Search

One of the features that has distinguished industrial relations in Australia from those of other countries in the twentieth century has been the legally binding awards of industrial tribunals. These have occupied the place of collective bargaining elsewhere and the Australian peculiarity has usually been traced back to the great strikes and the defeat of the unions in the 1890s.1 Nevertheless, the events leading up to B. R. Wise's very successful arbitration act of 1901 have received only cursory consideration. The New South Wales Trade Disputes Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1892, which followed by three months Victoria's Councils of Conciliation Act of 1891, was the second such measure to be passed by any Australasian colony and as a pioneer ing and useful experiment should not be dismissed merely (in the words of William Pember Reeves) as 'an amiable and nicely drafted measure' and 'a not inexpensive piece of waste paper'.2 One line of Labour historians has seen conciliation and arbitration as a Labour achievement. George Black wrongly included it among the planks of the Labor Electoral League platform of 1891 which Henry Parkes promised to implement and he considered J. H. Cann's amendment bill of 1893 to be a Labor party bill, although in fact eight Labor members voted against it.3 L. G. Churchward asserts that the Labor parties provided the main drive for compulsory arbitration in the 'nineties,4 but it should be pointed out that not until 1898 did Labour as a whole press for compulsory awards. The other line of Labour thinking is exemplified by Brian Fitzpatrick who saw that, 'the arbitration system was of the masters' making, not the men's', and that the acts of 1892 and 1901 'were not Labor measures, nor did they necessarily owe much to the Labor Party'. Here the word 'necessarily' converts a precise into an unclear statement, and Fitzpatrick's account shifts uneasily between a denial of Labour paternity for the acts and an admission that Labour pressed for and influenced the legislation. Fitzpatrick did not distinguish between Labour's attitude to voluntary conciliation and to compulsory arbitration and he gave an erroneous account of the act of 1892 which later historians have repeated.5 In seeking the origin of the arbitration system in Australia almost infinite regression is possible. English practice and precedent came

The control role of a dominant male in a captive group of pigtail macaques is described in this paper, with a particular emphasis on broadening this concept. A number of behavioral categories are shown to be highly correlated with the control role, making the concept of control role more useful in the study of non-human primate sociality.

Professor Robinson, in the chair, said that during the first four sessions of the Round Table it was intended to find possible areas of conflict between the interests of North America and of Europe. It was necessary to get the interests of each area clear, as seen by its inhabitants. Professor Wallich would talk about the interests of the United States. Professor Robinson said that, as Chairman of the Programme Committee, he had deliberately asked another American participant to comment on this paper in order to try to make it as clear as possible what were the interests of the United States. The same would be done in the following session for Canada, and later papers and their discussions would deal similarly with the areas of Europe.

An attempt is here made to survey the state of published knowledge of a branch of electrical engineering that has recently come into prominence and to present an introduction to it in general terms within a range sufficient to explain the development of what in effect is a new technique and its relation to other branches of electrical engineering. The first part of the paper describes the salient properties of electromagnetic waves in hollow metal tubes and reveals the great extent to which the theory of the subject had its origin in the researches of Lord Rayleigh and other investigators who, during the closing years of the last century, worked in Great Britain. It also indicates to how great an extent the development of the theory and its practical application are due to researches carried out during recent years mainly, in the United States. The second part of the paper gives a systematic account of the development of elementary equipment appropriate to hollow tube transmission, with analogies from acoustics, telephony, and radio engineering. The third part describes phenomena observed at the open ends of guides?flared or unflared?and exhibits the efficiency of these devices as radiators of energy into free space. The prospective field of application of guides embraces systems of communication operating over any distance, and providing telephone and television channels in numbers vastly exceeding those of any system of established type. When flared into horns, guides may serve in systems for broadcasting of music or television, for blind landing of aeroplanes, for detecting, locating and man?uvring of ships, and for other purposes for which at present radiators and receivers of conventional type are used. Although the usefulness of such systems may thereby be enhanced or extended in range, their mode of operation is well known and hence their description is beyond the scope of this paper. The full extent of the field of application of guides will ultimately be governed by costs and must, for the present, remain a matter of conjecture; but, judged from the course the development has taken during recent years, conjecture suggests that the field will be large and attractive.

The Tellurometer system, in the form of Microdistancer equipment for overland measurements, was introduced early in 1957. It may be fairly stated that since that date a new vista has been opened to the surveyor—the use of accurate radio line measurements in the art of surveying. As we all know, this has already had a profound effect upon land survey practices. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss new developments of the system as they may be applied to geodesy or hydrography.

Since the casting of alloy iron is usually a continuous rathc.r than a hatch process, the problem of composition caontrol rcsolvc~ itself into :L c~~~trol of the drifts in the concentration of the several alloying constituc~nts in ttlc Irloltcn iron in the furnace or cupola. If the drifts are to be maintained uithin n::rro:v limits of tolerance, the analysis system used must tncet several rtquircrnc3it~ The accuracy of the analysis must, of course, be adequate; spcrifically, the, uucortainty must be substantially less thrn t,he permissible Variation irl content. In addition, it is of vital importance that the elapsed time bctwt,cn the pouring of a sample of the iron and the posting of the analysis results should bc made as brief as possible; otherwise, a control of drifts is not provided and an inspection analysis only results. Por some years, the authors have been interested in the application of the spectrograph to routine control problems in iron and steel. Papers have been published elsewhere?,3 on the development of a spectrographic method of analysis and its installation at the plant of the Campbell, Wyant and Cannon Foundry Company, Muskegon, Michigan. The procecfurc permits thr nnalysia of a sample of cast iron for chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel nrld silicon in seven minutes elapsed time, while the accl!rucy exceeds that, of the routine chemical wet methods previously used. In the analysis procedure, spectra arc recorded on a photographic plate on glass sufficiently thin to accept’without fracture the curvature imposed by the spectrograph. The plate is processed, and, sinrr efforts to measurr tlcnsities on wet plates have proved uniformly ullsatisfactory, it is dried hefurc: the rcadinps are taken. Since the processing and drying of the photographic, plate was in;tially, and still remains, the most protracted optbrution of thf;tualysis ~chcclulr, the problem of rcclucing the time required has bt2c.n given consitlrreblr~ attention. It is thought that the technique dcvrloprd may be of interest to GpCctrnscopists and to others for whom rapid plate progressing is urgc>nt. IM;lilq of t hlb pro4ure are prcscnted below \Vhile the processing of any photographic plate may he Il;l

The world catch of marine fish has doubled in 10 years and is still rising. The need for the fleets to go farther afield, and the desire for a better balance of costs and earnings together with improved quality of product, have given rise to a number of innovations, such as freezing at sea, stern trawling and sophisticated machinery systems based on the internal-combustion engine. The author reviews these developments and their potential effect on the economics of the industry. Research and development on trawl gear and freezing plant, with which the author has been associated, are described briefly. New methods are forcing the industry to approach design of ships more rationally; recent studies on a trawl winch are cited as an example. In the paper attention is drawn to lack of knowledge in several fields, e.g. flow of boiling refrigerants and heat transfer thereto, the movement of vessels in a seaway, etc. The engineering effort in fisheries development in the United Kingdom is described briefly. Much of the applied research and development requires the co-operation of engineers and biological scientists; the exchange of knowledge and ideas is by no means all in one direction.

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction Several obscure diseases attack garden varieties of perennial delphiniums (hybrids and horticultural varieties of several species of Delphinium) and cause losses to seed companies, nurserymen, and growers. One of these diseases is particularly troublesome, sometimes causing delphiniums grown from seed to fail totally the second year. Some of the choicest seeds, requiring hand-pollination and bagging, are grown in California; and often these hybrid seeds, also selected for mildew resistance, are lost owing to this disease. Because the symptoms resemble those of California aster yellows on other host plants, an investigation was undertaken to determine whether this disease is caused by the virus of California aster yellows. In the course of the work on this disease, several other delphinium virus diseases and troubles resembling viroses were investigated. The reports of these investigations have been divided into six papers. The present paper is confined to the work with California aster yellows on perennial delphiniums. Experiments with two other naturally occurring viroses of perennial delphiniums are reported in the other papers of this issue (18), (22).3 The attempts to infect perennial delphiniums experimentally with other viruses are reported in a fourth paper (20). Two leaf variegations of perennial delphiniums resembling viroses but not infectious were encountered; these are reported in a fifth paper (19). Several of the virus diseases attacking perennial delphiniums affect also annual delphiniums, or larkspur (Delphinium Ajacis); the experiments with this host plant are published in a sixth paper (21).

Available data on statistics of wave height and period have been collected on the world sea areas and routes. The purpose of this paper is to establish tentatively standard family of wave spectra for prediction of wave bending moments in rough seas based on such wave data.Theoretical wave spectra originally proposed byNeumann, Darbyshire, Roll-Fischer and Pierson-Moskowitz were modified realistically to fit the observed sea states and compared with each other. Further, the comparative investigation was carried out on the standard deviations of wave bending moments of two ships in rough seas, which were obtained from those wave spectra and response operators.There are not so significant differences between the results obtained from those modified wave spectra. The results derived from modified Darbyshire spectra, however, have a tendency rather different from the others. Modified Pierson-Moskowitz wave spectra proposed by I. S. S. C. would be appropriate for short-term and long-term pridiction of wave bending moments in rough seas and acceptable as an interim proposal.

This paper summarises the exploration conducted by Alliance Oil Development Australia N.L., in its Authority to Prospect 98P Queensland, in the central Eromanga sub-basin. The development of the present subsurface picture is described. The influence of exploration in AP 98P and from adjoining tenements is outlined. Finally, the present interpretation of the subsurface geology is discussed and the writers present views regarding the petroleum potential of the central Eromanga sub-basin are given.

The paper discusses the techniques adopted by Britain aircraft constructors for terminating cables by pressure-type connections. After a brief historical introduction, the various factors which influence design are dealt with in some detail. The various forms of high-pressure (permanent) connection used for aircraft cables are reviewed. As one type of termination can be used for several different cables, the subject is dealt with under the respective conductor temperatures as stated in BS2G.178. The termination of special-purpose (i.e. thermocouple, screened and r.f.) cables is also described.High-density semipermanent connectors are dealt with briefly and the systems employed for reprogramming multicircuit flight and ground tests of new aircraft are reviewed. No attempt has been made to review the practices employed for multiway circular connectors, as such a subject would demand a separate discussion.Finally, the paper anticipates the development of high-temperature preinsulated terminals and pressure-type terminations for semirigid coaxial cables.

After labelling in vivo, 14 normal and, as pilot experiments, 4 pathological human thyroids were studied for chemical iodine fractions (PBI, BEI and inorganic iodide) and for the individual iodinated compounds by means of paper and column chromatography. The best results of enzymatic hydrolysis were obtained by the combination of trypsin and pancreatin, which split off 80–95% of the iodine proteins. 16% of the thyroid iodine was found to be present in soluble form, 84% in the thyroglobulin complex and other proteins. Both fractions contained iodide, monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, thyroxine and an unidentified iodine compound of thyronine character, comprising 8.3–12.4%. It could be isolated only by column chromatography, migrated on paper in 2 systems with a Rf of 0.8 together with triiodothyronine and would most probably correspond to 3,3′-diiodothyronine or 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine. The protein bound fraction of thyroid iodine contained more iodotyrosines than the soluble fraction.

Summary This paper deals with clinical, chemical, and pathologic observations on fourinfants who presented the picture of adrenal cortical insufficiency in association with bilateral adrenal hypoplasia as shown at autopsy. The condition was found in 0.52 per cent of autopsies done on infants under1 year of age, indicating a higher incidence than is suggested by the literature. The familial pattern which was apparent in two of our patients remains unexplained and requires endocrinologic studies of the mothers of such infants. In our own group and in all eases thus far reported the patients were either female pseudohermaphrodites with a characteristic deformity of the genitalia or else true males. In the latter, external manifestations of virilism are not apparent in early infancy. The presenting clinical features were gastrointestinal symptoms, especiallydiarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. Serial chemical studies performed in two cases showed a lowering of the“total base,” bicarbonate and chloride values in the plasma. The blood sugar levels were found normal in three patients. Anatomic and histologic examination of the adrenals showed diffuse hyperplasia of the cortex with apparent replacement of the zona glomerulosa by eosinophilic cells which often contained fuchsinophil granules. A correlation of these findings with the clinical manifestations is suggested. The physiologic disturbance appears to be one of overproduction with respect to N hormone and underproduction of substances regulating salt and water metabolism. The apparently intact carbohydrate metabolism differentiates these patients from those with true Addison's disease as regards the manifestations of adrenal insufficiency. Further studies of the carbohydrate metabolism in such patients are needed. It is suggested that the administration of DOCA and salt may be a complete substitution therapy in patients exhibiting this syndrome.

A method is described which permits separation, identification, and determination of glucosamine and galactosamine by paper chromatography. Amounts as small as 2–5 μg. of one of the amino sugars can be detected in the presence of more than 100 μg. of the other.

PpTHE GROWING dependence of the local public sector on intergovernmental aid and the current interest in new forms of aid to be directed to the development of slower growing regions, such as Appalachia, make an increased knowledge of the relationship between these intergovernmental grants and the actions of the local public sector of particular importance. Have these intergovernmental grants increased or decreased the activity of the local public sector? Is there a discernable difference in the impact of federal as opposed to state aid and in the impact of the programs among individual states? One method of measuring the effect of aid programs would be to consider the relationship between these transfers and expenditure levels.' In this paper, however, the focus is on the impact upon the proportion of locally received income disbursed to the public sector or local fiscal effort. Consideration of this particular relationship is useful because of the interest centered on local fiscal effort in the literature on intergovernmental relations. As intergovernmental aid is only one of the several factors which should bring about changes in the level of local fiscal effort, multivariate regression analysis is used to estimate the impact of all these factors. Before considering the details of the multivariate analysis, a review of the nature of the expected relationship between the local fiscal effort and intergovernmental transfers is useful. For lack of a better model let us assume that local governments complement the operation of the private market in providing goods which the private market cannot effectively handle. Attacking the problem in this framework means that the effect of an increase in intergovernmental transfers on fiscal effort can be thought of as the result of a combination of three factors: (1) the marginal evaluation by the community of the benefits of public consumption versus private actions concerning present or future private consumption and work effort or leisure, (2) the degree of legislated controls and restrictions over the use of transfers imposed by the donor jurisdiction, and (3) the institutional structure. Any community has available to it a package of state and federal aid programs. Some of these programs are tied to expenditure levels or require local matching as a prerequisite for participation. The community is able to purchase an additional amount of a specific public good at a discount. The actions of the community will reflect both an income and substitution effect. If the community chooses to increase its consumption of the cheaper public good, it will have to raise its fiscal effort. Other aid programs fall into a category of income grants that are not encumbered by matching provisions. It would seem reasonable to assume that a community would spend part of this additional income on public goods. In the process of making the remaining income available for private uses local fiscal effort as defined in this paper must be reduced. This means that aid has some positive effect on public expenditures, but some of the aid is used as a substitute for local charges. If more than one type of public service is being provided, adjustments may take * The author is Assistant Professor of Economics and Research Associate in the Bureau of Business and Economic Research at the University of Maryland. This research, undertaken while the author was at the University of Pittsburgh, was supported by Area Redevelopment Administration Technical Assistance Grant No. Co-6042. Computations performed at the University of Pittsburgh Computation Center were partially supported by National Science Foundation Grant No. G-11309. The author is indebted to Professors Harvey Brazer, George Break, Jerome WVells, George Green, and Alarina v. N. Whitman for their helpful criticism, and to William Duffy for his assistance in collecting data. 1 For some recent direct estimates of the effect of intergovernmental grants on the expenditures of specific types of jurisdictions see Edward F. Renshaw, "Note on the Expenditure Effect of State Aid to Education," Journal of Political Economy (Apr. 1960), 170-174; S. Sacks and R. Harris, "The Determinants of State and Local Government Expenditures and Intergovernmental Flows s of Funds," Nratio,tal Tax Jouirnal, (MIarch 1964), 75-85; and George A. Bishop, "Stimulative versus Substitutive Effects of State School Aid in New England," National Tax Journal (June 1964), 133-143.

Detailed discussions of mass reversal in the quantized field theory are given. The construction of the mass reversal operator M is possible and the explicit form IS given. It is shown that the mass reversal operation does not imply the hypothetical reversal of the sign of the intrinsic mass of the elementary particle, but the change of the direction of the intrinsic spin relative to the momentum for the spinor field. One result of this operation on the interaction Hamiltoman IS to forbid the mixing of the couplings with and without derivatives for the pion-nucleon mteraction. It seems natural to take the mass reversal as a new fundamental invariance (symmetry) prmciple other than those hitherto investigated. Several attempts have been suggested to explain the seemingly paradoxical facts between the copious productions of the new particles and their metastabilities by introducing the new quantum numbers as many as required. As the other approach to this problem, we may try to discover the physical laws from all the possible invariance principles in the framework of the present field theory and then determine which physical laws, accordingly which invariance principles, should be discarded and which ones should be reserved or generalized. It will be worthwhile for this approach to deduce the selection rules, which restrict the interactions among the new particles, from the investigation of the symmetry properties of physical laws with respect to mirage, charge-conjugation, etc., or to find out the superselection rules, as W atanabe1l has summarized in his review articles. In this respect the mass reversal recently proposed by Tiomno2> in c-number theory will be investi­ gated in detail in the framework of the quantized field theory. In Tiomno's paper, mass reversal is supposed to -reverse the sign of the explicit masses and the masses of boson field operators and to interchange the large components with the small ones for the spinor field. As the spinor field has no classical analogue and further the mass reversal does not hold in the classical mechanics, we cannot determine whether his opinion is allowed in c-number theory or not. However, if we attempt to pass from c-number theory into q-number theory with Tiomno's interpretation of mass reversal, there appear some ambiguities concerning the mass reversal for the spinor field. This situation makes us to take another interpretation of mass reversal for spinor field than Tiomno's. The charge conjugation is usually understood as the exchange of two real " charge

The average frequency spacing 〈Δfmax〉 between adjacent maxima of the frequency response curve between two points in a room is determined by experiment, theory, and Monte Carlo computation. In earlier papers it had been shown that, above a certain critical frequency, 〈Δfmax〉 is reciprocally related to reverberation time and not dependent on other room characteristics—disproving a belief that 〈Δfmax〉 is a useful measure of the acoustical quality of rooms. Theory predicts 〈Δfmax〉 = 3.91/T60, where T60 is the reverberation time. Monte Carlo computation gives 3.90/T60. Measurements in two very different rooms using a vacuum tube voltmeter for reading the sound pressure are in good agreement with these predictions. Measurements with a logarithmic level recorder give, as in earlier investigations, much larger values. The discrepancy cannot be explained by the level recorder's 0.5‐db quantization. This paper shows that: (1) The Monte Carlo method is a useful tool for solving complex problems in room acoustics. (2...