized and the group differences are maximized at each clustering cycle. The process causes the construction of a hierarchy of dichotomous branching. Two hierarchies are presented based on separate analyses of absolute distance and standard distance with the use of previous study of plant communities in British Columbia. The results points out that the structure imposed on the sample is distance measure-dependent.

In this paper the concept of agglomeration economies is reviewed, and a method for identifying industries tempered by them is presented. Then, by way of illustration, the analysis is applied to manufacturing adjacent to New York City: the question is posed of whether agglomeration economies are evident, and whether these could be ascribed to the effects of agglomeration in nearby New York City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper develops a general metropolitan agglomeration prototype and examines its consequences for intra-agglomeration municipal investment. The division of total investment into "social" and "economic" components helps considerably to clarify the general analysis. The prototype is then examined in the light of empirical evidence from the Belgian province of East Flanders. Finally, it is suggested that the results of the present analysis may help to explain and harmonize some of the contradictory evidence which has arisen out of studies of American urban agglomerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the importance of agglomeration economies in the economic growth of metropolitan regions. Definition of localization economies; Introduction of CES function; Context of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA); Analysis on the localization economies in two-digit SMSA manufacturing.

The article discusses the results of the application of a number of methods used in computer-based ecological investigations, with focus on the use of cluster analysis in botany with an ecological example in Scotland. The plant communities studied are the area of grass heath in Castor Hanglands National Nature Reserve, the area of hydrosere and adjoining heath and woodland at Bettyhill and the grassland communities in Farr parish. Also discussed are divisive clustering, agglomerative clustering, taxonomy of organisms, numerical taxonomy and intercluster distances.

This article summarizes the significant developments in the depressed area programs implemented in Europe as of May 1966. The most significant shift has been from the identification and treatment of high unemployment and underemployment problems in small areas or localities to a policy of regional development--regions large enough to contain the resources and the urban industries, services, skills, and amenities which will attract private investment in the first place and allow it to flourish in the second place. Concurrent with this change in emphasis to a regional system of economic development as against the limited concern with only the depressed sections of such a system has been a complete change in the philosophy of redevelopment. In most European countries the emphasis is on the systematic utilization of unused or underused resources to advance the growth of the nation as a whole. A third significant development has been the growing emphasis on social costs which are particularly great in the heavily-industrialized, congested urban centers. In these centers new industry, often at no direct cost to itself, has available for use subsidized expressways, subsidized mass transit, subsidized sites and other services which are much more costly for the public to provide in congested centers than in decentralized areas and in smaller, urban centers. Indeed, the Europeans have pointed out that there are circumstances under which a dollar of social expenditure on subsidy to entrepreneurs to locate outside an agglomeration might save more than a dollar in social cost in a congested urban agglomeration. Accordingly, a regional program to diffuse prosperity and opportunity more broadly, particularly in view of the additional and substantial social costs that accompany chronic unemployment, is accepted as a necessary fact of life in Europe.

An abstract of the article "Problems in the Statistics of Urban Agglomeration," by Stuart A. Rice is presented.

This article focuses on a study related to the mechanism of cornification in parakeratosis, particularly in psoriasis. Protein fractions obtained from psoriatic scales were checked with corresponding fractions from hyperkeratotic human skin, commercial keratin and lenses from cows, by paper chromatography, paper-electrophoresis, and by estimations of the pH at which coagulation occurred, and of the tryptophane-tyrosin ratio. The possibility is put forward that in psoriasis, and perhaps in parakeratosis generally, cornification stops in the reductive phase, which is normally followed by an oxidative one, required for the production of keratin.